2509.22_10
Page 1 of 117
FOREST SERVICE HANDBOOK
ALASKA REGION (REGION 10)
JUNEAU, ALASKA
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
Amendment No.: R-10 2509.22-2006-2
Effective Date: July 14, 2006
Duration: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
Approved: /s/ Paul K. Brewster (for)
DENNIS E. BSCHOR
Regional Forester
Date Approved: 06/22/2006
Posting Instructions: Amendments are numbered consecutively by Handbook number and
calendar year. Post by document; remove the entire document and replace it with this
amendment. Retain this transmittal as the first page(s) of this document. The last amendment to
this Handbook was 2509.22-2006-1 to zero code chapter.
New Document
2509.22_10
Superseded Document(s) by
Issuance Number and
Effective Date
2509.22,10 Contents (2509.22-96-1,
10/31/96)
2509.22, 11-11.7
2509.22,12-12.17
2509.22,13-13.18
2509.22,13 Exhibit 01
2509.22,14-14.27
2509.22,14.5 Exhibit 01
2509.22,15-15.5
2509.22,16-16.5
2509.22,17-17.6
2509.22,18-18.5
2509.22,19-19.5
117 Pages
3 Page
14 Pages
21 Pages
18 Pages
2 Pages
30 Pages
4 Pages
4 Pages
4 Pages
12 Pages
5 Pages
4 Pages
Digest:
Combines individual documents into one chapter document. Although some minor
typographical and technical errors have been corrected, this amendment contains no changes to
substantive direction.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 2 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
Table of Contents
11 – INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 5
11.1 - BMP Application .............................................................................................................. 6
11.2 - BMPs as Administrative, Preventive, and Corrective Actions ......................................... 6
11.3 – Development Considerations ........................................................................................... 7
11.4 – NEPA and Interdisciplinary Involvement ........................................................................ 8
11.5 – Training ............................................................................................................................ 8
11.6 – Monitoring Process .......................................................................................................... 9
11.61 – Monitoring ................................................................................................................. 9
11.62 – Evaluation ................................................................................................................ 12
11.63 – Refinement ............................................................................................................... 12
11.7 - Format............................................................................................................................. 18
12 – WATERSHED MANAGEMENT ............................................................................ 19
12.1 – PRACTICE: Cumulative Watershed Effects Analysis ................................................. 19
12.2 – PRACTICE: Rehabilitation After Mass Wasting ......................................................... 21
12.3 – PRACTICE: Watershed Rehabilitation Planning and Implementation. ....................... 21
12.4 – PRACTICE: Floodplain Identification, Evaluation, and Protection............................. 22
12.5 – PRACTICE: Wetland Identification, Evaluation, and Protection ................................ 23
12.6 – PRACTICE: Riparian Area Designation and Protection .............................................. 26
12.6a – PRACTICE: Buffer Design and Layout.................................................................. 28
12.8 – PRACTICE: Oil Pollution Prevention and Servicing/Refueling Operations ............... 30
12.9 – PRACTICE: Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Planning ............ 31
12.10 - PRACTICE: Control of Activities Under Special Use Permit .................................... 32
12.13 – PRACTICE: Administrative Site Planning and Management .................................... 33
12.14 – PRACTICE: Planning, Design, and Management Utility Corridors. ......................... 33
12.15 – PRACTICE: Management of Sanitary Facilities and Sanitary Guidelines for
Temporary Camps and Primitive Developments .......................................................... 34
12.16 – PRACTICE: Control of Solid Waste Disposal ........................................................... 35
12.17 – PRACTICE: Revegetation of Disturbed Areas. ......................................................... 37
13 - TIMBER MANAGEMENT ...................................................................................... 38
13.1 – PRACTICE: Timber Sale Planning .............................................................................. 39
13.2 – PRACTICE: Timber Harvest Unit Design ................................................................... 40
13.3 – PRACTICE: Designating Water Quality Protection Needs on Sale Area/Unit Release
Maps.............................................................................................................................. 40
13.4 – PRACTICE: Timber Sale Operating Schedule ............................................................. 42
13.5 – PRACTICE: Identification and Avoidance of Unstable Areas .................................... 43
13.9 – PRACTICE: Determining Guidelines for Yarding Operations .................................... 43
13.10 – PRACTICE: Log Landing Location and Design ........................................................ 46
13.11 – PRACTICE: Scheduling and Enforcement of Erosion Control Measures During
Timber Sale Operations ................................................................................................ 48
13.12 – PRACTICE: Site Preparation ..................................................................................... 48
13.14 – PRACTICE: Completion of Erosion Control for Unit Acceptance and Sale Closure 49
13.16 – PRACTICE: Stream Channel Protection (Implementation and Enforcement) .......... 50
13.17 – PRACTICE: Nonrecurring "C" Provisions For Soil and Water Quality Protection ... 54
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 3 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
13.18 – PRACTICE: Modification of the Timber Sale Contract ............................................ 55
14 - TRANSPORTATION AND OTHER FACILITIES MANAGEMENT ........................ 58
14.1 – PRACTICE: Transportation Planning .......................................................................... 58
14.2 – PRACTICE: Location of Transportation Facilities ...................................................... 59
14.3 – PRACTICE: Design of Transportation Facilities ......................................................... 60
14.4 – PRACTICE: Location, Permitting, and Design of Log Transfer Facilities (LTFs) ..... 61
14.5 – PRACTICE: Road and Trail Erosion Control Plan ...................................................... 63
14.6 – PRACTICE: Timing Restrictions for Construction Activities ..................................... 69
14.7 – PRACTICE: Measures to Minimize Mass Failures ...................................................... 70
14.8 – PRACTICE: Measures to Minimize Surface Erosion .................................................. 72
14.9 – PRACTICE: Drainage Control to Minimize Erosion and Sedimentation .................... 73
14.10 – PRACTICE: Pioneer Road Construction .................................................................... 75
14.11 – PRACTICE: Timely Erosion Control For Incomplete Projects ................................. 77
14.12 – PRACTICE: Control of Excavation and Sidecast Material ........................................ 77
14.14 – PRACTICE: Control of In-Channel Operations ......................................................... 78
14.15 – PRACTICE: Diversion of Flows Around Construction Sites .................................... 79
14.17 – PRACTICE: Bridge and Culvert Design and Installation .......................................... 80
14.18 – PRACTICE: Development and Rehabilitation of Gravel Sources and Quarries ........ 82
14.19 – PRACTICE: Disposal of Construction Slash and Stumps.......................................... 83
14.20 – PRACTICE: Road Maintenance ................................................................................. 84
14.22 – PRACTICE: Access and Travel Management............................................................ 86
14.23 – PRACTICE: Snow Removal Operations .................................................................... 86
14.24 – PRACTICE: Road Obliteration .................................................................................. 87
14.25 – PRACTICE: Surface Erosion Control at Facilities..................................................... 88
14.26 – PRACTICE: Daily LTF Cleanup ................................................................................ 89
14.27 – PRACTICE: Log Storage/Sort Yard Erosion Control ................................................ 89
15 - PESTICIDE-USE MANAGEMENT......................................................................... 92
15.1 – PRACTICE: Pesticide-Use Planning ............................................................................ 92
15.2 – PRACTICE: Follow Pesticide Label and EPA Registration Directions ....................... 93
15.4 – PRACTICE: Pesticide Spill Contingency Planning ..................................................... 93
15.5 – PRACTICE: Protection of Water Quality, Wetlands, and Riparian Areas During
Pesticide Application .................................................................................................... 94
16 - RECREATION MANAGEMENT ............................................................................ 95
16.1 – PRACTICE: Recreation Facilities Planning and Location ........................................... 95
16.4 – PRACTICE: Trail Construction and Maintenance ....................................................... 96
16.5 – PRACTICE: Management of Off-Highway Vehicle Use............................................. 97
17 - MINERALS MANAGEMENT ................................................................................. 98
17.1 – PRACTICE: Mining Site Conditions, Planning, and Design ..................................... 100
17.2 – PRACTICE: Placer Mining - (NPDES) Permits ........................................................ 104
17.3 – PRACTICE: Hard Rock Mining ................................................................................. 106
17.4 – PRACTICE: Permits and Administration of Geophysical Operations ....................... 107
17.5 – PRACTICE: Site Closure and Rehabilitation ............................................................. 108
17.6 – PRACTICE: Abandoned Mine Land Reclamation ..................................................... 108
18 - FISH AND WILDLIFE HABITAT MANAGEMENT............................................... 109
18.1 – PRACTICE: Fish and Wildlife Habitat Improvement Planning ................................ 110
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 4 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
18.2 – PRACTICE: Development of Groundwater-fed Spawning and Rearing Habitat from
Gravel Extraction and Other Sites .............................................................................. 110
18.3 – PRACTICE: In-Channel Excavation or Disturbance During Fish and Wildlife Habitat
Improvement Projects ................................................................................................. 111
18.4 – PRACTICE: Ground Fertilization for Wildlife Habitat Improvement ....................... 112
18.5 – PRACTICE: Lake Fertilization for Fish Habitat Improvement .................................. 113
19 - FIRE SUPPRESSION AND FUELS MANAGEMENT .......................................... 113
19.1 – PRACTICE: Fire and Fuel Management Activities and Prescriptions ....................... 114
19.2 – PRACTICE: Protection of Water Quality Through Prescribed Burning Prescriptions
.................................................................................................................................... 114
19.3 – PRACTICE: Minimizing Watershed Impacts from Fire Suppression Efforts ........... 115
19.4 – PRACTICE: Stabilization of Fire Suppression Related Watershed Damage ............. 116
19.5 – PRACTICE: Emergency Watershed Rehabilitation ................................................... 116
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 5 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
11 – INTRODUCTION
Soil and water resources are most efficiently protected from nonpoint sources of pollution by
implementation of the iterative Best Management Practices (BMP) process, and the site-specific
application of BMPs. The BMPs presented in this Handbook were compiled from Federal Law,
Forest Service Manual and Handbooks, contract and permit provisions, policy statements,
planning documents, Regional guides, applicable State laws and regulations, and other pertinent
sources.
This handbook provides the complete package of BMPs for consideration in project plans. The
site-specific application of individual BMPs involves consideration of design standards and
risks; environmental effects; practicality; and institutional, political, social, economic, and
technical feasibility. (For additional discussion, see: W.C. Harper, "A Resource Agency's
Perspective on Nonpoint Source Management", Symposium on Monitoring, Modeling, and
Mediating Water Quality, American Water Resources Association, May 1987, pages 641-652).
BMPs are grouped by management activity for ease of presentation and understanding. The
management activities are: Watershed, Timber, Transportation and Facilities, Vegetation,
Recreation, Minerals, Fish and Wildlife Habitat Improvements, and Fire Suppression and Fuels.
Although a practice might be shown under only one activity designation, it may also apply to
other activities.
The purpose of BMPs is to directly or indirectly protect water quality and abate or mitigate
adverse water quality impacts while meeting other resource goals and objectives. BMPs have
three basic forms: administrative, preventive, and corrective. These practices are neither detailed
prescriptions nor solutions for site-specific problems. They are action initiating mechanisms
which call for the development and application of detailed prescriptions and solutions. They
identify management requirements and considerations which are to be addressed prior to and
during the formulation of alternatives for land management actions. They serve as standards
which are considered in formulating a plan, a program, and/or a project.
The term "Best Management Practice," or BMP, is a legal term relating to practices used for the
protection of water quality. The term BMP has also been used to describe good management
techniques unrelated to water quality (for example, for habitat improvement projects). These
other uses of the term BMP do not have legal implications under the Clean Water Act and may
confuse the water quality program with other resource goals.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 6 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
11.1 - BMP Application
BMPs can be:
Corrective or Preventive
- Restore or maintain water quality
Site-specific Method
- Structural (dams and ditches)
- Nonstructural (vegetation, mulch)
Pre-Project
- Operations (planning and design of activities)
Post-Project
- Maintenance (to assure function of structures
and facilities)
Temporal
- Schedules (season or chronology of activity
initiation)
Spatial
- Distribution (activity location relative to water)
11.2 - BMPs as Administrative, Preventive, and Corrective Actions
1. Administrative actions are implemented as organizational controls. Examples are:
a. Incorporating water quality protection measures into a contract
b. Scheduling an activity to avoid wettest season
c. Criteria that govern road layout and design
d. Review project implementation documents to ensure protection method and
measures are incorporated
e. Inspect project sites to ensure protection measures are in place and working
properly
f. Controlling the magnitude or aggregate of activities in a watershed
2. Preventive actions are measures that are applied to an activity to minimize its effect on
water quality. Examples are:
a. Construction of water bars across roads or skid trails
b. Spreading grass seed on exposed soil
c. Placing mulch and/or erosion fabric as a temporary cover on cut or fill slopes
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 7 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
3. Corrective actions are measures that are applied on the ground to solve a problem.
Many methods used in prevention are also suitable for correction. Examples are:
a. Adding large woody debris to a stream channel (to form pools for the benefit of
fish habitat)
b. Placing riprap to stop stream bank erosion
c. Reconstructing or obliterating an abandoned road that is degrading water quality.
The site-specific application of BMPs lead to custom fit practices, measures, and methods for
water quality protection. They are applied following inventory and/or scientific analysis of a
land management proposal. Some BMPs require that several resource specialists visit the
proposed project area to assess on-site potential for adverse impacts to water quality and the
designated beneficial uses as defined in Alaska Water Quality Criteria (18 AAC 70.020). Field
data is collected to help predict impacts and identify mitigation measures. Analysis often
involves interaction with other specialists (for example, design engineers, economists,
contracting officers). Field data is analyzed to identify site-specific specifications designed to
protect water quality and/or reduce pollution. BMPs establish a procedure to follow that will
result in the formulation of site-specific methods and techniques for nonpoint source pollution
control.
11.3 – Development Considerations
The effects of land management activities on soil and water resources, and water-related
beneficial uses can vary considerably. The effects are a function of:
1. Physical Environment. The physical, meteorological, hydrological, and biological
environment where the activity takes place (topography, physiography, precipitation, channel
density, geology, soil type, and vegetative cover.
2. Current or Prospective Beneficial Uses. The specific water-related beneficial use(s),
importance to various publics, and sensitivity to management influences.
3. Activity Type. The type of activity imposed (recreation, mineral exploration, timber
management), its extent, and its magnitude.
4. Project Prescription. Site-specific implementation (road construction method(s) or
silvicultural practice(s) used, constant use v. seasonal use, recurrent or one-time application,
etc.).
5. Duration. The length of time that the activity occurs or is applied.
6. Timing. The season of the year that the activity occurs or is applied.
7. Maintenance Strategy. How will effectiveness of the project be assured?
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 8 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
Site-specific BMP applications will vary since no single practice, method, or technique is best in
all circumstances. BMPs presented in this Handbook include qualifiers such as "according to
design," "as prescribed," "where practicable," and "within acceptable limits." BMP applications
are developed through professional interdisciplinary involvement. These applications are
tailored to meet local resource and environmental requirements.
Since land managers work with the natural environment, with all its complexities and
uncertainty, it is necessary to accept some level of risk with any design. This important (and
difficult) task of project risk assessment must be based on predictable effects on other resources,
and the overall need to conduct the management activity. Evaluation of risk is part of the
interdisciplinary NEPA analysis for each project. Determining the appropriate risk level is part
of the line officer's decision for each project.
11.4 – NEPA and Interdisciplinary Involvement
The NEPA process and interdisciplinary involvement is critical for the development of the sitespecific application of BMPs. Direction for the NEPA process (environmental analysis and
documentation) is contained in Forest Service Policy and Procedures found in FSM 1950 and
FSH 1909.15. These sources also provide direction to incorporate the interdisciplinary process
in planning and decision making.
Interdisciplinary involvement is the use of a team of individuals who represent two or more areas
of professional knowledge and/or skill. Team members combine the skills necessary to provide
input for alternative formulation and evaluation, BMP selection, and aid in the Forest Service
decision-making process. The final responsibility for decision-making lies with the Line Officer
(District Rangers, Forest Supervisors, or Regional Forester). The team's task is to provide the
decision maker with alternatives and evaluations needed to make a responsible decision.
11.5 – Training
After BMPs are selected, they are applied to site-specific conditions. Training in the application
of BMPs is critical for effective water quality protection. A training and information program
should include: 1) objectives for water quality protection and management; 2) State designated
beneficial uses of water; 3) cause and effect relationships in nonpoint source pollution and storm
water runoff; 4) the relevance of BMPs; 5) legal aspects; and 6) the site-specific application of
BMPs.
Training should be given to personnel with contract responsibilities and specialists involved in
activities which have the potential to affect water quality, beneficial uses, and soil resources.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 9 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
11.6 – Monitoring Process
Monitoring is an essential part of all BMPs as well as the overall BMP process. Regionally
approved monitoring techniques will be used. Monitoring Guidelines to Evaluate Effects of
Forestry Activities on Streams in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, EPA, May 1991, will be the
starting point for all BMP monitoring plans. Specific monitoring plans will be coordinated
among Forests and Areas and with the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation.
Monitoring plans should include or consider the following:
1. Development of monitoring questions
2. Define personnel and budgetary constraints
3. Review of existing data and literature
4. List of parameters to be measured
5. Methodology for analysis and evaluation, and the rational
6. Location of monitoring sites
7. Intensity, frequency, and duration of monitoring
8. Responsibilities and roles of monitoring personnel
9. Report preparation and dissemination
When impacts from management activity are detected, the appropriate Forest Service Line
Officer will evaluate the significance and determine appropriate action. Where project level
activities are not meeting Forest Plan or State Water Quality Standards, they will be redesigned,
rescheduled, or modified.
Water quality data will be placed or duplicated in a recognized computer system for storage,
analyzation, and public review. It is also desirable to place appropriate data into GIS Data
Bases.
11.61 – Monitoring
Monitoring is the first step of the feedback mechanism. It responds to questions about the sitespecific application of BMPs, and their implementation, effectiveness, and validation.
1. Implementation monitoring determines whether the necessary BMPs, mitigations,
constraints, and decisions were actually applied to an activity as planned.
2. Effectiveness monitoring determines the success of BMPs in protecting water quality
and beneficial uses.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 10 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
3. Validation monitoring determines if an underlying assumption, or model, is correct.
When monitoring BMP effectiveness the appropriate level of monitoring should also be
determined using the guidelines found in G.E. Dissmeyer's, "Evaluating the Effectiveness of
Forestry Best Management Practices in Meeting Water Quality Goals or Standards", pg. 41, 54,
and 55. USDA, Forest Service Misc. Pub. 1520, July 1994
The monitoring level selected is appropriate to the objective of the monitoring program. Four
levels of monitoring are used for evaluating the effectiveness of forestry BMPs in meeting water
quality goals or standards: BMP I, II, III and IV They are defined as follows:
BMP Effectiveness I uses empirical observations and a limited amount of qualitative data
to evaluate effectiveness. A heavy reliance on experience is used to judge whether BMP's
are effective in protecting water quality. It is a professional judgment as to whether there is
a problem or not.
BMP Effectiveness II depends mainly on qualitative data and limited quantitative data for
analysis leading to the evaluation of effectiveness.
BMP Effectiveness III relies predominantly on quantitative data, with some qualitative
data for detailed analysis to evaluate effectiveness.
BMP Effectiveness IV relies predominantly on quantitative data, with some qualitative
data for detailed analysis to evaluate effectiveness, to establish water-quality criteria, goals,
or cause and effect. This level of monitoring is usually associated with research.
Low-level monitoring (BMP Effectiveness I and II) identifies high-level needs and also extends
the information developed by high-level monitoring. High-level monitoring (BMP Effectiveness
III and IV) develops information that supports or validates decisions made in low-level
monitoring.
The level selected is determined by:
1. The type of question or issue to be addressed.
2. The resources available.
3. The number and stratification of reference and study streams.
4. The practicality of acceptable monitoring methods for evaluating: (a) on-slope
conditions, (b) chemical and physical components, (c) channel geomorphology and stability, (d)
biology, (e) habitat, and (f) aquatic vegetation.
5. Amount of data to be collected, time required, and number of streams that can be
monitored.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 11 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
6. The quality of data needed for making decisions.
7. The kind of decisions needed and the potential risk in making the wrong judgments.
The quality of data vary by monitoring level, methods used, and the skill of the people involved.
Three types of data are taken: (1) empirical, (2) qualitative, and (3) quantitative.
The methods used at each level do not always clearly reveal whether goals or standards have
been met. This uncertainty is termed the "grey area." As the monitoring level increases, the grey
area decreases. Within these grey areas, the tendency is to assume the goals or standards have
been met, even though higher levels of monitoring might reveal impairment. Uncertainty
occurring with BMP Effectiveness I and II monitoring could trigger the use of higher levels of
monitoring to resolve grey-area issues.
Monitoring
Level
|
I
|
|
|
|
|
|
Area of
| Discernment
|
III
|
|
|
|
IV
|
|
|
Unimpaired
Area of
Uncertainty
(Grey Area)
|
?
|
Water Quality Condition
Area of
Discernment
Impaired
The area of discernment of water quality condition by BMP effectiveness monitoring level.
(From Figure 8, pg 55. G.E. Dissmeyer, Evaluating the Effectiveness of Forestry Best
Management Practices in Meeting Water Quality Goals or Standards. USDA, Forest Service
Misc. Pub. 1520, July 1994.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 12 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
11.62 – Evaluation
Evaluation is the second step in the feedback mechanism. To evaluate monitoring information
and judge the effectiveness of site-specific application of BMPs, criteria must be defined. The
Forest Plan Standards and Guidelines, and State Water Quality Standards serve as evaluation
criteria. When possible, criteria should be defined in quantitative terms and should consider:
1. Attributes and characteristics of the particular resource or use
2. Natural background temporal and spatial variability
3. Limits of acceptable change in magnitude and duration
4. Transport mechanisms and pathways
5. Time delayed effects
6. Risk
Monitoring and evaluation are designed to improve knowledge of the link between land
management activities and the resulting impacts on soil and water resources. Monitoring and
evaluation provide an early warning system where research information may not exist for
guidance. If site specific application of BMPs is based on sound research that addresses water
quality issues, monitoring and evaluation can be less intensive.
