BLUMEA
23
345—348
(1977)
The pattern of
in the
and its
vasculat bundles
Nymphaea lotus
stamens of
bearing on
W.A. van
Heel
Rijksherbarium, Leiden,
1969 I published,
In
with P. G.
together
Netherlands
Heinsbroek,
a
of Victoria amazonica. The flowers used in that
stamens
paper
study
could
be excluded that the
not
house conditions, I
plants, which
Garden
at
then observed
structures
subsequently took the opportunity
were
cultivated in the
Bogor*). The results
bundles consisting
under the
open air
exactly the
were
of abaxial bundles,
adaxial bundles. All bundles
fertile region of the
and
stamen.
run
vein’ (Moseley,
Apart from the
1958).
Its
This vein played
thinks the
the
a
fellner
auxiliary
peripheral
(1956),
diplophyllous
is
opposed
advocated
vein
bundle
who
to
to
system is
course
a
central
of
set
peripheral sheath of
the
stamen,
branch
well
as
upwards
as
into the
the lower end of the
pollen
in the middle between the
the normal median vein, and its xylem
Ranales is
a
explicable
the
on
blade,
in
Meeuse this is
our
as
My
sincere
opportunity
schappelijk
to
situation
thanks
work
a
are
due
to
there for
Onderzoek
van
de
as
a
paper
in
analogy
that the
teratology,
laminar
stamens
with the
1972)
(1976)
hand,
a
stamens
are
medianly. By
in Ranales had been
as
the median
Meeuse (1972)
that the
of 1969, namely
axial system.
an
structure,
On the other
terms.
ventral blade fused
stamen
took
vascula-
flattened axis component
Coniferous female
proof of his thesis that the
structure
of the
cone
stamen
scale.
in
the
However, careful comparison with
show
that
the vascular patterns
are
described above.
the Director
period
in
of the Kebun
1969. This
Tropen (WOTRO),
Tropen (Treub Maatschappij),
stamen
welcomed by authors like Lein-
was
of
American
stamens.
vein. Schneider
requested by the theory.
the results of Cécile Lemoine-Sebastian (a.o.
a
in functional
ground
the flat
insignificant
an
bract component (the abaxial bundles) and
a
bract amalgamated with
different from
on
of laminar
the auxiliary vein could be considered
now
central and adaxial bundles),
to
as
apparently homogeneous
suggestion brought forward
According
it
that is consist of a dorsal and
explain. However,
consisted of
primitiveness
median auxiliary vein
vascular bundle of the fused ventral
the
the
by considering
thought, mainly
structures,
this view the existence of
difficult
de
its
role in diverse morphological opinions
the discovery of the opposed
*)
up
ones
anastomose at
pursues
be
mentioned vascular bundle had been named the ‘auxiliary
position
1961), who
(Eames,
disposed of
ture
to
way
green-
developed
conditions of the Botanic
tropical
same.
and the central
anastomoses
the effect of
is inverted.
authors
(the
anatomy of the
from plants which
flowers of well
study
terminating half
parallel
The adaxial bundles
of the resulting
one
thecae. In literature the last
up
the
partly
were
to
vascular bundles, normal in laminar structures, there proved
pole
on
came
cultivated in the green-house of the Leiden Botanic Garden. Because the possibility
were
sacs
L.
stamen morphology
the GreshofF's
the
visit
Raya, Bogor, Indonesia,
was
subsidized
Maatschappij
Rumphius Fonds,
voor
by
the
who
Stichting
Wetenschappelijk
gave
voor
ine
the
Weten-
Onderzoek
and the Van Leersumfonds.
in
BLUMEA
346
Nymphaea lotus
—
Fig.
1.
Outer
stamen, cleared. Abaxial
ground;
dotted lines: vascular bundles
Ibidem,
adaxial view. 7
7
x.
—
Fig.
x.
—
inner
5. Detail of
background.
30
Fig.
VOL. 23, No. 2,
3.
in the
background;
Inner stamen, abaxial
two
view. 7
lower
end of pollen
cleared.
Anther turned
stamen at
Interrupted
view.
crosses:
1977
sacs.
x.
abaxial
—
lines:
pollen sacs
bundles.
system
Fig.
Interrupted
7
in the backx.
—
lines:
vascular bundles
x.
Nymphaea gigantea
—
Fig.
6.
Stamen,
90
degrees.
Fig.
2.
4. Inner stamen, adaxial view.
Pollen
sacs
removed.
7
x.
in
the
W. A.
study of 1969 showed that,
Our
all the floral appendages
in
only
It is
petals.
is blocked.
In
at
the
vein in
Victoria
anastomosing,
normal set,
pollen
peripheral
a
innermost
separated by
are
of
be
to
nothing
peripheral
a
than
more
and
occurs
outermost
a
an
Schneider (1976)
straight
a
the
members,
member of
special
bundle system.
wider stretch of
a
instead of
system
all the intermediate androecial
comparing
of bundles
set
stamens
that the formation of the adaxial bundles
sacs
stamens, in which the thecae
appears
part
a
347
slightly anastomosing adaxial bundle
a
vein. After
auxiliary
next to
Nymphaea
intermediate between
the location of the
outer
sterile tissue, there is
Heel :
van
auxiliary
adaxial, distally
with these
agrees
observations.
