By: Munyao-mulwa
Department of Management Science
DPS 304: Procurement Management - UoN, School
of Business
International Purchasing – A commercial transaction
between a buyer and a seller located in different countries.
Global Sourcing – Positively integrating & coordinating
common items & materials, processes, designs,
technologies and suppliers across worldwide purchasing,
engineering and operating locations.
DPS 304: Procurement Management - UoN, School
of Business
•Changes in business environment
•Intense international competition
•Pressure to reduce costs
•Need for manufacturing flexibility
•Need for shorter product development cycles
•Stringent quality standards
•Ever-changing technology
•Factors related to the needs or competitiveness of the particular
enterprise
•Domestic non-availability
•Insufficient domestic capacity
•Insurance reasons – continuity of supply
•Competiveness of overseas
DPS 304: Procurement Management - UoN, School
of Business
•Factors related to the needs or competitiveness of the particular
enterprise
•Reciprocal trading and countertrade due to policy reasons or govt
pressures – BOP
•Access to worldwide technology
•To obtain penetration of a growth market
DPS 304: Procurement Management - UoN, School
of Business
•Access to lower-priced goods
•Enhanced competitive position
•Access to higher-quality goods
•Access to worldwide technology
•Better delivery performance
•Better customer service
•Increased number of suppliers
•Helps meet countertrade obligations
DPS 304: Procurement Management - UoN, School
of Business
•JIT sourcing requirements
•Longer supply lines & risk of delays
•Culture and Language differences
•Information sharing and decision making – in Japan sharing is at
all levels & decns are by teams
•Language – eg Japan, China , Korea
•Values – giving bribes
•Relationships & contracts eg eastern countries
•Political & Ethical Factors
•Understanding the political environment
•Political eg Afghanstan
•Ethicals like employing child labour, low pay
•Difficulties in supplier communication
•Time zones, weekend days for muslims & christians
DPS 304: Procurement Management - UoN, School
of Business
•Foreign exchange risk
•Manage exchange rate fluctuations thro;
• Research of Forex rates
•Price goods in currency
of the supplier – if purchasers currency is
expected to strengthen
•Agree on cost adjustments – separate cost increase and forex change
•Reduce the uncertainty by hedging with forward contracts for a
period of no longer than 6 months
•Buy currency options – right not obligation to buy or sell forex at a
specified price within a time
•Duty and Customs regulations
•Finding qualified foreign sources
•Logistics support for longer supply links
DPS 304: Procurement Management - UoN, School
of Business
•Professional contacts
•Trade journals
•Directories – international
•Trading companies
•Import brokers
•Ministry of Trade
•Shipping and forwarding agents
•The banks
•The world Bank
•Trade fairs & exhibitions
•Professional and trade organizations eg KISM & CIPS
•Customs & Excise departments
•“internet”
DPS 304: Procurement Management - UoN, School
of Business
•What law shall govern the transaction – buyer or supplier
•Arrangements for arbitration
•Protection of the buyer against infringement of patents
•Protection of the buyer against product liability
•Redress of complaints
•Delays in delivery due to the weather, cargo transfer,
dock
strikes and customs action
•Transportation including TOD
•Import duties and Insurance
•Documentations necessary for home trade eg BL, LCs, CoO etc
•Specifications especially where there are differences in units of
measurement.
DPS 304: Procurement Management - UoN, School
of Business
• Defined
as generic term for parallel business transactions,
linking sellers and buyers in reciprocal commitments that usually
lie outside the realm of typical money-mediated trade. i.e goods
exchanged for goods
•Major forms of countertrade
•Barter or swaps
•Counterpurchase
•Buy-back or compensation
eg xerox Corporation sold plant &
technology to People’s Republic of China & contactually agreed to
buy a larger portion of output from chinese plant
DPS 304: Procurement Management - UoN, School
of Business
• Avoid exchange controls
•Promote trade with countries with inconvertible currencies
•Reduce risks associated with unstable currency
•Enter new or formerly closed markets
•Expand business and sales volume
•Reduce the impact of foreign protectionsism on overseas
business
•Firms make fuller use of plant capacity
•Firms have longer production runs
•Firms reduce expenses due to greater sales volume
•Firms are able to find valuable outlets for declining products
DPS 304: Procurement Management - UoN, School
of Business
• Negotiations
tend to be longer & more complicated than
conventional sales negos & at times powerful govt procurement
agencies required
•Additional expenses eg brokerage fees reduce profitability
•Pricing problems for exchanged goods
•Offset customers can later become competitors
DPS 304: Procurement Management - UoN, School
of Business
• identifying low-cost sources of supply that may be exploited on
a countertrade basis
•Providing negotiating expertise when discussing countertrade
arrangements with prospective suppliers
•Ensuring payment-in-kind products are properly inspected
before the CT agreement is signed – quality
•Advising that raw materials are taken in compensation – for
grading, comparison & flexibility of use
•Developing long-term CT partnerships
•Recognizing that properly used CT
•Recognizing that properly used, CT can be;
•A major source of low-cost, quality materials
•A means of preserving hard currency
•A means of upgrading manufacturing capabilities
DPS 304: Procurement Management - UoN, School
of Business
• Refer to the set of international rules for the interpretation of
the chief terms used in foreign trade contracts. Define the
responsibilities especially for passing title, risks and costs simply
& safely eliminating any possibility of misunderstanding &
subsequent dispute in an international transaction.
• Each incoterm is referred to by a three-letter abbreviation. The
international chamber of Commerce (ICC) recommends
reference to incoterms 2000. Terms should be used together with
location.
•Incoterms are subject to regular revision so that they reflect
transportation and communication changes.
DPS 304: Procurement Management - UoN, School
of Business
• Incoterms are grouped into 4 categories;
•“E” term category – EXW, the seller only
makes the goods
available to the buyer at the seller’s own premises.
•“F” term category – ( FCA, FAS & FOB ) , the seller is to deliver
the goods to a carrier appointed by the buyer.
•“C” term category – ( CFR, CIF & CIP ), the seller has to contract
for carriage but without assuming the risk of loss of or damage to
the goods or additional costs due to events occurring after
shipment or dispatch
•“D” term category – (DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU & DDP ), the seller
has to bear all costs and risks needed to bring the goods to the
place of destination.
DPS 304: Procurement Management - UoN, School
of Business