11.63 – Refinement
The last step of the feedback mechanism is refinement. If monitoring and evaluation indicates
evaluation criteria are not being met, an adjustment of the site-specific application of BMPs is
needed, and/or the BMP itself needs modification.
Adjustments vary depending on the type and severity of the impact to the soil and water resource
or designated beneficial use. For minor to moderate impacts, the application of site-specific
BMPs are redesigned or upgraded to assure the criteria are not exceeded. If the impact is major,
the project activity is re-evaluated, redesigned, or terminated. Corrective actions to prevent or
minimize significant negative resource impacts will be initiated immediately.
The feedback mechanism is an iterative process involving monitoring, evaluation, and
refinement of BMP applications or the BMPs themselves, and/or refinement of the evaluation
criteria, which can include the State Water Quality Standards.
This Handbook will be evaluated annually for its effectiveness in protecting water quality and
the designated beneficial uses, and in meeting State Water Quality Standards. Establishment of a
cooperative evaluation process between ADEC and the Forest Service is specified in the Alaska
Non-point Source Pollution Control Strategy (pg. 2, Items 2.3 and 2.4) as approved by EPA
August l990.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 13 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
When monitoring results consistently indicate the implementation of BMPs are effective in
protecting the designated beneficial uses, yet do not totally comply with State Water Quality
Standards, it may be necessary to revise and/or refine the standards. This may be particularly
appropriate for the recognition of the great temporal and spatial variability of both flow and
water quality parameters within natural stream systems.
Feedback 6
/
/
/
/
/
Report 5
\
\
\
\
\
Evaluation 4
1 BMP Design/Redesign
\
\
\
\
\
2 BMP Application
/
/
/
/
/
3 Monitoring
STEP DESCRIPTIONS
1. STEP 1 - BMP DESIGN
IDENTIFY BENEFICIAL
USES
Fisheries, domestic water supply, wildlife, or other
beneficial uses
IDENTIFY FS GOALS &
OBJECTIVES
Forest Plans, State Management Plans, Water Quality
Standards
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS
BMP ALTERNATIVES
FEASIBILITY
RISK
FINAL BMP DESIGN
Climate, geology, hydrology, topography, soils,
vegetation, land disturbance history
List BMPs and site-specific design
Social, political, technical, economic, and institutional
constraints
Hazard analysis, design risk
Select BMP alternative(s) or fine-tune BMP design(s)
to protect recognized beneficial uses and meet resource
management objectives
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 14 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
In the selection and site-specific design of BMPs, water quality controls are tailored to each site.
This approach evaluates a multitude of control opportunities for preventing and mitigating
impacts from nonpoint source pollution. BMPs will protect water quality, if properly
implemented, on those sites where conditions are appropriate.
2. STEP 2 - BMP IMPLEMENTATION AND APPLICATION.
The BMPs should be documented in the NEPA document so that there is no confusion about
what is expected for water quality protection. The documentation should include requirements
for when the BMP will be applied. The BMPs are translated into contract clauses, special use
permit requirements, project plan specifications, regulatory framework, and so forth. The last
step is to ensure that the BMP process is implemented and the individual BMPs are applied to
the site-specific conditions as designed.
3. STEP 3 - BMP MONITORING.
Types of Monitoring:
I.
IMPLEMENTATION
II.
EFFECTIVENESS
III.
VALIDATION
Purpose of Monitoring:
BMP APPLICATION AS
DESIGNED
? contract specs followed
? timely in application
PROTECTING BENEFICIAL USES
? fish habitat affected
?fish population down
MEETS GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
? Forest Plan Thresholds
PROJECT SITE POTENTIAL
? erosion
? productivity
? channel conditions
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
Numeric Criteria Valid
Models
- improve coefficients
- develop/improve statistical basis
Responsibility for Monitoring:
Forest Supervisors’ Office
Ranger Districts
Regional Office
Forest Supervisors’ Office
Regional Office
Forest Supervisors’ Office
Regional Office
Research
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 15 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
Monitoring is imperative to ensure that BMPs are being implemented and are effective in
protecting beneficial uses. In monitoring, the criteria (either numeric or narrative) assigned to
either a beneficial use or a specific stream segment are used as the yardstick to measure BMP
effectiveness. For example, to test whether fish and aquatic life are impaired, the turbidity,
dissolved oxygen and temperature numerical criteria for cold water biota might be agreed upon
as the parameters to monitor. If one of these parameters is exceeded as a result of a land
management activity where BMPs are applied, then the BMP or activity would be modified.
Where a criteria is consistently exceeded, and the beneficial use is not impacted, it is possible
that the water quality criteria may need to be re-evaluated. Where no numerical criteria exists
for a parameter assigned a beneficial use, the limits set for sediment or water yield increases,
channel stability, and fry emergence success identified in Forest Plans should be used as the
yardstick to measure BMP effectiveness.
Within each Forest Plan, monitoring and evaluation requirements are described to track
compliance with the standards and guidelines and direction in the Plan. Monitoring and
evaluation of the Forest Plan and project level effects on water quality is conducted at various
levels. Project plans and administrative contracts are reviewed during and after project
implementation. More specific monitoring is performed by the Forest Service on a
representative sample basis to evaluate site-specific BMP application effectiveness in protecting
beneficial uses, and to test if they are appropriate to achieve Forest Plan and project objectives.
Checks and balances (also viewed as monitoring) are planned to occur throughout the Forest
planning and project level planning processes.
4. STEPS 4 and 5 - EVALUATE and REPORT.
The monitoring data will be evaluated and summarized in an annual monitoring report. The
report identifies what was done, how it was done, what was found, and recommended actions on
BMPs based on the findings. Water quality standards, natural variability, time delayed effects,
hydrologic risk, and other factors are considered in the interpretation of the results. The report is
provided to the appropriate line officers and interested public, as requested.
If monitoring shows that the project design and mitigation measures are inadequate to meet
management goals, objectives, or standards, then the practices will be changed in future projects,
and further corrective actions will be taken, if needed, to mitigate damaged caused by BMP
failure. When the mitigation measures need to be modified or upgraded, more stringent soil and
water conservation practices will be applied, or the implementation process revised.
5. STEP 6 - FEED BACK.
The ultimate purpose of monitoring is to provide feedback information that can be used to
improve future land management decisions. Monitoring and evaluation in all phases of our
resource decisionmaking process are used as tests. Feedback mechanisms are needed within
management decisionmaking and work processes to assure the utility of validated assumptions
and estimations of effects. This information can be used to revise BMPs, to initiate changes and
amendments to Forest Land Management Plans, and revisions to State Water Quality Standards.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 16 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
LAND USE ACTIVITY EXAMPLE: Construction of four miles of road.
STEP DESCRIPTION
STEP 1 – BMP DESIGN: Design to protect beneficial uses and to meet resource management objectives.
Identify Beneficial Uses
Fish, domestic water supply, certain wildlife
Identify FS Goals and Objectives
Prevent soil erosion
Meet water quality standards
Physical Conditions
FIELD INVESTIGATION:
1. road is 200 feet up sope from a stream
2. hill slope is 35 percent
3. soils very deep, well drained and highly
erosive when vegetative cover is removed
4. 85% ground cover
5. land stability problems are not evident
6. channels stable
OFFICE INVESTIGATION:
1. total precipitation averages 90 inches
BMP Alternatives
BMPs 12.17, 14.5, and 14.8 apply to this situation. The
soil scientist and hydrologist identify three possible
applications of these BMPs to control road cut and fill
slope erosion. All three applications have proven
equally effective elsewhere in the watershed.
1. Broadcast seed the exposed slopes with grass
and cover with jute matting. (Seeding to occur
within one week of fill slope construction.)
2. Broadcast seed with grass and put a filter
windrow at base of fill slope toe.
3. Contour furrow cut and fill slopes to enhance
infiltration and prevent slope surface runoff.
Feasibility
Interaction with the design engineer indicates contour
furrowing is not cost-effective for this road. The
wildlife biologist expresses concern ovr the use of jute
matting in the proximity of deer fawning area. Through
IDT interaction, the team agrees on application 2.
Risk
Grass fails to become established.
Erosion/sedimation occurs.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 17 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
Final BMP Design
The IDT agrees on application 1 and 2 with
modification: fescure grass seed in place of rye, and
placement of jute matting on ½:1 cutslopes.
STEP 2 - BMP IMPLEMENTATION:
Implementation
Erosion control needs are identified in NEPA
document. BMPs 12.17, 14.5, and 14.8 are applied
through the Road Cards and Road Management
Objectives for project implementation.
Application
Contract stipulations are written that require the
contractor to broadcast seed the slopes with fescue.
Stipulations are incorporated into the contract and it is
put out for bids. Apply practices as called for in
contract.
STEP 3 - BMP MONITORING:
a. Types of Monitoring:
I.
IMPLEMENTATION
II.
EFFECTIVENESS
b. Purpose of Monitoring:
BMP APPLICATION AS DESIGNED
Contract specs followed
Timely in application
PROTECT BENEFICIAL USES
Fish Habitat Affected
MEETS GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
State Water Quality Standards
PROTECT SITE
Erosion Reduced/Prevented
c. Who Monitors:
COR inspects the application of seed
during road construction
Hydrologist/Soil Scientist/Fish
Biologist evaluate effectiveness of the
BMP to reduce erosion, protect fish
habitat, and meet water quality
standards.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 18 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
STEP 4 - EVALUATION:
IMPLEMENTATION MONITORING
DATA SHOW
BMPs Implemented with
site-specific Application
EFFECTIVENESS MONITORING
DATA SHOW
Erosion Reduced to Background Levels?
Beneficial Uses Protected?
Water Quality Standards Met?
(Numeric Criteria Met?)
STEP 5 - REPORT:
What were the monitoring questions?
How and where were they monitored?
What does the raw data show?
Based on data analysis and evaluation:
Supply feedback to the BMP iterative process
Make management recommendations
STEP 6 - FEEDBACK: - ENSURES WE LEARN FROM WHAT WE DO. The documented
data, along with the Report, are the mechanism to communicate the total of our experience for
the benefit of future land management activities.
11.7 - Format
The general format used to present each BMP is as follows:
HEADING
CONTEXT
PRACTICE
Includes the sequential number of the practice and a brief
title. The numbering of the activities does not have any
intended significance.
OBJECTIVE
Describes the desired results or attainment of the practice
as it relates to soil and water resource or beneficial use
protection.
EXPLANATION
Further defines the brief title and expresses how the
practice is applied. Describes criteria or standards used
when applicable.
IMPLEMENTATION
Describes where the practice is applied, who is responsible
for application, direction and supervision, and when the
practice is employed.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 19 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
REFERENCES
Identifies the Forest Service Manual and Handbooks,
contract or permit provision, Code of Federal Regulation,
policy statement, and/or other references where the practice
is further documented. The reference listings are not all
inclusive.
12 – WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
Watershed management is the art and science of conserving soil and water resources and
projecting water-related beneficial uses. The management objective is to "secure favorable
conditions of water flow"; that is, to maintain or enhance watershed conditions favorable for
optimum water quality, water yield and timing, and soil productivity. To secure both favorable
conditions of water flow and quality requires maintaining the dynamic equilibrium of the stream
channel system within its natural range of variation. This in turn will maintain healthy aquatic
habitats. Watershed management includes the improvement of soil and water resources on
National Forest System lands damaged by catastrophic events or degraded by past use.
Generally, water quality management is focused on the protection of surface waters from both
point and nonpoint source pollution. However, in karst areas, surface flow may instantly become
underground flow as it enters a sinkhole. In this situation there is little or no opportunity to filter
out nonpoint source pollutants from the surface runoff. Therefore, karst features may need to be
treated similar to live stream courses, with buffers and/or other protection measures.
The practices listed in this section are applicable to most resource functions. They should be
applied to all management activities that have the potential to adversely affect water quality
and/or the designated beneficial uses as defined in Alaska Water Quality Criteria (11 AAC
70.020).
12.1 – PRACTICE: Cumulative Watershed Effects Analysis
1. OBJECTIVE. To determine the Cumulative Watershed Effects (CWE) on the
beneficial uses of water caused by multiple land management activities, distributed over both
time and space.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. BMPs are
designed and applied to protect water quality. The scope and scale of the BMPs can vary from
an individual protective measure at one location to a procedure for deciding what, when, and
where management activities are to occur over a large land area. BMPs are applied individually
at a site to deal with specific situations. BMPs can be applied in a series, or in conjunction with
other practices. Examples could be a number of water bars along a road segment or ditch lining
and cross-drain culverts
Cumulative Watershed Effects analyses procedures are tools to assist in deciding the appropriate
amount, timing, and placement of various activities in a watershed to achieve water quality
objectives. Natural watershed sensitivity, and land disturbance history and recovery are factors
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 20 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
that should be evaluated in the CWE analysis. Data from long-term monitoring and research
studies of watershed, riparian, and aquatic habitat conditions will be needed to refine and
validate CWE models.
Using roads as an example, there may be a limit to the amount of road that should be built in a
given watershed to avoid the concentration and acceleration of runoff and sediment farther
downstream which may result in channel changes and mobilization of additional sediments.
Past, present, or reasonably foreseeable future actions in a watershed are evaluated relative to
natural or undisturbed conditions. Cumulative Watershed Effects are changes in beneficial water
uses caused by the accumulation of individual impacts. To avoid adverse CWE, recovery should
occur before the impact of the next individual practice.
Watersheds will be managed to avoid significant adverse CWE on the soil and water resource
and to produce water of quality and quantity sufficient to maintain beneficial uses in compliance
with State Water Quality Standards. Examples of potential cumulative effects are:
1. Reduced natural woody debris input to stream channels that may cause alterations in
channel morphology and reductions in fish habitat.
2. Excess sediment production that may reduce fish habitat and other beneficial uses.
3. Water temperature and nutrient changes that may affect beneficial uses.
4. Disturbed soils that may cause increased soil erosion and sedimentation.
5. Changes in water yield and peak flow that may upset stream channel equilibrium.
6. Changes to the hydrology of karst areas.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. As part of the NEPA process, the Forest Service will consider
the potential CWE of multiple land management activities within a watershed that may exceed
the stream's capacity to maintain its equilibrium and/or to recover to near-natural conditions
before the next management disturbance. Cumulative Watershed Effects screening and/or
analysis is required of projects involving significant vegetation removal, or soil disturbing
activities to ensure that the project, considered with other activities, will not increase sediment or
water yields beyond acceptable limits. An acceptable analysis includes such components as:
watershed condition, watershed sensitivity, threshold-of-concern criteria, and mechanisms for
quantifying existing and proposed alternative management activities. The Forest Service will
also coordinate and cooperate with State and private landowners in assessing cumulative effects
in multiple ownership watersheds.
4. REFERENCES. 40 CFR 1508.7; Section 208(b)(2)(f) of the CWA; Section 6217(g)
of the Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990; Cumulative Silvicultural Impacts
on Watersheds, USDA Forest Service, Mar 1988, Silver Fire Recovery Process Paper, Siskiyou
National Forest; Washington Forest Practice Board, Oct. 1992, Standard Methodology for
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 21 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
Conducting Watershed Analysis; USDA Forest Service, Report to Congress, Anadromous Fish
Habitat Assessment, Jan. 1995, R10-MB-279; FEMAT Report, 1993.
12.2 – PRACTICE: Rehabilitation After Mass Wasting
1. OBJECTIVE. To identify actions to be taken where mass wasting threatens water
quality.
2. EXPLANATION. This is a corrective practice. Mass wasting is a natural event that
may occur with or without management disturbance. When a mass wasting event threatens
water quality a prompt assessment of the risk of impairing the designated beneficial uses is
needed. Opportunities to minimize or mitigate the adverse effects will be identified.
When mass wasting is visually observed in the field and enters flowing surface water or is
expected to exceed water quality standards, the ADEC will be informed as soon as possible. The
Forest Service Line Officer, or designated representative, should contact ADEC, Division of Air
and Water Quality, directly with information on the location, size, and prognosis of events, and
describe corrective actions being taken. Where practicable, and after taking personal safety into
account, surface and subsurface flows should be diverted away from the slide and dispersed onto
stable vegetated areas.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Appropriate actions are needed to protect public safety
followed by assessment, rehabilitation, and monitoring. (See BMPs 14.5, 14.7 and 14.8) When
mass wasting is triggered by operations, the Forest Service will take effective and appropriate
actions to stabilize the slide path and all associated exposed soils. A wide range of methods is
available including bioengineering and nonstructural measures.
When mass wasting results in debris and sediments entering surface waters, an assessment of the
methods and feasibility of rehabilitation actions should be done quickly (See BMP 19.5).
Following the assessment, which should consider both onsite and downstream impacts, a
decision on the most effective and feasible way to protect and restore water quality and aquatic
habitat will be made in consultation with ADEC.
4. REFERENCES. 11 AAC 95.330; FSM 2522; FSM 2534.
12.3 – PRACTICE: Watershed Rehabilitation Planning and Implementation.
1. OBJECTIVE. To identify degraded watershed conditions, to plan and prioritize
watershed rehabilitation projects, and to minimize soil erosion and improve water quality.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an on going administrative and corrective practice. Factors
considered in the evaluation of soil and water resource problems and subsequent improvement
opportunities are: predicted changes in water quality and its associated effects on on-site and
downstream beneficial uses, soil productivity, threat to life and property, direct and indirect
economic returns, and social and scenic benefits. Watershed improvement includes both
structural and nonstructural measures. Structural measures such as water bars and check dams
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 22 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
require long-term inspection, and maintenance. Bioengineering and nonstructural measures such
as land shaping and revegetation are self-maintaining once vegetation is established (See BMP
12.17).
Before major watershed rehabilitation or stream channel manipulation projects are initiated, a
watershed assessment including a cumulative watershed-level analysis, should be conducted. It
is essential to understand the runoff and geomorphic processes that exist within a watershed and
also the equilibriums that exist within the various reaches of the channel system before
undertaking rehabilitation and/or enhancement projects. For example, some project designs and
techniques will work well in channel types with armored banks or low sediment transport rates,
yet be total failures or cause additional damage if constructed in channel types with alluvial
banks and/or high sediment yields.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. This practice is typically implemented through the
development and maintenance of a comprehensive soil and water resource improvement
inventory, the approval of cost effective plans, and the funding of the plan and subsequent
improvement actions.
Watershed rehabilitation and/or enhancement projects will be planned and prioritized on a
watershed basis. It may be necessary to construct both in-channel and hill-slope projects to
rehabilitate a degraded watershed or stream channel. These projects should be designed and
phased to complement each other. The NEPA process will be followed in the planning and
implementation of improvement measures. The actual implementation work may be done by
Forest Service crews or contract. Effectiveness of improvement measures will be monitored and
evaluated.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2522; Ecosystem Analysis at the Watershed Scale, Version 2.2,
August 1992; 11 AAC 95.330.
12.4 – PRACTICE: Floodplain Identification, Evaluation, and Protection.
1. OBJECTIVE. To identify floodplain values and, where practicable, avoid adverse
impacts to soil and water resources associated with the occupancy and modification of
floodplains.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. A flood hazard
analysis and evaluation will be made prior to acquisition or exchange of land within floodplains.
A floodplain analysis and evaluation will be made when sites within floodplains are considered
for structures or development. Environmental quality, ecological effects, and individual safety
and health are considered. Flood frequencies, watershed conditions, climatic and environmental
factors associated with past flood events, flood flow quantities, and specific flood boundaries are
all evaluated.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. The Regional Forester is responsible for ensuring
consideration of floodplain hazards and values in all NEPA planning processes. The Forest
Supervisor, through use of technical staffs, is responsible for:
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 23 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
a. Determining if proposed facilities are within the 100-year floodplain (or the 500year floodplain for "critical" actions).
b. Notifying the public at the earliest possible time of any plan or proposal to
undertake, support, or allow an action resulting in occupancy, modification, or
development in a floodplain, and involving affected and interested public in the
decision-making process.
c. Identifying and evaluating practicable alternatives to locating a proposed action in
a floodplain, including alternative sites outside the floodplain.
d. Modifying plans, activities, and designs to minimize impairment of the natural
functions and values of the floodplain (where off-floodplain alternatives are not
practicable).
e. Requiring flood hazard evaluations prior to issuance of special-use permits.
f. Ensuring that floodplain hazards, management considerations, and appropriate
restrictions are included in authorizing documents.
4. REFERENCES. E.O. 11988, Floodplain Management; FSM 2527; Maxwell, J. and
LaFayette, R., 1986. Identification of Streamside Riparian Areas of the Tongass NF, Martin et.
al. 1988. Guidelines for Making Floodplain and Wetland Evaluations for Land Exchanges.
USDA, Forest Service, Southwestern Region Hydrology Note No. 19a.
12.5 – PRACTICE: Wetland Identification, Evaluation, and Protection
1. OBJECTIVE. To identify wetland functions and value, and provide appropriate
protection measures designed to avoid adverse hydrologic impacts.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. Peat lands
(muskegs) are considered wetlands by all Federal and State Agencies. The Forest Service
responsibility for protection of wetlands is directed by 33 CFR 323.3(b) and Section 404(b)(1) of
the Clean Water Act. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) regulates dredge and fills on all
waters of the U.S., including wetlands. The construction or maintenance of forest roads is
exempt (Silviculture Road Exemption) from these permits where such roads are constructed and
maintained in accordance with the following 33 CFR Best Management Practices.
a. Permanent roads (for farming or forestry activities), temporary access roads (for
mining, forestry, or farm purposes) and skid trails (for logging) in waters of the U.S.
shall be held to the minimum feasible number, width and total length consistent with
the purpose of specific farming, silviculture or mining operations, and local
topographic and climatic conditions.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 24 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
b. All roads, temporary or permanent, shall be located sufficiently far from streams
or other water bodies (except for portions of such roads which must cross water
bodies) to minimize discharges of dredged or fill materials into waters of the U.S..
c. The road fill shall be bridged, culverted, or otherwise designed to prevent the
restriction of flood flows.
d. The fill shall be properly stabilized and maintained during and following
construction to prevent erosion.
e. Discharges of dredged or fill material into waters of the United States to construct
a road fill shall be made in a manner that minimizes the encroachment of trucks,
tractors, bulldozers, or other heavy equipment within waters of the Unites States
(including adjacent wetlands) that lie outside the lateral boundaries of the fill itself.
f. In designing, constructing, and maintaining roads, vegetative disturbance in waters
of the U.S. shall be kept to a minimum.
g. The design, construction and maintenance of the road crossing shall not disrupt the
migration or other movement of those species of aquatic life inhabiting the water
body.
h. Borrow material shall be taken from upland sources whenever feasible.
i. The discharge shall not take, or jeopardize the continued existence of, a threatened
or endangered species as defined under the Endangered Species Act, or adversely
modify or destroy the critical habitat of such species.
j. Discharges into breeding and nesting areas for migratory waterfowl, spawning
areas, and wetlands shall be avoided if practical alternatives exist.
k. The discharge shall not be located in the proximity of a public water supply intake.
l. The discharge shall not occur in areas of concentrated shellfish production.
m. The discharge shall not occur in a component of the National Wild and Scenic
River System.
n. The discharge of material shall consist of suitable material free of toxic pollutants
in toxic amounts.
o. All temporary fills shall be removed in their entirety and the area restored to its
original elevation.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 25 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
The 33 CFR Best Management Practices assure that flow and circulation patterns and chemical
and biological characteristics of waters of the United States are not impaired. In addition, they
assure the reach of waters of the United States, including wetlands is not be reduced, and that
any adverse effect on the aquatic environment is otherwise minimized.