The Bogor material permitted the study of the
bundles. The central bundles
are
and outward sequence. The
lignification
lower end of the pollen
and of the auxiliary
In the
its
same
stamens
restricted
the
the
similar results (figs,
stamen
a
the adaxial bundles form
straight
with
the thecae. There
are
In the
that is they
following
forms
a
all. All
gular
I
were
separate
transverse
are
according
section.
broadened base with
the thecae
two
gives
lateral branches
off
to
Conard (1905),
which
anastomose
if only sterile tissue with
median bundle
tangential
Nymphaea
excepted;
forming
a
extension
occurs.
conclusion I think
be considered
must
as
sterile tissue, which is
stamens
ed by
*)
stamens
homology.
have laminar
outermost
a
an
(the
abaxial
vein'
'auxiliary
quadrangular
certain radial extension
a
bear
and
constant
There is
that,
or
on
structures
Eames,
from natural localities
the
an
quadran-
system),
the
Secondly,
In it the
to
occur
only sterile
terete
tissue with
consistent correlation between the
ground
stamens
of the
in all
vasculature,
for these
groups.
The
cases
the
starting
Townsville
these
stamens
are
by
that
stamens
sacs,
a
the
certain
occurrence
in
an
the
these
of
taxa
increase
condition
may
of
have
theory adopt-
and the
terete
and from the Missouri
Botanic
primitive,
(Queensland, Australia),
may
studied.
stamens
flat
microsporangiophores. Therefore,
that
some
appears
the location of the pollen
if
basal
two
show
it
a
anther
peripheral bundles
anther
occurs.
and
may
have
may
in
the
In
which
stamens at
anther
stamens
that
which have become large and
stating
near
a
relation
may
thickness of the
specialization
with the form of
Moseley
Material
Garden.
a
a
lateral bundles
vascular bundles and the width
been
that the
suggested
not
proof
as
stamen.
of the lateral members of the main central system of vascular bundles in flat
of Victoria and in
As
'auxiliary
be adduced
Nymphaea gigantea*),
does
of the
radial branches
ramifications. The conclusion is that also in
none
cannot
instead of
system
median stretch of tissue, well vascularised (fig. 6).
anastomosing
of
the median
that the
of unknown
structures
Only the filaments
a
study
is absent. In
or
small short lateral vascular bundles. However,
separated by
median bundle
occur,
system. It
amend this. Firstly, the Australian
subgenus
1),
reason
have terete filaments with a single vascular bundle, and
stamens
in
to
fig.
slightly anastomosing adaxial
a
flattened three-dimensional
will try
the
network in the whole of
also present in
are
of 1969, Heinsbroek and the present author
study
in
crosses
for the amalgamation theory of the
nor
at
time.
same
lotus is cultivated. A
Therefore it follows with stronger
neither for the diplophyllous
the
at
variations. The abaxial system is
some
vein' is part of the adaxial peripheral anastomosing
investigated
place
Nymphaea
upward
often connections between the central and adaxial
there is
stamens
'auxiliary vein'.
an
of the adaxial
system
large anastomosing
a
the site of the thecae,
at
except
Also in the inner
system.
i—5)
simple basal short bundles (indicated by
two
outer stamens
region between
vein take
general there is
In
ones.
anastomoses
of the Bogor Botanic Garden
pond
gave
to
sacs
of the
of lignification of the vascular
sequence
ahead of the peripheral
BLUMEA
348
of the other Dicotyledons
stamens
as
Victoria, the anatomy does
in
the
VOL.
derived,
No.
23,
2,
1977
be discarded. Also,
must
Nymphaea lotus
in
fit in with the amalgamation theory of Meeuse, and
not
diplophyllous theory of Leinfellner.
It has been
(Carlquist 1969, Gottsberger
plants
is
well known
a
for
reported
during the night
stamens
The
at
conclusion
My
1974).
The
lotus
Nymphaea
used
1899). Recently
for the present study
in these
was
again
Meeuse
by Cramer,
that
grounds
the increase in size
&
flowered also
with slender
—
of the
is in accordance with the view of Prance
plants,
the cantharophily in Victoria amazonica is secondary,
spondence between
it
these plants flowered in day-time.
;
anatomical
on
therefore the
pollination by beetles
for Victoria (Knoch,
plants
and
pollination by crude beetles
Bogor. The pollination method of Nymphaea gigantea
in these
specialisation
is related with
and Stebbins
1974,
feature, especially
is undescribed
—
that the increase in size,
bundles,
nocturnally flowering species of Nymphaea,
two
(1975).
Teunissen
authors
suggested by several
increase in the number of vascular
increase in size and
not
&
stamens
Arias
is
a
(1975) that
primitive, given that
the
corre-
is real.
cantharophily
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