The COE guidelines state that no discharge of dredged or fill material shall be permitted in
wetlands if there is a practicable alternative to the proposed discharge which would have less
adverse impact on the aquatic ecosystem. Practicable means available and capable of being done
after taking into consideration costs, existing technology, and logistics in light of overall project
purposes (40 CFR 230.3(g)). This would apply as long as the alternative does not have other
significant adverse environmental consequences. The COE presumes that practicable
alternatives exist to filling wetlands unless clearly demonstrated otherwise. The Forest Services
must determine that there are no practicable alternatives and document the alternatives
considered and envionmental values protected.
Executive Order 11990 establishes a sequencing policy of avoidance, minimization and possible
mitigation. If avoidance of wetlands is not possible, then the decision must include
minimization. If the impacts can not be minimized, then mitigation and/or creation is
considered. Projects, including non-exempt roads used for recreation or general purposes, may
cross wetlands only with COE authorization. The authorization may be in the form of a
Nationwide Permit, General Permit or Individual Permit. The COE will rely on Forest Service
Environmental Analysis for relevant documentation, or will perform the analysis themselves.
Road construction techniques used to cross wetlands must have minimal effects on wetland
hydrology, chemistry or biology, and meet all 33 CFR Best Management Practices. Road
construction across wetlands should exclude road-side ditches and fills that disrupt shallow
ground water drainage patterns and create altered wetness conditions. Providing adequate cross
drainage is an important consideration for maintaining natural surface runoff patterns.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. A Wetland Determination (delineation and classification) will
be made prior to non-exempt land disturbing activities using the COE 1987 Wetlands
Delineation Manual. In addition, an evaluation or assessment will be conducted to consider
factors relevant to the activity's effect on the hydrologic function, biological significance and
scarcity of the wetland involved. The impact to the adjacent area selected to serve as an
alternative will also be considered in a similar manner.
Within timber harvest areas, the unauthorized operation of vehicular or skidding equipment on
wetlands designated on sale area maps and marked on the ground is prohibited. Vehicular or
skidding equipment shall not be used on wetlands except where roads, landings, and tractor roads
are authorized.
Timber Sale Contract provisions address constraints for minimizing wetland impacts. Damage
to wetlands, caused by unauthorized Purchaser's operations, shall be repaired by the Purchaser in
a timely and agreed upon manner. Trees felled into peatlands or other nonforested
(noncommercial) wetlands, shall be removed by suspension cable or other low impact yarding
systems.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 26 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
These Wetland BMPs are intended to assure that flow and circulation patterns, and the physical,
chemical, and biological characteristics of the waters of the United States, including wetlands,
are not impaired. Utilize applicable BMPs in all management activities which could affect water
quality. The Forest Service must show any options to filling wetlands and that reasonable
protection for wetland resources is provided.
4. REFERENCES. E.O. 11990, 33CFR 232, Protection of Wetlands; FSM 2527; R-10
Supp to 5460.1; FSH 2409.15, FSH 2409.23; Timber Sale Contract Provision B(T)6.61,
C(T)6.61#; Maxwell, J. and LaFayette, R., 1986. Guidelines for Making Floodplain and
Wetland Evaluations for Land Exchanges. USFS, SW Region Hydrology Note No. 19a;
DeMeo, T.E. and W. David Loggy, 1989, Development of Wetland Mapping Procedures for
Forest Planning in Southeast Alaska, in Proceedings of Watershed 89, USFS, R10-MB-77 March
1989, pages 57-72; Cowardin, L.M. etal. 1992. Classification of Wetlands and Deep Water
Habitat of the United States, USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service Pub. No. FWS/OBS - 79/31;
Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual, January 1987.
12.6 – PRACTICE: Riparian Area Designation and Protection
1. OBJECTIVE. To identify riparian areas and their associated management objectives.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. Riparian areas
require closely managed activity. Riparian areas (1) serve to store sediment; (2) contribute to the
maintenance of desired water temperature; (3) provide aquatic and riparian ecosystem habitats
for fish, wildlife, and recreation; (4) protect channels and stream banks; (5) stabilize the
floodplain; and (6) provide a long-term source of large organic debris to the stream channel
system.
Identification and designation of riparian areas are needed to determine the extent and
distribution of highly valued and sensitive riparian resources. The boundaries of riparian areas
are controlled by topographic and geomorphic characteristics, biological and hydrological
dynamics, as well as management requirements and objectives. Riparian areas are managed for
the primary purposes of protecting or enhancing water quality and fish habitat.
Riparian areas are normally managed within land allocations referred to as management areas
within Forest Land Management Plans. Management areas have specific management goals,
objectives, standards, and guidelines that comprise the management prescription for the land area
(FSH 1909.12). Riparian areas are included within Aquatic Habitat Management Units (AHMU)
as defined in the Region 10 - Aquatic Habitat Management Handbook (FSH 2090.21). The
AHMU includes all Class I, II, and III streams and may extend beyond the riparian area. The
AHMU has a variable width, but as a minimum, the AHMU includes streamside buffers in which
commercial timber harvesting is prohibited under the Tongass Timber Reform Act (see BMP
12.6a), and should include the riparian area as defined by NFMA (36 CFR 219.27e).
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 27 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
"Riparian Areas. Special attention shall be given to land and vegetation for approximately
100 feet from the edges of all perennial streams, lakes, and other bodies of water. This
area shall correspond to at least the recognizable area dominated by the riparian vegetation.
No management practices causing detrimental changes in water temperature or chemical
composition, blockages of water courses, or deposits of sediment shall be permitted within
these areas which seriously and adversely affect water conditions or fish habitat.
Topography, vegetation type, soil, climatic conditions, management objectives, and other
factors shall be considered in determining what management practices may be performed
within these areas or the constraints to be placed upon their performance."
Riparian areas represent the interface between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and include,
riverine, lacustrine and contiguous palustrine wetlands that have a direct hydrologic connection.
The following minimum considerations are Forest Service policy.
1. Manage riparian areas in relation to various legal mandates, including, those
associated with floodplains, wetlands, water quality, dredged and fill material, endangered
species, wild and scenic rivers, and cultural resources.
2. Manage riparian areas under the principles of multiple-use, giving preferential
consideration to riparian dependent resources when conflicts among land use activities occur.
3. Delineate and evaluate riparian areas prior to implementing any project activity.
Determine geographic boundaries of riparian areas by onsite characteristics of water, soil, and
vegetation.
4. Give special attention to adjacent terrestrial areas to assure adequate protection for the
riparian dependent resources.
5. Manage riparian areas to provide for long-term conservation, productivity, biological
diversity, and ecosystem integrity.
Timber management activities, guided by integrated silvicultural prescriptions, may be
implemented within riparian areas if they have a neutral or beneficial impact on water quality
and riparian resources. Prescriptions may include clear-cutting when consistent with the
achievement of water quality and riparian dependent resource objectives. Commercial timber
harvest is prohibited within TTRA buffers (see BMP 12.6a).
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Water quality and riparian area requirements are identified in
the environmental analysis by the interdisciplinary team. The environmental analysis will ensure
that planned timber harvest or other management activities within riparian areas are compatible
with water quality and riparian dependent resource management objectives. The silvicultural
(Integrated Resource Management) prescription is a vehicle for documentation of these
coordinated activities.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 28 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
Timber Sale Contracts include site-specific requirements for the protection of water quality and
the riparian dependent resources. The environmental analysis identifies monitoring and
evaluation needs in the Timber Sale Contract.
Timber harvest and other management activities within riparian areas will be deferred, or
adjusted, where proposed activities would result in unacceptable water quality conditions such
as: detrimental changes in stream temperature and nutrient loadings, significant reduction in
large woody debris recruitment, blockage of water courses, long-term erosion and/or deposition
of management-induced sediment.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2405.13, 2453.2, 2526, and 2471; NEPA; NFMA; Timber Sale
Contract Provisions B(T)6.5, C(T)6.5, and C(T)5.421; FSH 2409.15, and FSH 2409.18;
"Identification of Streamside Riparian Areas of the Tongass National Forest", Martin et al, 1988;
Aquatic Habitat Management Unit Handbook FSH 2609.24.); CFR 219.27 (e); Riparian
Management Requirements Decision Memo (File 1920, dated Jan. 18, 1989.); FSH 1909.12;
Tongass Timber Reform Act of 1990 (Public Law 101-626); Sec. 103, Alaska Forest Practices
Act, May 1990; and 36 CFR 228.8.
12.6a – PRACTICE: Buffer Design and Layout
1. OBJECTIVE. To design streamside buffers to meet objectives defined during the
implementation of BMP 12.6.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. The use of
streamside leave areas or buffers has shown to be an effective technique for protecting stream
courses from nonpoint source pollutants, maintaining stream temperature, and maintaining
aquatic and riparian habitats.
The Tongass Timber Reform Act of 1990 established riparian buffers in which commercial
timber harvest is prohibited adjacent to all Class I and those Class II streams, which flow directly
into a Class I stream, within the Tongass National Forest. TTRA buffers extend a minimum of
100-feet horizontal distance from the edge of the active channel (bank full).
Timber Sale Contract Provision C(T)6.51 states:
Prior to any operations allowed by Section 103 of the Tongass Timber
Reform Act within a buffer of 100 feet, a Stream course Protection
Plan will be developed for that buffer. This plan will incorporate
provisions for implementing Section 103 of the Tongass Timber
Reform Act and will specify which timber, if any, may be removed
within the buffer and become Included Timber.
Except as provided in C(T)6.42# or Stream course Protection Plan
developed here, there will be no yarding corridors, tailholds,
temporary road crossings, or logging activity within the buffer...
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 29 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
The TTRA also requires protection for streams not covered by TTRA buffers.
The secretary shall use best management practices, as defined in the
Region 10 Soil and Water Conservation Handbook (FSH 2509.22),
January 1990, to assure the protection of riparian habitat on streams
or portions of streams not protected by such buffer zones.
Thus, stream buffers on the Chugach National Forest and non-TTRA buffers on the Tongass
National Forest are managed using the guidance found in this Handbook, particularly BMPs
12.6, 12.6a, and 13.16. Class III stream buffers may be necessary when yarding problems or
sideslope mass wasting hazards exist.
Buffers may need to be wider than the minimum specified in TTRA to meet riparian
management objectives (see BMP 12.6) on certain streams. Wider buffers may be appropriate
for areas with high windthrow hazard, or on complex floodplains with multiple stream courses,
wetlands, or off-channel rearing habitat. Karst or limestone landscapes may have special buffer
needs. It is important to prevent the introduction of sediment and debris into sinkholes which
may impair the water quality of underground streams, resurgent streams and karst aquatic
ecosystems.
In general, road location and design should avoid impacting stream buffers. Avoid yarding
corridors where more than a few standing trees in the buffer would be felled or damaged during
yarding. When supported by NEPA analysis, roads, yarding corridors, and tailholds are allowed
to enter or cross buffers to access adjacent lands. The Stream course Protection Plan required for
most roads crossing TTRA buffers is site-specific and addresses those BMPs relating to bridge
and culvert design criteria, erosion controls, excavation controls, and control of in-channel
operations (for example; BMPs 14.5, 14.9, and 14.11 to 14.17).
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Water quality and riparian area requirements are identified in
the NEPA document by the interdisciplinary team. The NEPA document will ensure that
planned timber harvest or other management activities within riparian areas are compatible with
water quality and riparian dependent resource management objectives.
The timber sale IDT is responsible for designating streams that require buffers and providing
general buffer design criteria and documentation on unit cards. It is critical that adequate
ground-truthing of riparian harvest units be conducted to identify all streams prior to unit release.
As necessary, layout personnel and contract inspectors will consult with fishery and hydrology
specialists to refine buffer design and address concerns such as windthrow hazard or off-channel
fish rearing habitats.
When appropriate, location and design engineers will consult with resource specialists to develop
a site-specific stream course protection plan that will be included in the road design folder. The
COR will work with the purchaser to ensure plan provisions are implemented.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 30 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2405.13, 2453.2, 2526, and 2471; FSM 2526; Timber Sale
Contract Provisions B(T)6.5, C(T)5.412, C(T)6.42#, and C(T)6.51; FSH 2409.15, and FSH
2409.18; Aquatic Habitat Management Unit Handbook 2090.21 (still FSH 2609.24.); CFR
219.27 (e); Riparian Management Requirements Decision Memo (File 1920, dated Jan. 18,
1989.); FSH 1909.12; Tongass Timber Reform Act of 1990 (Public Law 101-626); Sec. 103,
Alaska Forest Practices Act, May 1990; and 36 CFR 228.8.
12.8 – PRACTICE: Oil Pollution Prevention and Servicing/Refueling Operations
1. OBJECTIVE. To prevent contamination of surface and subsurface soil and water
resources from spills of petroleum products.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. Oil delivery and
storage facilities will be located, designed, constructed, and maintained in a manner that
minimizes the potential for contamination of surface and subsurface soil and water resources
from leaking gravity flow lines, pressurized pipelines and storage tanks.
Above ground tanks should be constructed so that a secondary means of containment is provided
for the entire contents of the largest single tank plus sufficient freeboard to allow for
precipitation (40 CFR 112, Section 112.7(e)(2)(ii)).
All buried tanks will be of double wall construction. Underground storage tanks must equal or
exceed the limits listed in 40 CFR 280 for design, installation, leak detection, and monitoring of
both new and existing underground tanks.
During the servicing or refueling of logging, road construction, and other equipment, petroleum
products may be spilled and potentially enter a water course. This risk is minimized by locating
service and refueling sites well away from wetlands and stream channels. Minor oil spills can be
prevented by using good housekeeping techniques including:
a. Collecting used oil, oil filters, and grease tubes.
b. Requiring equipment operators carry absorbent pads.
c. Provide containment and cleanup for portable fuel tanks (including hose and
nozzle).
d. Following approved disposal methods for waste products.
e. Repairing equipment leaks promptly.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. The IDT or Contracting Officer will designate the location,
size, and allowable uses of service and refueling areas. The operator will develop Spill
Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) plans (40 CFR 112) as needed by specific site
conditions. The Contracting Officer and/or designated representatives, through the course of
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 31 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
their normal inspections, monitor the implementation of this BMP including compliance with
SPCC plans.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 7442; 40 CFR 112, 280 and 300.72 (a) (1); 1984 RCRA
Amendment Subtitle I; Timber Sale Contract Provisions B(T)6.34, and C(T)6.341; 1985 Forest
Service Specifications, EM-7720-100 R and EM 7720-100B; Standard Specification 203; Alaska
Region Special Project Specifications for the Construction of Roads, Bridges and other Drainage
Structures; FSH 2409.15). Std H clauses for Public Works Contracts in R-10; Alaska regulations
for oil and hazardous substances pollution control and underground storage tank (18 AAC 78)
12.9 – PRACTICE: Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency
Planning
1. OBJECTIVE. To prevent the contamination of waters from accidental spills of oil
and hazardous substances (including pesticides) at sites where a Spill Prevention Control and
Countermeasure (SPCC) plan or hazardous substances contingency plan is required.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative, preventive, and corrective practice.
SPCC plans are commonly required at remote camps and at some administrative sites. The
SPCC plan is a document that directs appropriate measures to prevent petroleum products from
entering the navigable waters of the United States. SPCC plans are required if the total, above or
below ground container, exceeds the limits listed in 40 CFR 112. SPCC plans have to be signed
by a registered Engineer, and must be posted on the site.
SPCC plans are required for both Forest Service-owned and special-use permitted facilities.
Timber sale operators and other contractors are included in this requirement (see BMP 15.4) if
quantities exceed the limits listed in 40 CFR 112.
A hazardous substances contingency plan requires a predetermined organization and set of
actions to be implemented immediately in the event of a release of hazardous substances..
Factors considered for each release are: the specific substance spilled, the quantity, its toxicity,
proximity of spill to waters, and the hazard to life, property, and the environment.
These plans tier to the National Contingency Plan (NCP, 40 CFR 300), to the Alaska Regional
Response Plan (ARRP), and to Area and local plans. The purpose of contingency plans is to
provide the organizational structure and procedures for preparing and responding to discharges
of oil and releases of hazardous substances, as authorized by the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) and by Section 311 of the Clean
Water Act (CWA), as amended.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Each Forest is responsible for designating a Hazardous
Materials Coordinator and keeping a current list of names and telephone numbers of agencies
and individuals to notify regarding response and clean-up of spills. Individual Forests maintain
an inventory of response and containment materials to use during the clean up of a spill.
Disposal sites will be coordinated with EPA, State, and local officials responsible for safe and
legal disposal.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 32 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
When the Forest Service is in charge of a facility or operation, the "person-in-charge" is
responsible for all reporting of any discharge or releases of oil or hazardous substances. State
law requires any discharge to water, of oil, or a hazardous substance be immediately reported to
the ADEC (AS 46.03.755 and 18 AAC 75). If a "Reportable Quantity" (RQ) of a hazardous
substance is released, it may also be necessary to immediately notify the National Response
Center (NRC). The Regional Office Federal Facilities Compliance Coordinator/CERCLA
Coordinator should be contacted immediately, and will work with the Forest personnel in
determining whether there has been a RQ release. If a RQ release has occurred, the NRC will be
notified by the Regional CERCLA Coordinator. If the spill is from a third party operation and
impacts National Forest System lands, the Forest Service will respond and report the spill if the
third party fails to take appropriate action. Assignment of an appropriately trained (29 CFR
1910.120) Forest Service investigator to the incident should be considered. The Forest Service
will generally provide first responder support services and turn its incident command role over to
the authorized Federal On-Scene Coordinator, or other authorized State or local authorities after
their arrival at the spill site.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2130, 2150, 2532, 6740, and 7443; FSH 6709.11; 40 CFR 300;
40 CFR 112; Alaska Regional Response Plan (Federal); Alaska Oil and Hazardous Substances
Pollution Contingency Plan (State); Timber Sale Contract Provision C(T)6.341; CERCLA,
RCRA. Std H clauses for public works contracts in R-10, 18 AAC 75.400 to 18 AAC 75.495, 81
AAC 62 Hazardous Wastes.
12.10 - PRACTICE: Control of Activities Under Special Use Permit
1. OBJECTIVE. To ensure water resource protection measures are incorporated within
special-use permits.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative practice. Many activities and uses take
place on National Forest lands that are not directly related to Forest Service management
activities. Some examples are: hydropower plants, water diversions and water transmission
systems, electronic sites, highway and railroad rights-of-way, waste water treatment and
disposal, solid waste disposal, and power transmission lines. There are other uses that are
recognized Forest Service land management activities that are achieved through permits to a
public or private agency, group, or individual. Examples of these types of uses are: organization
camps, recreation residences, ski areas, and fish camps.
Forest Service management objectives and authority may be limited on lands withdrawn for
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) purposes. Forest Service Handbook 2709.15
provides guidance in dealing with FERC projects. When the FERC license is renewed, the
Forest Service makes a complete re-evaluation of water quality and quantity needs, values, and
effects, and updates the management controls within which the permittee must comply.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 33 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
3. IMPLEMENTATION. The special-use permit under which these agencies, groups, or
individuals operate details the conditions that they must meet to continue operating. The
permittees are required to conform to all applicable State and local regulations governing water
quality pollution control, and sanitation. Failure on the part of the permittee to meet the
conditions of the special-use permit may result in the permit being revoked.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2700; FSH 2709.15.
12.13 – PRACTICE: Administrative Site Planning and Management
1. OBJECTIVE. To consider water pollution and other adverse environmental and
health impacts in the location, design, and management of administrative sites.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative practice. Several types of facilities may
be located on Forest Service land to facilitate the administration of various programs. These may
include work centers, fire depots, and nursery offices. Some facilities include living quarters
with wastewater systems. Most include potable water systems. Water quality and potential
health impacts should be a major factor in determining the size, type, and location of new or
expanded facilities.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. New or expanded administrative facilities should not be
located within floodplains, wetlands, or riparian areas. Individual facilities should be located to
minimize sediment production and the movement of potential pollutants (oil, gas, etc.) into
surface and ground waters. All potable water and sewage treatment systems will meet all
Federal, State, and local standards. Regional Forest Service programs that guide operation and
qualified sanitary personnel will implement maintenance of wastewater facilities.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 7420, 7430, 7440, and 7460; Alaska regulations for solid waste
management (18 AAC 60), wastewater disposal (18 AAC 72), oil and hazardous substance
pollution control (18 AAC 75), and drinking water (18 AAC 80).
12.14 – PRACTICE: Planning, Design, and Management Utility Corridors.
1. OBJECTIVE. To ensure water resource protection measures are incorporated into the
construction and maintenance of utility corridors.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative practice. Power lines and pipelines are
constructed on National Forest System land by both public and private agencies under either an
easement or special-use permit. Water quality impacts should be addressed at three levels.
a. Utility Corridor Planning. Corridor location can affect the degree of water quality
impacts through such factors as number of stream or avalanche path crossings
required, steepness of slopes, or amount of riparian area disturbed. The location of
new utility corridors along existing roadway corridors is highly desirable from the
standpoint of maintaining water quality.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 34 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
b. Project Design. Specific impacts at the project level include service road location
and standards, type of construction equipment (wheeled, tracked, helicopter), size and
location of footings and guy anchors, and revegetation requirements.
c. Right-of-Way-Management. Long-term management of transmission corridors
may involve proposals for vegetative manipulation.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Water quality protective practices should be incorporated into
the appropriate documents; for example, easement and permit clauses, project plans for
construction and design, and the right-of-way management plan for ongoing maintenance of
vegetation along the corridor. Other BMPs relevant to utility corridors include:
Section 14
Appropriate transportation practices
Practice 12.4
Floodplain identification, evaluation, and protection
Practice 12.5
Wetland identification, evaluation, and protection
Practice 12.8
Servicing and refueling operations
Practice 12.9
Hazardous substance spills
Practice 12.10 Special-use permits
Practice 12.17 Revegetation of disturbed areas
Practice 15.2-5 Use of pesticides (herbicides)
Easements and permits require the project proponent to comply with all Federal, State, and local
regulations regarding water quality, pollution control, and sanitation.
4. REFERENCES. FSH 2709.15; FSM 2770; and Federal Power Act, Sec. 4.
12.15 – PRACTICE: Management of Sanitary Facilities and Sanitary Guidelines
for Temporary Camps and Primitive Developments
1. OBJECTIVE. To comply with regulations for the disposal of sewage at
administrative sites, facilities under special-use permit, temporary camps, and primitive
developments of all types.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. Toilet facilities
are provided at many administrative sites, facilities under special-use permit, recreation sites,
remote locations, and at work camps. The type and number depends on site utilization and the
capacity of a given site. Sanitation facilities varying from pit toilets to treatment plants will be
planned, located, designed, constructed, operated, inspected, and maintained to protect public
health while minimizing the possibility of soil and water contamination.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 35 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
Water quality and health can be adversely affected by temporary camps if care is not taken to
properly plan, locate, and design wastewater facilities. Despite ocasional urgent needs to
develop a site, human health and water quality will be primary considerations.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. The location, design, inspection, operation, and maintenance
will, at a minimum, meet State standards and Forest Service manual direction. Obtain required
permits from the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation and EPA.
Latrines, vaults, or pit toilets for camps and cabins will be located a minimum of 100 feet from
all perrenial lakes and streams. Planning will be completed for each site. Requirements to
protect water quality through the installation and maintenance of proper sanitation and water
supplies will be incorporated into special-use permits for facilities.
4. REFERENCES. FSH 6709.11, Chapters 7-9; FSM 2330, 7420, 7430, 7440, and
7460; FSH 7409.11; Timber Sale Contract Provisions C(T)6.203, C(T)6.0, and C(T)6.2; State of
Alaska (18 AAC 72) Wastewater Regulations.
12.16 – PRACTICE: Control of Solid Waste Disposal
1. OBJECTIVE. To protect surface and subsurface soil and water resources from
harmful nutrients, bacteria, and chemicals through proper disposal of solid waste and use of
alternative construction materials.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative, preventive, and corrective practice. Only
those solid wastes disposal sites in full compliance with 40 CFR Part 258 will be allowed on
National Forest System lands.
The users of National Forest System lands are required to cooperate in the proper disposal of
solid waste. Users are encouraged to burn their combustible trash in fireplaces or stoves.
Receptacles are provided for unburnable garbage and trash at some developed recreation sites.
Those who use dispersed and wilderness areas are encouraged to "pack it in and pack it out."
Logging camp operators and special use permittees must collect and dispose of their solid waste
at approved facilities or incinerators.
Final disposal of solid wastes on National Forest System lands is discouraged and will not be
allowed if other options are available. If allowed, the established conditions must meet
appropriate EPA, State, and local regulations, including long term monitoring. People littering
the National Forest with solid wastes are subject to legal actions.
Some materials and process by-products that could be solid wastes can be used as alternative
construction materials, reclamation materials, or can be cycled back into the natural biological
system. Bark, sawdust, chips, and other wood products fall into this grouping as do recycled tire
products used in road construction. Use these materials where possible using the following
guidelines.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 36 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
Sites where alternative construction materials can be used include spur roads and landings that
will not be used again, closed quarries, landslide areas, and locations close to the source of
alternative construction materials.
The Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation treats wood and bark waste as a solid
waste unless used as a light weight fill material or for reclamation purposes. ADEC has specific
regulations regarding the disposal of small volumes of wood, and offers a general permit under
18 AAC 60.230. Large accumulations of bark and woody material can result in leachates and
low pH. Internal heating in the piles (composting) occurs, and spontaneous combustion may also
take place. Decomposition of bark and woody material uses considerable nitrogen. If
composting processes are desired, addition of crushed limestone for pH control, and a very slow
release nitrogen source will accelerate the process.
Disposal of hazardous substances of any kind are prohibited on National Forest lands.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Solid waste disposal success depends on public support and
people not using the National Forest for dumping. The public education effort is a continuing
process accomplished through the use of signs, printed information, environmental education
programs, mass media, and personal contact. A joint policy statement with the State of Alaska
for the Tongass NF regarding solid waste and bears and an anti-litter effort for solid waste
disposal from marine vessels assist.
RCRA Subtitle D regulations for solid waste disposal (40 CFR 241) are mandatory for Federal
facilities. Regulations (40 CFR parts 257 and 258) establish criteria for classification of solid
waste disposal facilties and municipal solid waste landfills (MSWL). Part 258, sets minimum
Nationwide standards for the location, design, operation, and closure of MSWL. These
standards apply to the owners and operators of all new and existing MSWL units, with various
requirements and effective dates that depend upon specifics of the site. The regulations
encompass a majority of the landfills located on National Forest System lands. All active solid
waste landfills on National Forest System lands, including special-use permitted facilities, timber
sale operators and other contractors are required to meet these regulations. Part 258 restricts the
establishment of any new landfills and makes significant requirements in landfill design,
construction, operation, closure, monitoring, financial assurance, and post-closure requirements.
Wood and bark waste will be disposed of in accordance with a disposal and monitoring plan
developed after a thorough analysis of effects upon site productivity and water quality. Wood
and bark waste will not be deposited within riparian areas unless used as a mulch on bare soils,
and the spreading depth should not exceed 6 inches unless limestone and a nitrogen source is
included in the application. If deposited within rock pits the depth should not exceed 4 feet
unless limestone and nitrogen are added to assist in the composting. Temporary roads, landings,
and other such impacted areas could be reclaimed with 1 to 2 feet of material that is mixed into
the road bed or other compacted surface by ripping or other deep mixing techniques. Monitoring
of selected sites may be required to determine the short and long term effects on water quality
and soil productivity.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 37 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
Before placement, assure the proposal will be reviewed by appropriate technical specialists.
Placement will address any surface water sources flowing into the site and potential ground
water contamination. The District Ranger will approve this activity.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2332, 2333, and 7460; 40 CFR 241, 257, and 258; Timber Sale
Contract Provisions C(T)6.203 and C(T)6.21#; Alaska Code 18 AAC 60.
12.17 – PRACTICE: Revegetation of Disturbed Areas.
1. OBJECTIVE. Provide ground cover to minimize soil erosion.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative, preventive, and corrective practice. This
practice is used to stabilize the surface of disturbed or barren areas by establishing vegetation.
Other management objectives for the area such as wildlife browse, timber production, fire hazard
reduction, and aesthetics may also be considered when selecting species for revegetation. Grass
or browse species may be seeded between recently planted trees for erosion prevention, wildlife
habitat enhancement, or other management needs. The factors evaluated are soil fertility, slope,
aspect, land type characteristics, soil, water holding capacity, climatic factors, species
competition, vegetation species characteristics, and project objectives. Also, if non-native
species are used for revegetation, their ability to compete with and/or displace native species
should be considered.
Site-specific erosion control plans for harvesting activities, road construction, and other ground
disturbing activities will be developed by the contractor or permittee and the Contracting Officer.
Resource staffs will be consulted.
Purchaser shall take appropriate measures normally used to establish an adequate cover of grass
or other vegetation, or take other agreed stabilization measures acceptable to the Forest Service
(such as mulching, chipping, or slashing). These other measures are usually appropriate when
operations take place outside optimum time period for seeding, or as short term measures where
the risk of immediate erosion is high.
Erosion control plans should address the allowable extent of bare areas, seeding prescriptions
(timing, rates, and species), and fertilization needs. Topography, soil type, risk of erosion,
sedimentation, and contractor or permittee performance are considered when developing or
modifying the erosion control plan. (See BMP 14.5 Road and Trail Erosion Control Plan.)
a. Seeding should be done when weather and other site conditions are favorable.
Seeding and/or other appropriate erosion control measures should be completed in a
timely manner. Seeded areas should be checked for adequate germination within 2
weeks. Reapplication of seed should be done as soon as practicable on sites with
poor seed take. Generally, hydro seeding produces better results than hand broadcast
seeding, especially on steep slopes. However, hand broadcast seeding may be more
appropriate to allow timely revegetation of bared areas.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 38 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
b. Grass seeding has limited success in preventing surface erosion from slopes
exceeding the angle of repose. (See BMP 14.5 Road and Trail Erosion Control Plan;
BMP 14.8 Measures to Minimize Surface Erosion; and BMP 14.12 Control of
Excavation and Side cast Material).
c. Perennial grass, forb, shrub, and tree species can be utilized for initial cover.
Perennials should be planted from May 15 to August 15 for best results. Fertilization,
mulching, hydro seeding, erosion netting or fabrics and/or bioengineering techniques
may be required to ensure success. Recommended grass and legume seed mixtures
and fertilizer depend on soil and climatic conditions. Quick growing annuals should
be considered after August 15 to establish a quick cover crop prior to winter.
d. Hydro seeding has been used successfully in Southeast Alaska on ground
disturbances associated with road construction. Experience indicates that hydro
seeding should be considered whenever practicable. This demonstrated success
might be applicable to other ground disturbing situations.
Also, the type and amount of disturbance and the purpose of revegetation influence the
recommendation. Suggested guides for the Alaska Region are A Revegetation Guide for Alaska,
1983, and A Handbook for Forest Roadside Erosion Control in British Columbia, 1980.
3. IMPLEMENTATION: Guidelines for erosion control plans will be developed in the
environmental analysis. It is the responsibility of the individual administering the contract or
permit to assure that the provisions of the approved erosion control plan and associated
specifications (for example, seeding and mulching), and other contract permit control documents
are implemented. Projects are subsequently monitored to assess the revegetation effectiveness,
and need for follow-up action.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2522, 2405, 2472, and 7721, Timber Sale Contract Provisions
B(T)6.6 and C(T)6.6; R-10 SPS 625 193, and R10-SA SPS 204 293. A Revegetation Guide for
Alaska, Alaska Rural Development Council Pub. No. 2 (1983). A Handbook for Forest
Roadside Erosion Control in British Columbia, Ministry of Forests B.C., Land Mgmt Rpt #4,
ISBN 0-7719-8276-3, January 1980.
13 - TIMBER MANAGEMENT
Timber harvesting and reforestation are the culmination of several years of timber resource
assessment and detailed project planning. The site disturbing activities consist of felling,
bucking, skidding, yarding, loading and hauling, site preparation, tree planting, and other
silvicultural activities associated with stand establishment and maintenance.
Timber sale planning generally starts 5 to 10 years before the proposed timber sale is sold. Each
harvest proposal is considered by an interdisciplinary team (IDT), which conducts an
environmental analysis. Based on the analysis, the NEPA document is prepared displaying the
estimated effects of the proposed timber sale, which is tiered to the Forest plan. Harvest unit
design, post-harvest activities, and monitoring for all resource values are integrated and
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 39 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
displayed with management objectives through the development of integrated site-specific
silvicultural prescriptions. After the timber sale plan is approved, the Timber Sale Contract and
Appraisal are prepared using contract provisions that satisfy management constraints and
mitigation measures recommended in the environmental analysis. The Forest Service
Representative and the Timber Sale Administrator administer the terms of the Timber Sale
Contract.
The line of authority for the Timber Sale Contract starts with a first officer, who has been
delegated Contracting Officer (CO) authority by the Regional Forester, or a Forest Supervisor.
The Forest Service Representative (FSR), the Timber Sale Administrator (TSA), the Harvest
Inspector, the Engineering Representative (ER), and the Construction Inspector, complete the
contract team and assure contract implementation. The CO designates the FSR in writing and
lists the authorities, duties, and responsibilities. The CO or the FSR designates the TSA and the
ER in writing and lists their authorities, duties, and responsibilities. The FSR or ER designates
the Construction Inspector in writing and lists their authorities, duties, and responsibilities. The
CO, FSR, or TSA designates the Harvest Inspector in writing and lists the authorities, duties, and
responsibilities. The individuals are known as the Timber Sale Administration Team.
If a qualified small business purchaser elects to have the Forest Service construct the roads as per
section 14(i) of the NFMA, the road construction activities have a different line of authority.
Refer to the general discussion under Section 14 - Transportation Facilities for this line of
authority.
For the purposes of this Handbook all reference to the Contracting Officer includes the legally
authorized representatives designated in writing. Relevant Timber Sale Contract Clauses are
listed in 2509.22, 13 - Exhibit 01.
13.1 – PRACTICE: Timber Sale Planning
1. OBJECTIVE. To incorporate soil and water resource considerations into timber sale
planning.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative practice. Timber sale planning considers:
(1) watershed conditions, including natural disturbances and past management impacts; (2)
transportation systems in relation to timber harvest activities; (3) potential effects on soil and
water resources; (4) identification of sensitive areas; (5) methods to minimize adverse water
quality impacts associated with project implementation, including site-specific measures
described in BMP 13.2; (6) cumulative effects, including natural sensitivity, land disturbance
history, and threshold of concern or risk; and (7) monitoring needs. Other factors may be
considered as necessary.
The recommendation of BMPs at the planning level helps focus harvest unit layout needs, and
improves the BMP implementation process.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 40 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
3. IMPLEMENTATION. During the NEPA process, an interdisciplinary team evaluates
watershed characteristics and soil and water resource response to proposed timber harvest and
related activities. The NEPA process identifies any necessary soil and water resource protection
measures. The citation of BMPs at the planning level is helpful for identifying and prescribing
site-specific water quality protection measures. The timber sale contract includes provisions to
meet resource protection requirements as directed by the NEPA decision document.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 1950, 2431.1, 2431.2, 2511, 2532.03(4), and 2531;
36 CFR 219.13(h)(1); the Timber Sale Contract; individual Forest Plans; FSH 2409.18.
13.2 – PRACTICE: Timber Harvest Unit Design
1. OBJECTIVE. To incorporate site-specific soil and water resource considerations into
integrated timber harvest unit design criteria.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. The proposed
timber harvest units are evaluated to estimate site-specific impacts and determine appropriate
measures to minimize soil erosion and water quality degradation. Harvest unit design
incorporates site-specific information and field verification in order to consider: (1) stream
channel protection; (2) potential slope instability and erosion hazard; (3) size and shape of unit;
(4) landform characteristics; (5) road and skid trail network; (6) logging system design; (7)
relative risk of wind throw; (8) wetland protection; and (9) Karst area protection.
Where adverse water quality, soil productivity impacts, or undesirable stream flows are likely to
result, the harvest unit design must be modified, special mitigation measure identified, individual
units deleted, and/or the natural recovery rate accelerated by using watershed improvement
measures.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Practices and techniques to assure acceptable soil and water
resource protection are identified in the environmental analysis. Successful unit design requires
an integrated interdisciplinary effort from site evaluation through project administration. Sitespecific application of environmental analysis direction is carried out by the sale preparation and
sale administration teams, with consultation and assistance from technical resource staffs as
appropriate. The need for monitoring and evaluation is identified in the NEPA document.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2471, 2405.13, 2471.2, 2405.13, and 2482; FSH 2409.15,
2409.23 and 2409.18; 36 CFR 219.13(d) and (e); 11 AAC 95.355.
13.3 – PRACTICE: Designating Water Quality Protection Needs on Sale Area/Unit
Release Maps
1. OBJECTIVE. Delineate the location of protection areas and ensure their recognition,
proper consideration, and protection on the ground.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative practice. Where applicable, the following
features that can affect water quality are designated for protection on the Sale Area/Unit Release
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 41 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
Map (and described in associated contract provisions), an integral part of the Timber Sale
Contract.
a. Location and category of stream courses to be protected:
"A" Stream courses - (blue and white striped flagging) - includes Class I streams and
Class II streams which flow directly into Class I streams.
"B" Stream courses - (orange and white striped flagging) - Class III streams having
characteristics of instability and sediment production.
“C” Stream courses - (green and white striped flagging) - include other streams and
V-notches designated for soil and water quality protection.
b. Wetlands, riparian areas, meadows, lakes
c. Boundaries of harvest units
d. Specified roads
e. Roads where log hauling is prohibited or restricted.
f. Structural improvements
g. Areas with specific skidding and yarding needs
h. Known sources of rock for roadwork, and rip rapping.
i. Other features required by Division "C" Contract Provisions
j. Domestic or public water supply source
k. Slash disposal treatments within or adjacent to riparian areas
l. Areas of known mass instability
m. Caves and significant karst areas
3. IMPLEMENTATION. The interdisciplinary team identifies and delineates these and
other features on project maps along with a description of each feature. Channel-type maps may
be used to identify stream classes, fish utilization, and habitat capability. Riparian areas should
be mapped using riparian, soils, vegetation, and channel-type criteria. Stream class and riparian
area boundaries may require adjustment following field verification. Changes are noted on the
Sale Area/Unit Release Map at the time of contract preparation. The Purchaser and the Forest
Supervisor Representative as necessary, prior to harvesting, review the features on the ground.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 42 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
4. REFERENCES. Timber Sale Contract Provisions B(T)1.1, B(T)6.6, B(T)6.5,
B(T)6.65, C(T)6.42#, C(T)6.51, C(T)6.65, and C(T)6.61#; FSM 2432.2 and 2432.3; FSH
2409.15 and R-10 Supp. to 2409.18.
13.4 – PRACTICE: Timber Sale Operating Schedule
1. OBJECTIVE. To ensure that erosion control and timing responsibilities are
incorporated into the Operating Schedule.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative practice. Purchasers must adhere to soil
and water resource recommendations determined through the interdisciplinary process and
incorporated into the Timber Sale Contract. The Purchaser's responsibilities are specified in the
Timber Sale Contract through various provisions:
a. Contract provision B(T)6.3 "Control of Operations" requires the Purchaser to
furnish a general plan of operations describing planned periods for completion of
erosion control measures.
b. Contract provision B(T)6.31 "Operating Schedule" requires the Purchaser to
provide an annual schedule of anticipated road maintenance and erosion control work.
c. Contract provision B(T)6.312 (Long-Term Contract) requires issuance of a
Logging Construction Approval Notice as a prerequisite to harvest operations and
road construction.
d. Contract provision C(T)6.314 "Timing of Logging Operation" may be used as
necessary to limit the Purchaser's operations to specified periods.
e. Contract provisions B(T)6.6 and C(T)6.6 "Erosion Prevention and Control" can be
used to control operations when ground conditions are such that significant damage to
resources will result.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Limited operating periods are identified and recommended
during the environmental analysis by the interdisciplinary team. When necessary, the contract
includes provision C(T)6.314 to control timing of operations. Under provision B(T)6.6, the
Contracting Officer will monitor on-going activities on the timber sale, and will take such action
as necessary, including suspension of activities, to control operations so that significant resource
damage is prevented.
4. REFERENCES. Timber Sale Contract Provisions: B(T)6.3, B(T)6.31, B6.312 (LongTerm Contract), B(T)6.65, B(T)6.6, C(T)6.3, C(T)6.6, and C(T)6.314#; FSM 2451, 2451.63, and
2453.2; FSH 2409.18,R-10-C6.314 option 1 or 2, R-10-C6.314.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 43 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
13.5 – PRACTICE: Identification and Avoidance of Unstable Areas
1. OBJECTIVE. To avoid triggering mass movements and resultant erosion and
sedimentation by excluding unstable areas from timber harvest.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. Where
potentially unstable areas cannot be harvested without long-term effects, they are taken out of the
suitable forestland base in the Forest Plan and are classified as unsuitable forestland. At the
forest plan level, slope gradients of 72 percent or more are removed from the tentatively suitable
timber base due to high risk of soil mass movement. These lands are not managed for timber
production because existing harvesting technologies have a high probability of causing long-term
damage to soil productivity and watershed conditions. Timber suitability can be re-assessed, if
improved harvesting technologies are developed.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. At the project planning level the Forest Supervisor or District
Ranger may approve timber harvest on slopes of 72 percent or more on a case-by-case basis,
based on the results of an on-site analysis of slope stability and an assessment of potential
impacts of accelerated mass wasting on down slope and down stream beneficial uses of water
and other resources. During the environmental analysis, the interdisciplinary team identifies
unstable areas using input (Soil Resource Inventory Maps, Slope Stability Maps) provided by
various resource staffs. When slopes are classified as potentially unstable, a field investigation
will be completed to obtain information to be used in a stability analysis. Where unstable areas
are presently classified as suitable forest lands and timber cannot be harvested without causing
long-term effects on the soil and water resources, they should be recommended for
reclassification as unsuitable forest lands.
If it is decided during the NEPA process to construct roads across or operate on unstable areas,
the interdisciplinary team should disclose and document the risk and potential impact of slope
failure. Mitigation measures will be required and incorporated into the Timber Sale Contract,
and may include special drainage structures, rock buttresses, retaining structures, or restrictions
on blasting and/or excavation under saturated soil conditions (see BMP 14.7).
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2405.13; FSH 7109.51, 36 CFR 219.24
13.9 – PRACTICE: Determining Guidelines for Yarding Operations
1. OBJECTIVE. To select appropriate yarding systems and guidelines for protecting soil
and water resources.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. Yarding
systems and operational guidelines are selected to meet resource objectives. Initial
considerations include applicable silvicultural treatments and transportation systems to be used.
Preliminary yarding suitability may be interpreted from soil and land type inventories, geologic
maps, and climatic and hydrologic information. The watershed factors to consider include: slope
gradient and aspect, soil and slope stability, erodability and compactibility, vegetative cover,
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 44 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
stream course protection needs, riparian areas, wetlands, meadows, and other factors that may
affect water quality, flood, and sediment yield potentials.
Yarding systems that are considered feasible in Alaska include: high lead, skyline, helicopter,
shovel, and tractor.
Cable yarding includes high lead and skyline. The objective of using cable yarding is to avoid
ground-based systems and/or to achieve log suspension. Where feasible, uphill yarding is
preferred for all cable systems.
1. High lead Yarding: Although partial suspension may be obtained, this is basically a
ground lead system. Where suspension is necessary to protect resource values, helicopter or
skyline systems are recommended over high lead.
a. High lead yarding is appropriate where resource protection does not require full or
partial log suspension and when shovel yarding or tractor skidding is inappropriate.
b. Split yarding can be used to minimize impacts to stream courses. This involves
making the stream course a setting boundary that allows yarding away from, rather
than across, the stream course.
2. Skyline Yarding: These systems utilize log suspension and can reduce soil
disturbance. Suspension capabilities vary depending upon the system and the terrain. Partial
suspension is the norm, but full suspension can be achieved where the terrain is favorable. The
use of lift/tail trees can increase suspension and payload.
a. Suspension may be required on steep or unstable slopes, over sensitive soil, and in
riparian areas or wetlands where tractor, shovel or high lead yarding is inappropriate.
Yarding deflection must be considered during yarding suspension feasibility analysis.
b. Full log suspension is normally difficult to obtain. Therefore, field verification
should be done where it is anticipated full suspension is necessary to protect resource
values.
3. Helicopter Yarding: Helicopter yarding is a true aerial system; the logs are fully
suspended from the pick-up point to the landing. While helicopter yarding is simple in concept,
the operation is very costly and time-sensitive. Helicopter yarding optimizes weight yarded per
unit of time.
a. Helicopter yarding is applicable to all terrain conditions and suitable for most
silvicultural prescriptions.
b. Helicopter yarding requires less road construction, and may be suitable for
providing access across unstable terrain.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 45 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
4. Shovel Yarding: The determination of ground suitable for shovel logging is based on
site-specific conditions including: slope, topography, soils and hydrologic conditions. When
applied properly, shovel yarding is an efficient and an environmentally sound technique for
logging on and around sensitive sites. On certain soil types, this logging system minimizes soil
churning and rutting when compared to ground-based yarding systems. In sensitive riparian
areas, damage to stream courses and lifting rather than dragging logs across these areas can
minimize side slopes. The following general guidelines should be considered:
a. Slopes up to 20 percent may be suitable for shovel yarding. This guideline applies
to the slope over which the loader tracks will travel and not to short steep pitches that
the boom can reach. Proposed shovel yarding on slopes greater than 20 percent
should undergo interdisciplinary review.
b. Areas with broken, uneven topography, or an area dissected by numerous incised
drainages may not be suitable for shovel yarding.
c. On sites having soils with low bearing strength, tracks need to be supported by
logging slash, shrubs, other woody material, or pads to prevent rutting. This mattress
material should be removed where necessary to restore the natural drainage pattern.
d. Live streams will not be crossed without the use of a temporary structure, such as
a log mat.
e. Trees should be felled to facilitate use of predetermined travel corridors to limit
potential for soil disturbance. Any areas where the machine must excavate in order to
maneuver should be avoided.
f. Spur roads for shovel access should be minimized and/or obliterated after use.
g. The number of turns on shovel trails should be limited, depending on soil type and
vegetative cover. Wide arc turns can reduce soil disturbance on shovel trails.
5. Tractor Skidding: Tractor skidding has generally proved to be inappropriate under the
rain forest conditions common on the Tongass NF. However, under appropriate hydrologic, soil,
and slope conditions, tractor skidding is an efficient logging technique. Methods of protecting
soil and water resources during tractor skidding include:
a. Slopes up to 35 percent may be suitable for tractor skidding. This guideline does
not apply to short pitches greater than 35 percent that the tractor can negotiate without
significant soil disturbance.
b. End-lining may be appropriate for winching logs out of sensitive areas where the
encroachment of heavy equipment would disturb soils and impair water quality.
c. establishing a predetermined skid pattern and felling to the lead can minimize soil
disturbance by reducing the need for tractor maneuvering.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 46 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
d. Logging over frozen ground and/or snow with adequate depth and physical
characteristics can protect the soil and residual vegetation, thereby preventing soil and
water quality degradation.
e. Where rutting occurs scarify the soil surface to improve drainage and regeneration.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Land management objectives are set by the forest plan. These
objectives are considered during the selection of silvicultural regeneration systems and logging
methods, and are used in determining the intensity of, and restrictions on, land disturbing
activities. Logging activities within riparian areas undergo interdisciplinary review prior to
implementation. Timber Sale Contract Provisions specify conditions the yarding systems must
meet to satisfy the land management objectives. The specific systems are included in the
contract and designated on the Sale Area Map, and, in the case of the long-term sales, included in
the Layout & Release for Logging form.
The Contracting Officer executes these prescriptions during sale contract, administration. In the
case of the long-term timber sale contract, identification of logging systems and limitations on
their operation will be included in the "harvest unit layout and release for logging form."
4. REFERENCES. Timber Sale Contract Provisions B(T)6.42, B(T)6.422, B(T)6.424,
C(T)6.42#, and C(T)6.6; R-10-C6.42; FSM 2524 and 2451; FSH 2409.18; 2409.15; and
2509.23; Timber Sale Contract; FSM 2522; (FS Form CMA 2400-9 Rev 48l, KMA 2400-19,
Rev 682.); Fisher, James G. 1986. Logging with a hydraulic excavator: a case study. Master of
Forestry Paper, Oregon State University; Hemphill, Dallas C. 1986. Shovel logging. Logging
Industry Research Assoc., New Zealand. Technical Release Volume 8, no 1; Starnes, L.W.
1985. Preliminary time study, loader swing yarding. Timber Management Staff Report.
Chatham Area, Tongass NF; Starnes, L.W. 1988. Shovel Logging, basic logging systems
training notes. U.S. Forest Service, Region 6. Dent, D. Douglas "Professional Timber Falling; A
procedural Approach", Portland, Oregon: Ryder Print Co., 1974, 182 pages. Conway, Steve
"Timber Cutting Practices", San Francisco, California: Miller Freeman Publications, 1968, 65
pages. Mifflin, Ronald W. and Lysons, Hilton H. "Glossary of Forest Engineering Terms",
Portland, Oregon: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest Range Experiment Station,
1979 24 pages. Studier, Donald D. and Binkley, Virgil W. "Cable Logging Systems", Corvallis,
Oregon: O.S.U. Book Store Inc., 1975 200 pages. Alaska Department of Labor, Division of
Labor Standards and Safety, "Logging Occupational Safety and Health Standards", September
30, 1976, as amended August 8, 1990, 103 pages.
13.10 – PRACTICE: Log Landing Location and Design
1. OBJECTIVE. Design and construct landings to minimize soil erosion and water
quality degradation.
2. EXPLANATION. This practice is both administrative and preventive. Timber Sale
Contract requirements provide for erosion prevention and control measures on all landings.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 47 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
Provisions are made in the Timber Sale Contract for landings to have proper drainage. The
Forest Service and Purchaser will agree to location of landing clearing limits prior to
construction. The following criteria are used in evaluating landings:
a. The cleared or excavated size of landings will not exceed that needed for safe and
efficient log handling.
b. Select landing locations that meet the yarding objective and involve the least
amount of excavation and surface erosion and mass-wasting potential.
c. Locate landings to minimize the amount of road construction required while
meeting yarding objectives and obtaining the required deflection, suspension, and
yarding distance to minimize soil disturbance.
d. Locate landings, to minimize the impact to stream channels, riparian areas,
wetlands, and sink holes. If yarding across protected streams or designated riparian
areas, wetlands, and sensitive karst features such as sinkholes is necessary, locate
landings so that log suspension is possible over these areas.
e. Locate landings to minimize the number of skid roads consistent with equipment
capability and safety needs, and where side cast and logging debris will neither enter
drainages nor sink holes nor damage other sensitive areas. If necessary, excavation
materials and logging debris will be end-hauled to designated disposal sites.
f. Locate landings outside designated Tongass Timber Reform Act (TTRA) buffers
and a sufficient distance from streams or channels so logging slash and sediment does
not degrade the stream courses. Landing may be located within the buffer only if
interdisciplinary analysis shows this to be the most reasonable location for overall
resources protection.
g. Locate and shape landings to drain in a planned direction and manner to minimize
erosion and prevent sediment delivery to stream courses and sink holes.
h. Where slopes have a grade greater than 67 percent, are unstable, or are in a slideprone area, fill material used in construction of a landing must be free from loose
stumps and excessive accumulations of slash, and must be mechanically compacted in
layers if necessary to prevent soil erosion and mass wasting.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. The Contracting Officer must approve landing locations.
Acceptable landings should meet the above criteria. Stabilization concerns will be assessed as
needed.
4. REFERENCES. Timber Sale Contract Provisions B(T)6.6, B(T)6.63, B(T)6.422,
C(T)6.621, C(T)6.6, and C(T)6.62; FSH 2409.15, and 2409.23; Tongass Timber Reform Act of
1990 (Public Law 101-626);
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 48 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
13.11 – PRACTICE: Scheduling and Enforcement of Erosion Control Measures
During Timber Sale Operations
1. OBJECTIVE. To ensure that the Purchaser's operations are conducted according to
the Timber Sale Contract with respect to soil and water resource protection.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. Purchasers must
adhere to prescribed soil and water resource protection measures. This is accomplished by
administration of erosion control measures in the Timber Sale Contract.
Contract Provision B(T)6.6 requires the Purchaser to observe all practicable precautions for
minimizing soil erosion. Equipment will not be operated when ground conditions are such that
excessive damage will result. Erosion control work will be kept current immediately preceding
expected seasonal periods of precipitation or runoff.
Contract Provision B(T)6.65 requires the Purchaser, unless agreed otherwise, to perform erosion
control work prior to seasonal shutdown where logging or road construction is in progress but
not complete. When weather allows operations after the normal operating season, the Purchaser
will keep such work as up-to-date as practicable.
Contract Provision B(T)6.66 requires Purchaser to maintain erosion control structures until they
become stabilized, but not for more than one year after construction (during the period of the
contract).
3. IMPLEMENTATION. The Contracting Officer ensures that the Purchaser conducts
operations according to the Timber Sale Contract. If the Purchaser fails to do necessary erosion
control work, the Forest Service may temporarily assume responsibility for the work and the cost
will be charged against the Purchaser's bond.
4. REFERENCES. Timber Sale Contract Provisions B(T)4.225, B(T)6.6, B(T)6.65,
B(T)6.66 B6.63, B6.42.2, C(T)6.3, C(T)6.313 (opt. 1 & 2), C(T)6.314, C(T)6.6, C(T)6.61#, and
C(T)6.62; R-10-C6.64, R-10-C6.62; FSM 2451, 2453.2, and 2522; FSH 2409.15.
13.12 – PRACTICE: Site Preparation
1. OBJECTIVE. Maintain sufficient ground cover to minimize soil erosion.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. Site preparation
is not used within the coastal rainforest that comprises all of the commercial economical land
within the Tongass and much of the Chugach National Forests. For forests of white spruce and
birch, site preparation may be needed to reduce fire hazard and insect buildup potentials, and to
provide a more favorable growing site. Soil erosion, increases exponentially with decreases in
ground cover. This BMP can also be applied to Special Use Permits and Mine Operating Plans
that include site preparation. Also see BMPs 12.1 and 12.17.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 49 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Forest Service Silviculturists will develop site preparation
plans in conjunction with soil and water specialists. The contractor or permittee will take
appropriate measures to maintain adequate ground cover to prevent accelerated soil erosion. The
following guidelines are designed to prevent significant surface erosion from occurring:
a. Maintain at least 40 percent ground cover on soils with a low erosion hazard.
b. Maintain at least 50 percent ground cover on soils with a moderate erosion hazard.
c. Maintain at least 60 percent ground cover on soils with a high or very high erosion
hazard.
When operating within Class I, II, or III streamside management zones, increase ground cover by
30 percent or maintain at natural levels.
In addition to ground cover constraints, determine the allowable level of cumulative disturbance
in order to protect against adverse downstream watershed impacts. No more than 25 percent of a
watershed (1,000 acres or larger) should have less than 70 percent good ground cover following
site disturbance. The disturbed area is considered fully recovered when the ground cover density
exceeds 80 percent and no active rill or gully erosion is present).
4. REFERENCES. 11 AAC 95.390
13.14 – PRACTICE: Completion of Erosion Control for Unit Acceptance and Sale
Closure
1. OBJECTIVE. To assure that the required erosion control work is completed before
unit acceptance.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. Periodic
inspections of erosion control measures are performed throughout the duration of the timber sale,
but particularly as the sale nears completion, to assure compliance with contract requirements.
Upon written request by the Purchaser, and with assurance that the work is completed, the
Contracting Officer will inspect the unit and notify the Purchaser of acceptance of all or portions
of the required work. Where acceptance is given for only some of the requirements, notice must
clarify the accepted requirements and work remaining on those items not accepted. Erosion
control work is not accepted until the terms of Contract Provision B(T)6.66 are met.
Erosion control will be completed in a timely manner according to the Purchasers operation
schedule (BMP 13.11). Final inspection will include the following items where applicable:
a. Removal of temporary drainage structures (BMP 14.16 and 14.24).
b. Erosion control measures on landings, temporary roads, and skid trails (BMP
13.11 and 14.24).
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 50 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
c. Debris removal from protected stream courses (BMP 13.16).
d. Revegetation of areas disturbed during operations (BMP 12.17).
e. Appropriate road maintenance (BMP 14.20).
3. IMPLEMENTATION. The Contracting Officer ensures that erosion control measures
are in compliance with contract requirements before acceptance.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2451, 2452, 2453, and 2456; Timber Sale Contract Provisions
B(T)6.6, B6.61, B(T)6.63, B(T)6.64, B(T)6.65, B(T)6.66, C6.61#, C(T)6.66, and C(T)6.6; FSH
2409.15.
13.16 – PRACTICE: Stream Channel Protection (Implementation and
Enforcement)
1. OBJECTIVES. To provide site-specific stream protection prescriptions consistent
with objectives identified under BMPs 12.6 and 12.6a. Objectives may include the following:
(1) maintain the natural flow regime; (2) provide for unobstructed passage of storm flows; (3)
maintain integrity of the riparian buffer to filter sediment and other pollutants; (4) restore the
natural course of any stream that has been diverted as soon as practicable; (5) maintain natural
channel integrity to protect aquatic habitat and other beneficial uses; and (6) prevent adverse
changes to the natural stream temperature regime.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative, preventive, and corrective practice. This
practice applies to all stream courses designated on the Sale Area or Unit Release Maps (see
BMP 13.3).
a. Some protection measures may be required in addition to those described under
BMPs 12.6 and BMP 12.6a. Protection measures may include: leaving an
unmanaged streamside buffer, selective harvest of merchantable trees, or other
silvicultural prescription designed to meet water quality and riparian objectives.
b. Stream courses to be protected subject to Timber Sale Contract provision C6.51(T)
include 3 categories of streams:
(1) Class I streams and Class II streams that "flow directly into" (see definitions.)
Class I streams. Class I streams are those with anatropous or adfluvial fish habitat; or
high quality resident fish waters listed in Appendix 68.1, Region 10 Aquatic Habitat
Management Handbook (FSH 2609.24), June 1986; or habitat above fish migration
barriers known to provide reasonable enhancement opportunities for anadromous fish.
Class II streams are those with resident fish populations and generally steep (6-15
percent) gradient where no anadromous fish occur, and otherwise not meeting Class I
criteria. Class II streams have limited fisheries value and generally occur upstream of
migration barriers, or have other habitat features that preclude anadromous or
adfluvial fish use.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 51 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
(2) Class II streams which do not flow directly into Class I streams, and Class III
streams having characteristics of instability and sediment production. Class III
streams are perennial, intermittent, and ephemeral streams with no fish populations,
but which have sufficient flow or transport sufficient sediment and debris to have a
direct influence on downstream water quality or fish habitat capability.
(3) Class IV streams are all other intermittent, ephemeral, and small perennial
channels with insufficient flow or sediment transport capabilities to have an
immediate influence on downstream water quality or fish habitat capability. Rills and
other watercourses, generally intermittent and less than 1 foot bank full width, with
little or no incisement into the surrounding hill slope, and with little or no evidence of
scour are defined as "non-streams" and are not subject to this provision.
c. The following measures shall be observed to protect these stream courses:
(1) Class I streams and Class II streams that flow directly into (See definitions for
"flow directly into".) Class I streams are marked with blue and white striped flagging,
and will be protected in the following manner:
As provided for in Section 103 of the Tongass Timber Reform Act, timber harvest
units shall not be within 100 feet on either side of Class I streams and Class II stream
that flow directly into Class I streams. (See BMP 12.6 and 12.6a.)
Prior to any operations within a buffer, a Stream course Protection Plan will be
developed for that buffer. This plan will incorporate provisions for implementing
Section 103 of the Tongass Timber Reform Act and will specify which timber, if any,
may be removed within the buffer and become Included Timber.
(2) Class III streams and Class II streams that do not flow directly into Class I streams
are marked with orange and white striped flagging. Field-level professional judgment
may be a basis for prescribing variable-width buffers for individual streams minimum
buffers required by TTRA section 103(a) to meet fish habitat and water quality goals
consistent with this Handbook and the Regional Aquatic Habitat Management
Handbook (FSH 2609.24). Resource staffs consider the alternative impacts of
logging and wind throw to water quality when determining whether to leave or
remove trees within or adjacent to protected Stream courses. Factors to consider in
unit design include:
(a) Channel incision depth and width (V-notch size)
(b) Channel side slope angle and soil stability
(c) Riparian species composition and canopy structure (tree
height relative to channel incision depth)
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 52 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
(d) Local winds (direction and intensity of wind vectors)
(e) Logging system feasibility considerations
(f) Significant karst features
(g) Soil texture, parent material, and stream substrate
(h) Sediment and woody debris transport capability
(i) Evidence of recent erosion or channel scour
(j) Distance to nearest fish habitat
(k) Distance to nearest road below the site
These stream courses will be protected in the following manner unless agreed
otherwise in writing:
Trees shall be felled in such a manner so that the direction of fall is away from
Stream courses. These trees may be wedged, jacked, lined, or otherwise pulled when
necessary to meet this requirement. Unless the Forest Service provides a written
waiver, felled trees that inadvertently enter or cross Stream courses shall not be
bucked or limbed until clear of Stream courses, unless limbing or bucking would
reduce damage to the riparian vegetation or stream banks. Trees or products shall not
be hauled or yarded across Stream courses unless fully suspended.
Debris in Stream courses resulting from falling or yarding Included Timber shall be
removed immediately to a stable location above high water mark. Existing natural
stable debris will be left undisturbed. The Forest Service may require individual
felled, or portions of felled trees that have entered Stream courses, to be left
unyarded. Trees or portions of trees to be left will be clearly marked by the Forest
Service prior to yarding.
When ground skidding systems are employed, logs will be end-lined out of riparian
areas. Equipment is allowed to enter streams and riparian areas only at locations and
times authorized by the Contracting Officer. Yarding settings should be split on
streams where IDT field review deems it appropriate.
(3) Class IV streams and all other intermittent, ephemeral, and small perennial
channels and V notches designated for soil and water quality protection are marked
with green and white striped flagging and will be protected in the following manner
unless agreed otherwise in writing:
In so far as practicable, trees will be felled and yarded away from stream courses.
The trees that cannot be felled away from stream courses will be felled to bridge the
stream providing these trees will be yarded during the same operating season. Trees
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 53 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
felled to bridge stream courses will be bucked, limbed, and topped clear of stream
course and its banks. Debris consisting of large unmerchantable pieces, root wads, or
large accumulations of slash resulting from falling or yarding, including timber,
which restrict natural water flow, adversely affect water quality or have potential for
debris flow, will be removed to a stable location above high water mark before the
yarder leaves the unit or upon completion of seasonal logging activities in the unit,
whichever comes first.
d. Stream courses that are in the categories of a, b, and c are designated by the Forest
Service, shown on Sale Area Map and marked on the ground in conjunction with
marking of units and related roads.
e. A Stream course Protection Plan will be developed for any buffer that will be
entered under guidelines provided in FSH 2509.22 and FSH 2609.24.
f. Location and method of stream crossings must be agreed to prior to construction.
Crossings are authorized after the location of skid trails, tractor roads, and the Forest
Service and the Purchaser agree to temporary roads. Temporary crossings shall not
impede fish passage, or result in significant degradation of water quality. (see BMP
14.17)
g. Material from temporary road and skid trail stream crossings will be removed
from the stream channel and the stream banks will be restored to an acceptable
condition upon completion of Purchaser's use or prior to the next seasonal high runoff
period, unless otherwise agreed (see MBMPs 13.11, 13.14, 14.17, and 14.24)
h. Purchaser shall repair all damage to a stream course caused by Purchaser's
operations, including damage to banks and channel, as designated by the Forest
Service. Revegetation may be required on disturbed stream banks, V-notch sidslopes,
and adjacent floodplains. (see BMP 12.17)
i. Water bars, windrowed slash, and other erosion control structures will be properly
located to prevent water and sediment from being channeled into stream courses, and
to dissipate concentrated flows.
j. In addition, the following measures shall be observed to protect stream courses,
unless otherwise agreed in writing:
Purchaser's operations will be conducted to prevent debris from entering stream
courses. When removing debris Purchaser will remove such debris in an agreed
manner that will cause the least disturbance to stream courses. Debris will be
removed from stream courses before the yarder leaves the site. Naturally occurring
large woody debris should not be disturbed. (see BMP 14.12)
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 54 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
Wheeled or track-laying equipment will not be operated in stream courses unless
approved by Forest Service except at crossing designated by Forest Service, or as
essential to construction or removal of culverts and bridges. (see BMP 14.14)
Flow in stream courses may be temporarily diverted only if such diversion is
necessary for Purchaser's planned construction and Forest Service gives written
authorization. Temporary diversions of stream courses will be located on the ground
by the Forest Service prior to construction. Such flow will be restored to the natural
stream course as soon as practicable and in any event prior to a major storm runoff
period or runoff season. (see BMP 14.15)
Culverts, fords, or bridges will be required on temporary roads at all points where it is
necessary to cross stream courses. Such facilities will be of sufficient size to pass a
bankfull flow event and designed and installed in a manner to provide unobstructed
flow of water and migration of fish and to minimize damage to stream courses.
On all Class III streams, class IV streams, non-streams, and Class II streams or
segments which do not flow directly into a Class I stream, other provisions in this
Handbook, as well as provisions of the Regional Aquatic Habitat Management
Handbook (FSH 2609.24), also apply to ensure riparian protection.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. The Contracting Officer works with the Purchaser's
representative to ensure that the Timber Sale Contract Provisions covering the above items are
carried out on the ground. Technical resource staffs can be consulted to help the Contracting
Officer with decisions. In the case of long-term sales, unit release cards will undergo IDT
review.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2404, 2409, 2542, 2603, and R10 Supp. to 5460.1; FSH
2409.15), FSH 2409.23, 2509.11, and 2509.12; Timber Sale Contract Provisions, C(T)6.6.
AHMU 2609.24; State of Alaska (18 ACC 70.020). B(T)6.5, B6.6, B6.66, B4.225,
C(T)6.51(480).
13.17 – PRACTICE: Nonrecurring "C" Provisions For Soil and Water Quality
Protection
1. OBJECTIVE. To insert nonrecurring (Special) "C" provisions into the Timber Sale
Contract to protect soil and water resources, where standard "B" or "C" provisions do not apply
or are inadequate to protect watershed values.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative practice. Nonrecurring "C" provisions
are sometimes needed to meet management objectives on a particular sale area. They require
Regional Forester approval and may only be included in the sale for which approval was given.
This practice can be used for a variety of special situations that may occur on any timber sale.
There are no standard or set provisions that can be referenced since each Special "C" provision is
designed to meet a unique situation and is specific to one sale.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 55 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
3. IMPLEMENTATION. The need for nonrecurring "C" provisions is identified during
the NEPA process by the interdisciplinary team. The nonrecurring "C" provision is prepared and
submitted to the Regional Forester for approval. The Regional Forester ensures that the wording
complements the Timber Sale Contract and returns it to the Forest Supervisor with approval.
The Contracting Officer applies the nonrecurring “C” provision in the same manner as any other
contract provision.
4. REFERENCE. FSH 2409.18, B6.6, B6.63, B6.64, B6.65, B4.225, C6.3, C6.312, R10-C6.313 (opt. 1 & 2), R-10-C6.314, R-10-C6.6, WO-C6.61, R-10-C6.62.
13.18 – PRACTICE: Modification of the Timber Sale Contract
1. OBJECTIVE. To seek an Environmental Modification of the Timber Sale Contract if
new circumstances or conditions indicate that the timber sale will cause irreparable damage to
soil, water, or watershed values.
2. EXPLANATION. This is a corrective practice. Once timber sales are sold, they are
harvested as described in the Timber Sale Contract. Occasionally, it may be necessary to modify
a Timber Sale Contract after harvesting has begun because of changed or unanticipated
conditions within the Sale that adversely affect the soil and water resources.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. If monitoring results or other evidence indicates that planned
activities on an existing timber sale will produce unacceptable impacts to soil and water
resources, the Forest Service Representative will request, that the Contracting Officer approve an
Environmental Modification. Once the decision to take action is approved by the Regional
Forester, the appropriate Line Officer will assign an interdisciplinary team to make
recommendations for implementation. The Purchaser may agree to the Environmental
Modification. The Contracting Officer can approve Environmental modifications per FSM
2453.23.
4. REFERENCES. Timber Sale Contract Provisions B(T)8.3 and C(T)8.3.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 56 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
13 – Exhibit01
Timber Sale Contract Clauses and Standard Road Specifications that Pertain to BMPs
Keywords
Riparian
Designation
Maps
BMP
Number
12.6
13.3
T.S. Contract Provision
B(T)6.5
C(T)6.5, C(T)5.421
B1.1, B(T)6.5, B6.6, B(T)6.65,
C6.42#, C6.51, C6.61#, C(T)6.65
B6.3, B6.31, B6.312(LTC), B6.65, B6.6,
C6.3, C(T)6.6, C(T)6.314#
B6.42, B(T)6.422, B(T)6.424, C(T)6.42#,
C(T)6.6, R-10-C6.42
B(T)6.6, B(T)6.63, B6.422, C(T)6.621,
C(T)6.6, C(T)6.62
B4.225, B6.6, B(T)6.65, B(T)6.66, B6.63, B6.422,
C(T)6.63, C(T)6.313(opt. 1&2), C(T)6.314, C(T)6.6,
C(T)6.61#, C(T)6.62, R-10-C6.64, R-10-C6.62
B6.61, B(T)6.6, B(T)6.63, B(T)6.64
B(T)6.65, B(T)6.66, C6.61#, C(T)6.66
B(T)6.65, B6.6, B6.66, B4.225,
C(T)6.51(480), C(T)6.6
B6.6, B6.63, B6.64, B6.65, B4.225,
C6.3, C6.312, R-10-C6.313 (opt 1&2), R-10-C6.314,
R-10-C6.6, WO-C6.61, R-10-C6.62
B(T)8.3,
C(T)8.3
Schedule
13.4
Yarding
13.9
Landings
13.10
Erosion
Control
13.11
Acceptance
13.14
Streams
13.16
“C” Clauses
13.17
Modification
13.18
Road
Location
LTF’s
14.2
Erosion Plan
14.5
B6.31, B6.5, B6.6
C6.3, C(T)6.51
Timing
14.6
B6.3, B6.31, C6.36,
C(T)6.3
Mass Failure
14.7
B6.31, B6.62,
C5.2, C5.4, C6.36#
Surface
Erosion
14.8
B6.31, B6.6, B6.62, B6.65, B6.66, C5.2,
C5.4, C5.441#, C5.46, C5.23, C(T)5.412,
C(T)6.6, C(T)6.62
14.4
Road Specifications
1985 FS Specs
EM 7720-100B, 100R
1985 FS Specs
EM 7720-100B, -100R
1985 FS Specs
EM 7720-100B, -100R
1985 FS Specs
EM 7720-100B, -100R,
Public Works Specs. 50.2
& 100.42
1985 FS Specs
EM 7720-100B, -100R,
FAR 52.236-15
1985 FS Specs
EM 7720-100B, -100R
Std. Specs 50.4, 203, 212,
605, 613, 619, 631
1985 FS Specs
EM 7720-100B, -100R
Std. Specs 50.4, 203, 204,
206A, 210, 212, 412, 619,
625, 626, 629, 630
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 57 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
13 – Exhibit01--Continued
Timber Sale Contract Clauses and Standard Road Specifications that Pertain to BMPs
Keywords
Drainage
BMP
Number
14.9
T.S. Contract Provision
Timely
14.11
B6.6, B6.66,
C6.3, C6.6, C6.61
B6.31, B6.6, B6.65, C6.6
Excavation
14.12
C6.221, C5.4
In-Channel
14.14
B6.5, B6.61,
Diversions
14.15
B6.5, B6.5(d),
C6.3, C6.51, C6.5, C(T)6.52, C(T)6.6
Bridges
14.17
B6.5, B6.5(b), B6.62, B6.65,
C6.3, C6.51, C6.52, C6.6
Quarries
14.18
B(T)6.31, B(T)6.6, B(T)6.62, B(T)6.65, B(T)6.66,
C(T)5.2, C(T)5.23, C(T)6.36#, C(T)6.5, C(T)6.6,
C(T)6.61#, C(T)6.62
Disposal
14.19
B6.31, B6.6, B6.62, B6.65, B6.66, C5.2,
C5.23, C5.4, C6.36, C6.51, C6.6, C6.601, C6.622
Maintenance
14.20
C(T)5.4
Access
14.22
B(T)5.12, B(T)6.22, B(T)5.12#
Snow
14.23
B(T)5.4, C(T)5.46
Obliteration
Facilities
14.24
14.25
C5.122, C5.46
B6.62, B6.65, C6.6, C(T)6.61#
Road Specifications
1985 FS specs
1985 FS specs
Std. Specs 206,
FAR52.213-3, 52.236-15,
4G52.236-107
1985 FS specs
Std. Spec 203.11,
FAR 52.236-09
1985 FS specs
EM 7720-100R, -100B
STd. Spec 203.11, FAR
52.236-15, 4G-52.236-107
1985 FS specs
Std. Spec 100-42,
FAR 532.213-3, 52.23615, 4G-52.236-107
Std. Specs 504c, 100.42,
206.04, 206A.04, 603.03,
FAR 52.213-3, 52.236-15,
4G52.236-107
Std. Specs 206, 206A, 210,
611, 624, 625, 626, 629,
1985 FS spec
EM 7720-100R, -100B,
FAR52.236-09
Std. Specs 201.05, 201.03,
203, 210, 611, 624, 626,
629
1985 FS spec
EM 7720-100R, -100B,
Std. Specs 201.05, 201.03,
306.02
1985 FS spec
EM 7720-100R, -100B
1985 FS spec
EM 7720-100R, -100B
Std. Spec 203.09
Std spec 210.02
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 58 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
14 - TRANSPORTATION AND OTHER FACILITIES MANAGEMENT
Transportation and other facilities are developed to serve National Forest System lands and
resource management programs.
Planning for transportation and other facilities is a complex process. Roads, trails, LTFs, sort
yards, and camps intended for the access and management of National Forests are planned,
located, designed, constructed, and maintained to meet long-term forest management needs and
objectives. Legislation, policy, directives, and Forest Plans develop general objectives. Specific
objectives are developed by an interdisciplinary team during project planning and determined by
the deciding official.
The environmental effects, economic analysis, and recommendations from the interdisciplinary
team are considered prior to a decision by the Line Officer. The NEPA document resulting from
the environmental analysis discloses the purpose and need for the facility. Road Management
Objectives and Road Cards are used to develop and document design standards, erosion control
measures, and the road operation and maintenance standards. Additional review may be required
in the design phase to ensure meeting the road management objectives.
The two primary instruments for road construction are the public works contract and the timber
sale contract. Each contract has its own line of authority (See FSH 2409.15, R-10 FSH 2409.23;
and FSH 6309.11 for details). Both contracts use the same road construction specifications.
Some road and facility construction are also performed under special-use permits.
During road construction, a Contracting Officer (CO) and the designated Contracting Officer's
Representative (COR) or Forest Service Representative (FSR) are identified for each project.
These personnel ensure that the project is constructed according to contract specifications and
drawings. Inspections and monitoring may indicate that project implementation changes are
needed to make the application of site-specific BMPs more effective for water quality protection.
Contract changes are done through the appropriate contract line of authority.
Periodic reviews and condition surveys of selected projects evaluate construction performance,
the effectiveness of specific design features or treatments to control erosion, and the
appropriateness of the level of maintenance. Reviews provide a feedback mechanism to improve
future road construction and maintenance by modifying designs, specifications, typical sections,
or erosion control practices, and identify current maintenance needs.
14.1 – PRACTICE: Transportation Planning
1. OBJECTIVE. To assure soil and water resources are considered in transportation
planning activities.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 59 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative practice. Transportation planning is
included as an integral part of the Forest planning and implementation processes. In some cases,
construction or reconstruction of a transportation facility may require a separate NEPA
document. Transportation systems will be planned to achieve an optimum balance of minimum
environmental effects with minimum, overall long-term cost, while meeting the land and
resource management objectives, user safety, and protecting the basic soil and water resources.
Transportation planning processes develop, evaluate, and document alternative ways of
providing access, and different strategies for travel management. Risks and effects on water
quality are considered in the alternatives, including different transportation modes, alternative
road locations, different routes, designs, materials, road density, and methods of achieving access
without roads (helicopter, swing yarding, etc.), or a combination. The options for travel
management include encouraging use, accepting use, discouraging use, or closing or blocking
roads.
The evaluation includes the social, environmental, and economic characteristics of each access
alternative (the physical, biological and human dimensions of ecosystem management). Line
officers weigh the risks and effects of the alternatives, including the potential effects on water
quality, in setting the intended purpose and need (Road Management Objectives). No
implementing activity is undertaken without the line officer's approval of the Road Management
Objectives.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. An interdisciplinary process evaluates watershed
characteristics and estimates the response of soil and water resources to proposed transportation
alternatives and activities. Evaluation will be made using the most current soil and water
resource surveys, site specific information, and, where needed, on-the-ground review. The
NEPA documentation identifies specific mitigation measures recommended to protect soil and
water resources and discloses the expected effectiveness. The decision by the responsible
official identifies the selected alternative and mitigation that will be used. Road Management
Objectives document the intent for the future management of the road. The subsequent contract
will include provisions to meet water quality, soil, and other resource protection requirements as
directed by the line officer's decision.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 1950, 7700, and 7712; Forest Plans.
14.2 – PRACTICE: Location of Transportation Facilities
1. OBJECTIVE. To ensure soil and water resources protection measures are considered
when locating roads and trails.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. User safety and
the avoidance of unstable, sensitive, or fragile areas are primary considerations incorporated into
the location of transportation facilities. These factors can directly affect water quality, soil, and
other resource values. Location of transportation facilities is dependent on many other BMPs.
The following coordination instructions apply to all transportation related activities:
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 60 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
a. Location activities will utilize the interdisciplinary process to evaluate effects of
transportation development and operations, and recommend measures to minimize
adverse impacts.
b. Where practicable, avoid locating roads, trails, and access to LTFs within riparian
areas, wetlands, floodplains, alluvial fans and outwash areas. Other high-risk
considerations in access are large V-notch ravines, and slopes with a high V-notch
frequency, landslide prone and snow avalanche zones, and soils with low strength.
Generally, ash and glacial fluvial deposits have low strength.
c. Where practicable, roads should cross wetlands, floodplains and alluvial outwash
areas in the narrowest, most stable locations. In most instances braided channel areas
should be avoided. Locate crossings perpendicular to the stream channel where
appropriate, considering user safety.
d. Where practicable, avoid locating road intersections in wetlands (see BMP 12.5).
e. Transportation facilities should avoid sensitive karst features such as sinkholes
where sediment and debris may gain entry to subsurface stream systems.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. An interdisciplinary process will be used to develop
transportation corridor limits and controls that address water quality standards. When
appropriate, a field review by resource specialists should be conducted for areas of concern prior
to road survey and design. Measures needed to protect soil and water resources will be identified
through an interdisciplinary process. Contract provisions will be prepared that meet the soil and
water resource protection requirements.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 7710 and 7720; FSH 7709.56; 1985 Forest Service
Specifications, EM-7720-100R and EM 7720-100B; Alaska Region Special Project
Specifications for the Construction of Roads, Bridges and other Drainage Structures; Clean
Water Act Revisions of 1986-Section 407. Log Transfer Facilities; Alaska Timber Task Force
Log Transfer Facility Guidelines, Oct. 21, 1985.
14.3 – PRACTICE: Design of Transportation Facilities
1. OBJECTIVE. To incorporate site-specific soil and water resource protection measures
into the design of roads and trails.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative practice. The Alaska Region normally
utilizes an "overlay construction" method with a thick layer of rock fill or other material (stumps,
branches, geotextiles, or other light weight fills) over weak, uncompacted subgrades (elsewhere
called "subgrade reinforcement"). In appropriate topography and soil types, a balanced road
design is utilized to minimize excavation and soil and water resource impacts. There are several
considerations that must be incorporated into the design of roads and trails for the protection of
water quality, soil, fish habitat, and other resource values. The following guidelines apply to all
transportation activities.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 61 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
a. Design roads and trails to meet the overall transportation plan, based on traffic,
material availability, and safety requirements. Design to prevent or minimize soil
movement and sedimentation, as well as undue disruption of water flow. Seek to
maintain natural drainage patterns.
b. Design roads and trails to drain with the appropriate use of crowning, outsloping
or insloping with cross drainage and grade changes. Design and locate relief culverts,
rolling dips, and roadside ditches to protect the running surface, excavation, and
embankment. Place a sufficient number of relief culverts to avoid saturation of
potential slide areas and erodible soils. Design road and trail drainage to deposit
sediment prior to entry into surface waters or karst features. Avoid changing natural
drainage patterns.
c. Design side hill cuts and fills to minimize soil displacement, especially adjacent to
drainage ways and stream courses. When encountering unstable soils and high water
tables, design road prism to minimize loading the slope (see BMP 12.5, 14.7 and
BMP 14.17).
d. Assure to the extent practicable, that surface and subsurface water flows that enter
caves or other significant karst features are not altered.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. The NEPA decisions identify specific mitigation measures
needed to protect soil and water resources and evaluate their expected effectiveness. The line
officer's decision identifies the selected alternative and mitigation that will be used. The
subsequent contract or permit includes provisions to meet water quality, soil, and other resource
protection requirements as directed by the line officer's decision.
4. REFERENCES: FSM 7710 and 7720; FSH 7709.56; 1985 Forest Service
Specifications, EM-7720-100R and EM-7720-100B: Alaska Region Special Project
Specifications for the Construction of Roads, Bridges and other Drainage Structures; TSpecifications for Prehaul and Road Maintenance, Clean Water Act Revisions of 1986-Section
407, Log Transfer Facilities; Alaska Timber Task Force Log Transfer Facility Guidelines, Oct.
21, 1985. FSM 7114 - Multiple Activities Analysis, Geologic Hazard Evaluation; R10-TP-9
Geotechnical Investigation and Analysis for Structures Guidelines; R-10 Admin Doc. #150 Guidelines for Investigation and Design of Earth Reinforced Structures. Roadway Drainage;
Guide for Installing Culverts to Accommodate Fish, R-10 Admin. Doc #42, 9/79; Hydraulics of
Bridge Waterways, Hydraulic Design Series No. 1. (1973).
14.4 – PRACTICE: Location, Permitting, and Design of Log Transfer Facilities
(LTFs)
1. OBJECTIVES. Locate and design log transfer facilities (LTFs) to minimize impacts
on soil and water quality.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 62 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. LTFs provide
connections between roads and water transportation of timber resources in Southeast Alaska and
Prince William Sound.
Siting of LTFs requires permits from several agencies. Permits required include tidelands
permits, solid waste permits, COE 404 (fill on wetlands) and EPA 402 (NPDES) permits, State
401 certification and consistency with Alaska Coastal Management Program (ACMP).
Location of LTF sites involves transportation and environmental analyses of the road systems
tributary to the facility and site-specific siting considerations. Required information includes:
(1) preliminary subsurface evaluation; (2) an inventory of salmon and herring spawning areas;
(3) identification of areas protected from wind and adverse sea and swell conditions; (4) existing
upland facilities; (5) safe access to the facility from the uplands; (6) tidal flushing to promote
submarine bark dispersal; (7) the site's biological productivity; (8) sensitive habitats; (9) safe
marine access to facility; (10) storage and rafting areas; (11) eagle nest locations; (12) small craft
anchorages and use areas (gill-netting, etc.); and (13) effects of earthquakes.
Construction and operation involves consideration of: (1) longevity of the site; (2) timber
volume; (3) timing of construction and operations; (4) bark accumulation; (5) solid waste
disposal; (6) method of placing logs in water; (7) surface drainage; (8) control of hydrocarbons
(oils); (9) onshore log storage; and (10) facility maintenance and reclamation. (See BMP 14.5,
14.9, 12.17, 14.25, and 14.26.) For example, some ramp LTFs may include rails to keep the
loader tongs free and control speed to 3 feet per second or less for log entry into water.
Storm water discharge permits under CWA Sec. 402 are routinely obtained from the EPA. A
monitoring plan is developed and implemented to detect and evaluate possible effects of bark
accumulation, oil sheens, and surface runoff. NPDES permits require monitoring of bark
accumulations when the site is used to transfer logs.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. The environmental analysis utilizes an interdisciplinary team
to ensure that management needs, objectives, requirements, and controls are incorporated into
the location of LTF. Criteria needed to protect soil; the IDT process identifies water and
biological resources. Detailed mitigative measures are developed in the environmental analysis
and refined through the permitting process. Contract provisions and drawings will be prepared
that meet the soil, water and biological requirements. Consult with State and Federal agencies
having expertise in marine and intertidal ecosystems.
LTFs should be sited to avoid locations where fish spawn. Permits issued for LTFs include
stipulations developed from data and agency concerns. This planning process is described in the
Alaska Timber Task Force Log Transfer Facility Guidelines, dated October 21, 1985.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 7710 and 7720; FSH 7709.56; 1985 Forest Service
Specifications, EM-7720-100R and EM-7720-100B: Alaska Region Special Project
Specifications for the Construction of Roads, Bridges and other Drainage Structures; TSpecifications for Prehaul and Road Maintenance, and T-845; Clean Water Act Revisions of
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 63 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
1986-Section 407, Log Transfer Facilities; Alaska Timber Task Force Log Transfer Facility
Guidelines, Oct. 21, 1985. FSM 7114 - Multiple Activities Analysis, Geologic Hazard
Evaluation; R10-TP-9 Geotechnical Investigation and Analysis for Structures Guidelines; R-10
Admin Doc. #150 - Guidelines for Investigation and Design of Earth Reinforced Structures.
14.5 – PRACTICE: Road and Trail Erosion Control Plan
1. OBJECTIVE. Develop Erosion Control plans for road or trail projects to minimize or
mitigate erosion, sedimentation, and resulting water quality degradation prior to the initiation of
construction and maintenance activities. Ensure compliance through effective contract
administration and timely implementation of erosion control measures.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive - Land disturbing
activities usually result in at least short-term erosion. Poorly designed, located, constructed, and
maintained roads and trails can cause significant stream sedimentation, especially with coarse
sand and finer materials from the running surface. Coarse to fine sands have the greatest adverse
effect on fish habitat and often are routed slowly through the stream channel system.
Sedimentation is minimized by effectively planning for erosion control. Roads and trails require
a variety of erosion control measures. Many erosion control practices will not only protect water
quality, but also maintain road prism integrity and reduce maintenance costs, and improve
usability. The location of the road or trail with respect to water bodies and unstable lands
governs the degree of stabilization required. Stabilization usually includes a combination of
practices that promote the re-establishment of vegetation on exposed slopes, provides physical
protection to exposed surfaces, prevents the down slope movement of soil, and controls drainage.
To maximize effectiveness, erosion control measures must be properly applied, in place, and
functional prior to the heavy runoff period (October through April). The following are
considered erosion control measures when implemented in a timely manner:
a. Measures to reestablish vegetation on exposed soils are usually accomplished by
seeding suitable grass and legume species in conjunction with mulching and
fertilization. In some situations, treatments may include tree seedling planting,
sprigging, or bioengineering.
b. Measures to physically protect the soil surface from erosion or modify the
topography to minimize erosion include the use of gravel on the road surface and use
mulches, riprap, erosion mats, and terracing on cuts, fills, and ditches as appropriate.
Temporary water bars in areas of uncompleted roads and trails can be effectively
utilized to reduce sedimentation.
c. Measures which physically inhibit the transport of sediments to streams include
the use of slash filter windrows on or below the fill slopes, baled straw in ditches or
below fill slopes, silt fences, and catch basins at culvert inlets. Sediment basins with
slash filter windrows may be utilized in drainages where peak flows are small and
fish passage is not required.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 64 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
d. Measures that reduce the amount of soil disturbance in or near streams include
immediate placement of large culverts (greater than 24 inches in diameter) in live
streams prior to crossing stream with rock embankment during road construction.
Temporary pipes should not be installed unless sedimentation can be minimized
during installation, use, and removal.
e. Even with full implementation of BMPs, it is recognized that some construction
practices may result in "degradation" of water quality. A short-term (less than 48
hours) departure from turbidity standards is allowed for construction activities which
otherwise fully maintain the water body’s designated beneficial uses (See
"Degradation" in Terms).
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Erosion control objectives and criteria are developed during
the environmental analysis. The design engineer using criteria from the environmental analysis
and through consultation incorporates detailed mitigative measures. When standard
specifications do not provide the degree of mitigation required, the design engineer will develop
special project specifications.
An erosion control plan will be developed by the contractor, as required by the contract, and
approved by the Contracting Officer. The plan will be consistent with the approved operating
plan or construction schedule.
The Contracting Officer will ensure that erosion control measures are implemented in
accordance with the approved Erosion Control Plan. Field reviews and on-site inspection by the
Line Officer, Forest Engineer, and resource specialists will identify any additional erosion
control measures required to protect the streams that were not recognized during planning or
design. Necessary correction measures will be implemented as soon as possible through normal
contract procedures.
See BMP 12.17 for more complete discussion of vegetative practices as erosion control
measures. An example of an erosion control plan is provided in 14.5 - Exhibit 01.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 7721, 7722, and 7723; Timber Sale Contract Provisions
B(T)6.31, B(T)6.5, B(T)6.6, C(T)6.3, and C(T)6.51; 1985 Forest Service Specifications, EM7720-100R and EM 7720-100B; Public works specifications 50.2, and 100.42; Alaska Region
Special Project Specifications for the Construction of Roads, Bridges and other Drainage
Structures; Cook, M.J. and J.G. King. 1983. Construction Cost and Erosion Control
Effectiveness of Filter Windrows on Fill Slopes. USDA Forest Service Research Note, INT-335;
FSH 7709.56b.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 65 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
14.5 – Exhibit 01
______________________ Ranger District
ROAD CONSTRUCTION EROSION CONTROL PLAN
Implemented/
Date if
Appropriate
Water Quality Issues
Mitigation Measures
Timing
Insufficient ditch relief culverts.
BMP 14
Install culvert
As identified
________
Adjust size of area in relationship to seasonal climatic
conditions, or as directed by the Engineer. Seed and
fertilize at prescribed frequencies.
Normal Season
Max. Bared Area ____ LF – Pioneered Roadway
Max. Bared Area ____ LF – Cutslopes & Sidecast Ex.
Frequency: ____ Days max. between seeding finished slopes
& bared areas
Outside Normal Season
Max. Bared Area ____ LF – Pioneered Roadway
Max. Bared Area ____ LF – Cutslopes & Sidecast Ex.
Frequency: ____ Days max. between seeding finished slopes
& bared areas
During normal
operating season as
directed. Outside
normal operating
season per ________
________
Shut down operation or a portion of the operation as directed by
the Engineer
As identified.
________
Limit blasting during this condition.
Controlled Blasting
Sta. ______ to Sta. ______ Sta. ______ to Sta. ______
Sta. ______ to Sta. ______ Sta. ______ to Sta. ______
Sta. ______ to Sta. ______ Sta. ______ to Sta. ______
In accordance with
__________
________
Embankment construction on snow prohibited.
In accordance with
Specification 203.
________
__________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
Excessive area laid bare and
seeding/fertilizing not
implemented timely. BMP 12/17,
14.8 & 14.10
__________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
Unsuitable ground conditions for
road construction due to season
climatic conditions. BMP 14.6
__________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
Unstable slopes due to saturated
Soils. BMP 14.6
__________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
Road fill placed over snow.
BMP 14.6
_________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 66 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
14.5 – Exhibit 01—Continued
Implemented/
Date if
Appropriate
Water Quality Issues
Mitigation Measures
Timing
Instream construction activities.
BMP 14.6 & 14.14
Work restricted to fish timing window.
Sta. ______
Sta. ______
Sta. ______
In accordance with
drawing.
Window (____ to ____)
Window (____ to ____)
Window (____ to ____)
________
Endhaul to designated disposal site.
Sta. ______ to Sta. ______ Sta. ______ to Sta. ______
Sta. ______ to Sta. ______ Sta. ______ to Sta. ______
Sta. ______ to Sta. ______ Sta. ______ to Sta. ______
As specified in 205B.
________
Provide adequate surface drainage and erosion protection.
Milepost ____________, Road _____________________
Protection type: _________________________________
Sta. __________
Protection type: _________________________________
During development
and use of disposal site.
________
Not allowed unless shown in drawings.
As identified.
________
Not allowed unless shown in drawings.
As identified.
________
Crowning, insloping, and outsloping of road when
maintaining/grading road.
As identified and/or
directed.
________
Radial tires with low pressure when specified.
As identified.
________
__________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
Unsuitable roadway excavation.
_________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
Disposal Site. BMP 14.12
________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
Fill slope in critical stream course.
BMP 14.7
_________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
Loading unstable slope with log
decks, excavation equipment, or
other items. BMP 14.7
_________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
Saturation of road prism, puddling
of water, and surface flow along
road surface. BMP 14.20
_________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
Road surface degradation and
erosion. BMP 14.8
_________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 67 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
14.5 Exhibit 01--Continued
Implemented/
Date if
Appropriate
Water Quality Issues
Mitigation Measures
Timing
Erosion of road embankment at
culvert inlets & outlets.
BMP 14.9
Place riprap as specified.
Immediately after
culvert installation.
________
Install at design minimum depth.
As identified.
________
Install cross drain culvert to discharge on filter.
As identified.
________
_________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
Reduced culvert capacity due to
crushing or deformation.
BMP 14.9
_________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
Ditch sediment load flowing
directly into streams. BMP 14.9
_________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
Ditch sediment load flowing
directly into streams due to culvert
clearing in flowing streams or
ditch clearing in actively flowing
ditches. BMP 14.9
_________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
Ditch and road embankment scour
and erosion. BMP 14.9
_________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
Deposition of excavated materials
beyond roadway limits or on
slopes adjacent to drainages.
BMP 14.10 & 14.12
_________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
Scour, erosion, and increased
sediment/bed-load in stream.
BMP 14.14
_________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
When possible confine these activities to the period of July 15
through August 15. If work is done outside this timeframe,
construct sediment ponds, install silt fences, or hay/straw bales
to mitigate sedimentation.
________
Install ditch blocks and riprap lining as specified.
As identified.
________
Confine excavation operation to within roadway, and avoid
placing material near drainages.
As identified.
________
Avoid removing large woody debris from streams.
As indentified.
________
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 68 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
14.5 Exhibit 01--Continued
Implemented/
Date if
Appropriate
Water Quality Issues
Mitigation Measures
Timing
Water ponding in ditch line,
running over road, or flowing
through road embankment.
BMP 14.17
Install culvert.
When bypassing
culverts is allowed,
install bypassed
culverts before end of
normal operating
season, or within 24
hours as directed by the
Engineer.
________
Dispose of construction slash and stumps by placing under rock
fill, windrowing, scattering, endhauling, or other approved
methods.
As identified.
________
Develop quarry development and rehabilitation plan that
addresses water quality concerns and implement plan.
Prior to entering quarry
site for rock production.
________
_________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
Construction generated debris
obstructing stream channels.
BMP 14.19
_________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
Sedimentation resultant of surface
flow in rock quarry, overburden
placement, loading & haul
vehicles in quarry area, and rock
crushing operations.
_________
__________
Contractor
COR
Additional comments:
Note: This plan will be updated during the life of the contract if water quality issues other than those herein are noted.
Contractor’s Representative
Date
Contractor’s Representative
Date
Contractor’s Representative
Date
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 69 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
14.6 – PRACTICE: Timing Restrictions for Construction Activities
1. OBJECTIVE. Minimize erosion potential by restricting the operating schedule and
conducting operations during lower risk periods.
2. EXPLANATION. This is a preventive practice. Schedule soil or stream disturbing
operations during periods of lowest probability for erosion, sedimentation, or damage to fish
habitat quality. Temporary erosion control measures may be required during construction and
shutdown periods to prevent, minimize, or mitigate erosion and sedimentation.
a. Installation or removal of drainage facilities and performance of other contract
work which will contribute to the temporary or permanent control of erosion and
sedimentation will be carried out concurrent with earthwork operations as closely as
practicable. (See BMP 14.5: Erosion Control Plan, for limitations of amount of area
being graded, or maximum area to be laid bare, and timing.)
b. Contract provision B(T)6.31 "Operating Schedule" identifies the normal operating
season as being the period beginning and ending on the dates stated of any year; see
A(T)17. All erosion control measures are required to be in place before the end of the
normal operating season, and maintained during operations outside the normal
operating season. Provision B6.6 "Erosion Prevention and Control" can also be used
for resource protection.
c. General timing restrictions are established to protect water related beneficial uses
according to direction in the Aquatic Habitat Management Handbook. Restricted
periods are times when construction activity should not occur in the stream or on the
stream banks. In stream construction activities and the use of equipment on Class I
streams is generally restricted during periods when the risk of damage to fish and
their habitat quality is the highest; e.g., when eggs or alevin are in the gravels.
Identified Class II and Class III streams may have similar restrictions as the Class I
stream depending upon proximity to a Class I stream.
d. Final road fill placed over a snow pack will settle and can cause failure of fills,
culverts, and other drainage structures. Road building over snow may be permitted
with an approved winter operating plan. Road building in snow is appropriate when
the risks and consequences are no higher than with normal summer operations.
Overlay construction on moderate terrain, or full bench construction in frozen ground
is normally acceptable risks.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Timing restrictions are identified in the NEPA analysis and
subsequently are included as part of the contract controls for the projects. The intent is to
maintain water quality and water related beneficial uses, while allowing for the orderly
progression of the project. Alternative techniques are encouraged to avoid work in streams
during critical periods; for example, using bridge launching noses.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 70 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
a. Exceptions to the timing requirement, as stated in item #3 above, may be allowed
when work needs to occur during the restricted period. Approval of conditions under
which the activity may occur is needed, and is generally given by the Fishery
Biologist directly to the Timber Sale Administrator or Engineering Representative
after site-specific evaluation of the location, particular species of fish, and habitat risk
involved. However, if the proposed activity involves a stream listed in the ADFG
Catalog of Anadromous Streams, then a decision will be made in consultation with
ADFG, documented, and signed by the District Ranger.
b. When building roads over snow, assure that culverts are not bedded in snow and
that excess excavation is not placed on snow covered slopes. Plan to redress running
surfaces and drainages features after settlement occurs. Winter "snow roads"
constructed completely of snow and ice are permissible, but must be breached for
drainage before spring thaws.
4. REFERENCES. FAR 52.236-15; Timber Sale Contract Provisions C(T)6.3, B6.3,
C6.36, and B(T)6.31; 1985 Forest Service Specifications, EM-7720-100 R and EM 7720-100B;
Alaska Region Special Project Specifications for the Construction of Roads, Bridges and other
Drainage Structures; USFS/ADFG Letter of Agreement (dated 11/21/91) on Title 16; Aquatic
Habitat Management Handbook, FSH 2090.21 (formerly 2609.24).
14.7 – PRACTICE: Measures to Minimize Mass Failures
1. OBJECTIVE. To minimize the chance and extent of road-related mass failures,
including landslides and embankment slumps.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. Road
construction in mountainous terrain may require cutting and loading natural slopes. This
condition may lead to landslides and/or embankment failures depending on the soil strength,
geology, vegetation, topography, and groundwater regime. Landslides and embankment failures
have the potential to cause considerable erosion, sedimentation and water quality degradation.
Roadways may change the subsurface drainage characteristics of a slope that may necessitate the
construction of subsurface drainage to avoid moisture saturation and subsequent slope failure.
Horizontal drains, drainage trenches, or drainage blankets may be used to lower the subsurface
water levels and to prevent groundwater from entering embankments. Care must be taken to
prevent the incorporation of unsuitable material in the road embankment.
The following guidelines should minimize the potential for mass failures:
a. Conduct subsurface investigations and stability analyses for road and bridge
locations where slope instability is suspected. Special construction procedures may
be necessary depending on the stability evaluation.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 71 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
b. When topographic, soil, and drainage conditions allow, design Forest roads with a
balanced cut/fill to reduce the amount of excavation and size of fills. Certain areas
may require full bench and/or end haul of excavated materials for stability reasons.
c. During roadway construction, blasting is often required and should be strictly
controlled in areas with high landslide potential. Overloading explosives can
generate fly rock or slope failure. Test shot information incorporated into the blasting
plan is included in the specification for roadway excavation and rock quarry
development. Assure blasting plans are adjusted if an overload occurs (see BMP
14.18).
d. During road construction, blasting operations will be designed to reduce the risk of
mass failure on potentially unstable or saturated soils (see BMP 14.6). Identify
potentially unstable slopes by using current methods of stability analysis. Where
mass wasting due to blast vibrations is likely, current regional specifications will be
used to limit blasting during saturated soil conditions. In the event that a landslide
occurs during any blasting operation, road construction or quarry development, the
contractor, in consultation with the Contracting Officer, will re-evaluate and adjust
the blasting plan. The Forest Service Line Officer, or designated representative,
should contact ADEC, Division of Air and Water Quality, directly with information
on the location of each landslide event, and describe corrective actions being taken.
e. Manage road runoff by planning adequate drainage facilities to route any
concentrated surface flow away from unstable slopes. Concentration of runoff should
be minimized on unstable terrain.
f. Clearing widths should be no greater than specified in the road design, including
needs for user safety (such as sight distance on curves).
g. Designate disposal sites for all material not suited for, or used in the road fill. Do
not place excess materials on slopes with a high risk of mass failure. Provide
adequate surface drainage and erosion protection at disposal sites.
h. Road slopes should be treated as soon as practicable, according to the erosion
control plan. See BMP 14.5 for Erosion Control Plans.
9. Minimize fill slopes adjacent to designated stream courses.
i. Do not load potentially unstable slopes. Examples of loads are heavy equipment,
log decks, stockpiled surfacing gravel, and roadway excavation with excess
excavation placed along the road.
j. Utilize grade breaks, crowning, in sloping, or out sloping, of the road as necessary
to prevent saturation of the road prism.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 72 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
3. IMPLEMENTATION. In areas with potential slope stability problems, appropriate
staffs are involved in the route location. Geotechnical investigation must be performed to
generate design parameters and measures to meet the criteria developed through the NEPA
process.
Construct the facilities as designed. Maintain the constructed features during use periods to
assure slope saturation is avoided.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 7706.11; 7706.12; 7710; 7720; 7721.55, Amend. 32, (9/78),
FSM 7720.51--7 WO Supplement No. 1 (12172), 1985 Forest Service Specifications, EM-7720100 R and EM 7720-100B; Alaska Region Special Project Specifications for the Construction of
Roads, Bridges and other Drainage Structures; Standard Specifications 203, 212, 605, 613, 619,
and 631; Timber Sale Contract Provisions B(T)6.31, B(T)6.62, C6.36#, C(T)5.2, and C(T)5.4;
FSH 7709.11, 7709.56b.
14.8 – PRACTICE: Measures to Minimize Surface Erosion
1. OBJECTIVE. To minimize the erosion from cut slopes, fill slopes, and the road
surface and consequently reduce the risk of sediment production.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative, preventive, and corrective practice.
Road construction exposes soil to the erosive forces of wind, water, and traffic. Surface erosion
from roads is greatest the first year following construction. Erosion can occur on cut slopes, fill
slopes, and the travelway.
a. Erosion control measures involving revegetation (seeding and fertilization) should
be planned and implemented as soon as practicable following disturbance. Reseeding
as needed to protect the slopes (see BMP 12.17).
b. An integrated system of collection, control, and dispersal of surface runoff is very
important to prevent erosion on fill slopes, travelways, and natural slopes below cross
drains and culverts. Mechanical measures include construction of ditches, slash
windrows, straw bale dams, erosion netting and fabrics, terraces, benching, riprap,
and tackifiers.
c. Traffic causes the surface rock to break down into progressively smaller
uncompacted particles. Rock durability and the amount of traffic affect the
breakdown rate. Surfacing with durable materials, controlling traffic, and compaction
by blading should be employed to reduce the amount of fine particles produced on a
road surface.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Sensitivity to ongoing conditions of weather, soil conditions,
and water movement is needed to successfully apply this BMP.
a. In areas where marginal rock quality is encountered, the use of "variable tire
pressure" (VTP), or radial tires with uniform low pressure to prevent breakdown of
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 73 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
the surface materials, is encouraged and may be required where rock durability tests
indicate excessive breakdown of road surface rock will occur.
b. Construct and maintain water bars on roads to be closed. Water bars are a
combination of excavation and mounding of road construction materials, located and
designed to divert and disperse water from the road surface. If water bars are
designed and constructed to allow high clearance vehicle access, they must be
maintained.
c. Employ regular inspection, maintenance, rolling grades, in sloping, out sloping,
and other treatments to limit the length of water movement down running surfaces or
make surface materials less susceptible to detachment.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 7706.11, 7706.12, 7706.13, and 7720; 1985 Forest Service
Specifications, EM-7720-100 R and EM 7720-100B; Standard Specifications 50.4, 203, 204,
206A, 210, 212, 412, 619, 625, 626, 629, and 630; Alaska Region Special Project Specifications
for the Construction of Roads, Bridges and other Drainage Structures; T-Specifications for Road
Maintenance; Timber Sale Contract Provisions B(T)6.31, B(T)6.6, B(T)6.62, B(T)6.65,
B(T)6.66, C(T)5.2, C(T)5.4, C(T)5.411#, C(T)5.412, C(T)6.6, and C(T)6.62; FSH 2409.15.
14.9 – PRACTICE: Drainage Control to Minimize Erosion and Sedimentation
1. OBJECTIVE. To minimize the erosive effects of concentrated water flows from
transportation facilities and the resulting degradation of water quality through proper design, and
construction of drainage control systems.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. Stabilizing the
road prism and adjacent disturbed areas can minimize degradation of water quality from
sediment generated by the erosive effects of surface runoff. Velocities in the ditches and cross
drain culverts can be dissipated before entry into the natural system by design and construction
of control structures (see BMP 14.14 and 14.17 for stream crossings and in-channel operations).
A number of measures can be used alone or in combination to control erosion in ditches and at
culvert outlets. Methods used to control water and reduce erosion may include: properly spaced
and sized culverts, catch basins, ditch-blocks, cross drains, water bars, rolling dips, energy
dissipaters, aprons, gabions, and armoring of ditches and drain inlets and outlets. Dispersal of
runoff can also be accomplished by rolling the grade, crowning, in sloping, out sloping, or
installation of water spreading ditches. The following measures are generally applicable:
a. Riprap culvert inlets and outlets as needed to prevent erosion of the road prism.
Velocity dissipation at cross drain culvert outfalls is required to limit erosion and
undermining of the road fill.
b. Utilize relief culverts as necessary to disperse road runoff and minimize ditch
erosion or saturation of road fills. Maintain natural drainage patterns to the extent
practicable.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 74 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
c. Culverts should have sufficient fill covering to prevent crushing and deformation
that will reduce culvert capacity. Except for live streams and designated fish streams,
compact materials to provide a suitable foundation prior to installing the culvert on
unstable soils. Install diversion culverts prior to seasonal or other prolonged
shutdown. When directed, diversion culverts shall be installed within 24 hours.
d. Generally, flow velocity in road ditches should be great enough to carry sediment
loads yet not erode the ditch. Ditch material, width, and grade determine runoff
velocities and culvert spacing. Discharge from road ditches should be cross-drained
to filter areas, rather than flowing directly into streams.
e. Trash racks, drop inlets, and inlet aprons can be installed at culvert inlets to
prevent clogging or scour.
f. Ditches and cross drains are not a necessary component of all roads. Where water
can be drained without concentrating it in ditches, those techniques are preferred.
Examples include out sloped roads and the use of permeable rock overlay to allow
through flow.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Project location, drainage control features and design criteria
are determined through an interdisciplinary approach. Detailed mitigation measures are
developed during project layout by the design engineer using criteria, concerns, and conditions
developed during the environmental analysis in consultation with technical resource staffs as
needed. The Contracting Officer and the appropriate line officer assure compliance with
specifications and operating plans.
The road locator and the designer work together to provide the initial controls for drainage.
Opportunities also occur for refinement and adjustment of drainage control during construction.
Construction personnel will consult with hydrologists or other resource staff to develop an
understanding of drainage patterns and the effects caused by the construction of ditches, cross
drains, and other drainage control features.
Construction administration staff uses road management objectives, road cards, stream protection
plans, erosion control plans and other documentation during the administration of construction
and reconstruction activities. Construction administration staff implements this BMP by making
(and documenting) minor adjustments in alignment, culvert length, and drainage location to bestfit site-specific conditions and protect water quality. Consultation with resource specialists,
appropriate documentation, and line officer approval is required for changes that will alter the
effects estimated in the NEPA documentation.
4. REFERENCES. Timber Sale Contract Provisions B(T)6.6, B(T)6.66, C(T)6.3,
C(T)6.6, and C(T)6.61#; FSM 7721, 7723, 7706.11, 7706.12, 1950, FSM 7721.52, Amend. 32
(9/78); FSH 7709.56b; FSM 2533; FSH 2409.23; "Logging Roads and the Protection of Water
Quality" (EPA 1975); 1985 Forest Service Specifications, EM-7720-100 R and EM 7720-100B;
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 75 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
Alaska Region Special Project Specifications for the Construction of Roads, Bridges and other
Drainage Structures.
14.10 – PRACTICE: Pioneer Road Construction
1. OBJECTIVE. To minimize sediment production associated with the pioneer road
construction.
2. EXPLANATION. This is a preventive practice. Pioneer road construction clears the
route of trees, brush, and other unsuitable material in preparation for construction of the final
road prism. In overlay construction techniques, stumps are placed in the organic mat or removed
in preparation for the placement of the rock overlay. The following guidelines to reduce the risk
of sediment production:
a. Construction of pioneer roads will be confined to the roadway construction limits
unless otherwise approved by the Contracting Officer.
b. Where practicable, pioneering will avoid undercutting the designated final cut
slope, and deposition of materials outside the designated roadway limits. Pioneering
will also accommodate drainage with temporary culverts or log crossings.
c. Erosion control work, including temporary road drainage structures, will be
completed concurrent with construction activity.
d. To avoid adverse impacts to water quality and aquatic resources, the operation of
equipment in live streams will be kept to a minimum through the utilization of best
conventional technology and techniques (See BMP 14.17). Crossing Class I streams
(anadromous fish streams) or other designated streams with equipment will normally
be restricted to a time period that will not significantly affect egg and alevin survival
(see BMPs 14.6 and 14.14).
e. The maximum distance that a pioneer road should be beyond the rock road surface
will be consistent with contractor performance, terrain, erosion risk, and time of year.
For example, pioneering is normally less than 2,000 feet ahead during the normal
operating season and 500 feet when near the end of the normal operating season.
f. Disposal of debris from clearing and grubbing will be in accordance with design
specification.
g. Use contract provisions to control or stop construction activities in areas where
significant or adverse water quality impacts occur.
h. Remove temporary culverts, bridges, diversions, dams, culvert plugs, or elevated
stream crossings prior to anticipated seasonal high runoff periods and/or at the end of
the operating season.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 76 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
i. Any installation of side-drains, cross drains, energy dissipaters, dips, sediment
basins, berms or other facilities necessary to control erosion will be timely and of
adequate design.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Project administration staff is responsible for assuring
compliance with all contract or permit provisions.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 77 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
4. REFERENCES. Standard Specification 201, 203, 201.05, and 203.05;
FSM 7721, FSM 7721.54; Timber Sale Contract Provisions B(T)6.6, B(T)6.65, and C(T)6.3;
1985 Forest Service Specifications, EM-7720-100 R and EM 7720-100B; Alaska Region
Special Project Specifications for the Construction of Roads, Bridges and other Drainage
Structures.
14.11 – PRACTICE: Timely Erosion Control For Incomplete Projects
1. OBJECTIVE. To minimize erosion of and sedimentation from disturbed ground on
incomplete projects by completing erosion control work prior to seasonal or extended
shutdowns.
2. EXPLANATION. This is a preventive practice. The best drainage design and erosion
control measures are ineffective if projects are incomplete. Incomplete roads, trails, landings,
stream crossings, and construction sites must have erosion control measures in place prior to
seasonal or extended periods of shutdown. Preventive measures include:
a. The removal of temporary culverts, culvert plugs, or diversion dams that may
cause erosion problems during shut down periods.
b. The installation of adequately sized temporary culverts, side drains, cross drains,
diversion ditches, energy dissipaters, dips, sediment basins, berms, debris racks, or
other facilities as needed to control erosion.
c. The removal of debris, obstructions, and spoil material from channels and flood
plains;
d. Seeding grass, and/or mulching bare areas. See BMP 12.17 for additional details.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Protective measures will be applied to all areas of erosionprone, disturbed or bared ground prior to seasonal or other extended shutdowns. When
operations are conducted outside the Normal Operating Season, erosion control measures should
keep pace with ground disturbance. Prior to seasonal shutdown, any corrective or remedial
erosion control measures must be completed.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 7721, and 7721.54, Amend. 32 (9/78); Timber Sale Contract
Provisions B(T)6.31, B(T)6.6, B(T)6.65, and C(T)6.6; FAR 52.213-3, 52.236-15, and 4G52.236-107; Standard Specification 206; 1985 USFS Specifications, EM-7720-100 R and EM
7720-100B; R10 Special Project Specifications for the Construction of Roads, Bridges and other
Drainage Structures.
14.12 – PRACTICE: Control of Excavation and Sidecast Material
1. OBJECTIVE. To minimize sedimentation from unconsolidated excavated and
sidecast material caused by road construction, reconstruction, or maintenance activities.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 78 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
2. EXPLANATION. This is a preventive and corrective practice. Certain soils that
ravel or erode from cut and fill slopes (for example, compact glacial tills, ash soils) can be
difficult to stabilize, and represent a major sediment source.
In some cases, layer placement and/or benching may be necessary for stabilization and to obtain
the proper dimensions and fill slope ratios. End hauling and retaining structures may be
necessary to prevent thin layers of unconsolidated material from being placed on steep slopes.
Normal erosion control (as outlined in BMP 14.8) such as seeding should be supplemented with
special mitigation measures such as jute netting, filter fabric, mulching, slash windrows,
sediment ponds, straw bale dams, and rock gabions, when appropriate.
Prior to commencing construction, reconstruction, or some maintenance activities, locations for
placement of excess excavation material will be approved. These locations should minimize the
risk of material entering surface waters, either through erosion or mass failure.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Plans and specifications include consideration of risks and
apply mitigative measures identified in the NEPA process. Geotechnical skills may be needed at
any point to identify acceptable risks and effective control measures. Close attention to plans
and specifications in construction, reconstruction, and applicable maintenance activities is
needed to provide the predicted results. Disposal areas are selected during the design phase in
coordination with appropriate resource staffs and line officers. Project administration staff
monitors the results, and initiate a change to the current activities if unacceptable impacts are
occurring.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 7720.3, 7706.11, 7721, 7721.53, Amend. 32 (9/78); FAR
52.236-09; 1985 Forest Service Specifications, EM-7720-100 R and EM 7720-100B; TSpecifications for Prehaul and Road Maintenance, Alaska Region Special Project Specifications
for the Construction of Roads, Bridges and other Drainage Structures; Timber Sale Contract
Provisions C(T)6.221 and C(T)5.4; Standard Road Specification 203.11.
14.14 – PRACTICE: Control of In-Channel Operations
1. OBJECTIVE. To minimize stream channel disturbances and related sediment
production.
2. EXPLANATION. This is a preventive practice. During the construction of roads and
the installation of bridges or culverts, it may be necessary for construction equipment to cross,
operate in, or operate near stream courses. This activity will be allowed only at crossings
designated by the Forest Service for the construction or removal of culverts and bridges. Close
coordination is needed with the Contractor to minimize damage to the stream and aquatic
resources.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Project location, criteria, and the need for in-stream timing
restrictions are identified by an interdisciplinary team. Detailed mitigative measures are
developed by the design engineer using criteria from the environmental analysis and through
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 79 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
consultation with resource staffs. Compliance with the management requirements, contract
specifications, and operating plans is assured by the Line Officer.
Excavation during the installation of streamside structures (for example, riprap, bridge
abutments, bridge guardrails, etc.) are conducted in the following manner to protect water
quality:
a. Equipment crossing and use within a live stream channel is minimized utilizing
best available, conventional technology and techniques. Equipment crossing of Class
I or designated Class II and Class III streams should also be restricted to a time period
that minimizes adverse impacts to fish habitat (see BMP 14.6).
b. Sediment-laden water from foundation or other excavation activities is not
discharged directly into live streams. Water is pumped or otherwise directed from
such excavations to approved settling areas.
c. If the channel is damaged during construction, it should be restored as nearly as
possible to its original configuration while minimizing additional erosion.
d. Removal of large, stable pieces of woody debris should be avoided. Unless
otherwise approved, the natural streambed adjacent to the structure will not be
disturbed.
4. REFERENCES. FAR 52.236-15 and 4G-52.236-107; FSM 2505.1, 5460.1 (R-10
Supp. 32), and 7721; Timber Sale Contract Provisions B(T)6.63, C(T)6.51, and C(T)6.5; E.O.
11988, Flood Plain Management; 1985 Forest Service Specifications, EM-7720-100 R and EM
7720-100B; Alaska Region Special Project Specifications for the Construction of Roads, Bridges
and other Drainage Structures. Roadway Drainage Guide for Installing Culverts to
Accommodate Fish. USFS-R10 Admin. Doc#42, Sept. 1979. AHMU Handbook 64.14.
14.15 – PRACTICE: Diversion of Flows Around Construction Sites
1. OBJECTIVE. To identify and implement diversion and de-watering requirements at
construction sites to protect water quality and downstream uses.
2. EXPLANATION. This is a preventive and corrective practice. Flow often needs to
be directed or piped around a project site. Typical examples are bridge and dam construction.
Flow in stream courses may be diverted to facilitate construction, safety, and/or to prevent
downstream sedimentation. The diverted flow will be restored to the natural stream course as
soon as practicable, within timing restrictions, and before seasonal high flows. Stream channels
impacted by construction activity will be restored to their natural grade, condition, stable woody
debris loading, and alignment as soon as practicable.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 80 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Diversion needs are identified and mitigative measures are
developed to protect fishery values and other downstream uses. Project review by other Federal,
State, and/or local agencies and private parties in accordance with appropriate MOA's is
customary.
Line officers will assure that design standards and management requirements are implemented.
The Contracting Officer assures compliance with contract specifications and plans.
4. REFERENCES. Timber Sale Contract Provisions B(T)6.5, B(T)6.5(d), C6.5,
C(T)6.52, C(T)6.3, C(T)6.51, and C(T)6.6; FSM 2505.1, R-10 Supp. to 5460.1; 7721, 7721.54,
and 7721.81; FAR 52.213-3, 52.236-15, and 4G-52.236-107; FSH 7709.56b; E.O. 11988, Flood
Plain Management; Standard Specifications 100.42; 1985 Forest Service Specifications, EM7720-100R and EM 7720-100B; Alaska Region Special Project Specifications for the
Construction of Roads, Bridges and other Drainage Structures. AS 16.05.870. Appropriate
MOA's.
14.17 – PRACTICE: Bridge and Culvert Design and Installation
1. OBJECTIVE. To minimize adverse impacts on water quality, stream courses, and
fisheries resources from the installation of bridges, culverts, or other stream crossings.
2. EXPLANATION. This is a preventive practice. In addition to stream crossings on
system roads and trails, temporary culverts and bridges are required for all stream crossings on
short-term and temporary roads. In-channel excavation is a common requirement for bridge and
culvert installation. Excavation and other material and/or riprap should not obstruct the stream
course, nor impair the function of the stream crossing structure. Operation of equipment in
flowing streams will be kept to the minimum. Logs or other materials should be used when
practicable to protect stream banks when operating equipment within or crossing the stream
channel (see BMPs 13.16, 14.6, 14.11, 14.14, and 14.15).
Design flow should be based upon design life and risk acceptable to the approving line officer.
Stream crossing structures will be designed to provide the most efficient drainage facility
consistent with resource protection (for example, fish passage), importance of the road, legal
obligations, and total costs. The design may involve a hydrologic analysis to determine
conditions that may affect water quality (for example, runoff rates and volumes, flood
conditions, flow velocities, sedimentation, scour, and approach and exit channel equilibriums).
System roads will have bridges designed to pass a selected (normally 50 to 75 year) flood event.
Culverts for Class I, II and III streams will be designed to pass an appropriate (normally 50 year)
flood event, with allowance for expected bed load sediments and floating debris. Where
practicable, allowance should be made to minimize stream width restrictions. Design structures
to minimize streambed and stream bank erosion. Bridges, bottomless arches, pipe arches and
oversized buried pipes are the preferred structure on Class I and II streams.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 81 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
When combining flow from several small drainages into a single culvert, consider the combined
peak flows. If the Road Management Objectives for the road is Level 1 Maintenance (closed),
assure that adequate long-term flow capacity is considered and seek self-maintaining systems.
Stabilize and minimize erosion of fine materials deposited near streams. Riprap should be free
of weakly structured rock and fines that could become sediment sources.
During excavation in or near the stream course, it may be necessary to use suitable cofferdams,
caissons, cribs, or sheet piling. This will usually be the case where groundwater is a significant
contributor of water to the excavation site. These structures will be essentially watertight and no
excavation will be made outside of them. If water from subsurface strata is not significant,
pumping may be used, provided the sediment from the pumped water can be disposed of where it
will not re-enter the stream.
Brow logs, filter fabric and wood chinking should be provided on log stringer bridges to contain
surfacing materials and to minimize introduction of sediment into the stream channel.
Road material less than 4 inches (at the greatest dimension) used for stream crossing approaches
should have proper gradation and compaction to prevent piping within the fill.
Design and install culverts on class I and class II streams to allow fish passage during normal
and low flows, and to have minimal downstream scour.
When the stream crossing has served its purpose and is no longer needed, the structure and
associated fill will be removed. This work will be accomplished in accordance with BMPs
13.16, 14.6, 14.11 and 14.14 as applicable. Vegetative cover will be reestablished.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Project location, in stream timing, and criteria are developed
in the environmental analysis. The design engineer through consultation, using criteria from the
Road Management Objectives and road cards, implements detailed mitigative measures.
The Contracting Officer is responsible for approving the location of temporary roads and
facilities, within the criteria and objectives as identified during the interdisciplinary planning
process. Line officers approve temporary roads constructed for other purposes.
When a stream crossing is difficult or does not appear to meet standards for non-degration (see
"Terms") consider collecting monitoring information on the project.
4. REFERENCES. FAR 52.213-3, 52.236-15, and 4G-52.236-107; Timber Sale
Contract Provisions B(T)6.5, B(T)6.5(b), B(T)6.62, B(T)6.65, C(T)6.3, C(T)6.51, C6.52, and
C(T)6.6; FSH 2409.15; FSM 2505.1, R-10 Supp. to 5460.1, 7721, 7721.81, and 7721.54;
Standard Specifications 50.4C, 100.42, 206.04, 206A.04, and 603.03; 1985 Forest Service
Specifications, EM-7720-100 R and EM 7720-100B; Alaska Region Special Project
Specifications for the Construction of Roads, Bridges and other Drainage Structures. Roadway
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 82 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
Drainage Guide for Installing Culverts to Accommodate Fish. USFS-R10 Admin. Doc. #42,
Sept. 1979. , Chow, V., "Handbook of Applied Hydrology: (1964) p. 9-59.
14.18 – PRACTICE: Development and Rehabilitation of Gravel Sources and
Quarries
1. OBJECTIVE. To minimize sediment from borrow pits, gravel sources, and quarries,
and to limit channel disturbance from gravel sources permitted for development within
floodplains.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative, preventive, and corrective practice.
Borrow pits, gravel sources, and quarries have the potential to become sediment sources due to
steep side slopes, lack of vegetation, and/or their proximity to water courses.
Where practicable, overburden is stockpiled for use as surface dressing during the reclamation
phase. Drainage design and erosion control measures should consider temporary overburden
storage and stockpile areas, and permanent drainage control measures that will be necessary after
the site has been rehabilitated. When excavation of the site has been completed on all or part of
the area, and the site will not be used again, the sides will be sloped, graded, or scaled and the
general pit area smoothed, stabilized, and sloped to drain onto a stable area.
Seeding, mulching, and/or planting are carried out where appropriate. Access roads to the site
must also be obliterated or otherwise stabilized (BMP 14.24). If the site will be used again, the
above requirements will be limited to those essential to resource protection between uses.
Borrow pits and gravel sources located in flood plains or karst topography require special
attention. Floodplains often provide excellent sand and gravel sources. With careful planning
and design, and given favorable site conditions, these deposits can be removed with minimal
impact on water resources. Under some circumstances, sand and/or gravel removal may alter
stream flow characteristics and consequently affect water quality and fish habitat. If the borrow
area is subject to periodic flooding, then leveling, shaping, or other special drainage features
should be provided for pit rehabilitation. Subsurface flows in karst topography should be
considered in quarry site selection, and protected during development and operation.
Potential uses of borrow pits as ponds for waterfowl or fish enhancement are evaluated in the
environmental analysis of alluvial borrow projects. ADF&G should be consulted on these
projects (see BMP 18.2).
Excavation in flood plains will not take place below the water table unless sediment basins are
built to contain the sediment from the dewatering operation. Sediment basins should not be
subject to washouts. If excess sediment accumulates in basins, it should be excavated to clean
the basin and the sediment removed to an approved site. Overburden and alluvial silts or sands
may be stockpiled for surface dressing during pit reclamation. Disturbed areas will be
revegetated (see BMP 12.17, 14.5, and 14.7).
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 83 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
Wash water or wastewater flows from concrete batching or aggregate operations are point
sources. Water will not be allowed to enter a stream prior to treatment by filtration, flocculation,
settling and/or other means. Pollution of adjacent water resources by blasting agents in quarry
operations will be addressed in the pit operation plan. Gravel crushing and gravel washing
requires an NPDES (Storm Water Runoff) permits.
Blasting in areas having saturated soils may be a source of mass wasting and sedimentation.
Overloaded shots, lack of blasting mats, or changes in rock strata can create an overshot.
Though occasional overshoots can be expected, compliance with blasting plans will significantly
reduce over shots and "fly rock" (see BMP 14.6 [Exp.2]).
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Criteria for the location and suitability of borrow pits, gravel
sources, and quarries, along with the associated limits of disturbance and sediment production
will be identified through the environmental analysis. Streamside borrow pits should be
evaluated, during the environmental analysis, for post-operation utilization as fish habitat (BMP
18.2). Detailed mitigative measures are developed by the design engineer using criteria from the
environmental analysis and through consultation with resource staffs.
Project administration staff is responsible for ensuring compliance with blasting plans. Line
Officers are responsible for ensuring compliance and for implementing projects to design
standards as stated in management requirements, specifications, and plans.
4. REFERENCES. 40 CFR 122.27, FSM 2511, 2505.1, 7706.11, 7706.12, 7721, and
7721.54; FSH 7709.11 and FSH 7709.56; FAR 52.236-09; Timber Sale Contract Provisions
B(T)6.31, B(T)6.6, B(T)6.62, B(T)6.65, B(T)6.66, C(T)5.2, C(T)5.23, C(T)5.4, C(T)6.36#,
C(T)6.52, C(T)6.6, C(T)6.61#, and C(T)6.62; Water Pollution Control Act, 33 U.S.C. 466;
Standard Specifications 203, 210, 611, 624, 625, 626, and 629; 1985 Forest Service
Specifications, EM-7720-100 R and EM 7720-100B; Alaska Region Special Project
Specifications for the Construction of Roads, Bridges and other Drainage Structures, R-10 SPS611.1; 11 AAC 95.325
14.19 – PRACTICE: Disposal of Construction Slash and Stumps
1. OBJECTIVE. To ensure that debris generated during construction is prevented from
obstructing channels or encroaching on stream, and sensitive karst features.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. One or more of
the following means will dispose construction debris from roads, trails, and other sites near
streams:
a. Windrowing
b. Scattering
c. Use as base mat for rock fill
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 84 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
d. Chipping
e. Disposal in Cutting Units
f. Piling and Burning
g. Removal to Designated Disposal Sites
h. Large limbs and cull logs may be bucked into manageable lengths and piled
alongside the road for firewood
Wetlands and karst features, such as sinkholes, are not used as disposal sites.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Criteria for the disposal of construction slash and stumps are
established either in the environmental analysis, or in the design process. Ongoing inspection
during construction activities assures compliance with the drawings and specifications.
Materials accidentally entering streams, wetlands, or sensitive karst features will be removed,
provided that the removal will cause fewer disturbances than the effect of leaving the materials.
4. REFERENCES. Timber Sale Contract; FSM 7721.54; Standard Road Specifications
201.05, and 201.03; 1985 Forest Service Specifications, EM-7720-100 R and EM 7720-100B;
Alaska Region Special Project Specifications for the Construction of Roads, Bridges and other
Drainage Structures. B6.31, B6.6, B6.62, B6.65, B6.66, C5.2, C5.23, C5.4, C6.36, C6.51, C6.6,
C6.601, C6.622.
14.20 – PRACTICE: Road Maintenance
1. OBJECTIVE. To maintain all roads in a manner which provides for soil and water
resource protection by minimizing rutting, road prism failures, side casting, and blockage of
drainage facilities.
2. EXPLANATION. This is a preventive and corrective practice. Roads deteriorate
because of use and weather. This deterioration may be minimized through proper and timely
maintenance and/or restriction of use.
Inspect all new culverts within 6 months of initial fall and winter high flow events. Identify
"critical culverts", where there is a substantial risk of failure or risk of water quality impairment.
Inspect these critical culverts at least annually or place on the annual Road Maintenance Plan for
Action/Correction. Also inspect culverts in and below timber harvest units at least annually for
approximately 3-4 years following timber harvest activities, or until vegetation is firmly
established in the vicinity of all drainages and ditches feeding the culvert.
See BMP 12.17 for revegetation of disturbed areas. See BMP 14.8 for measures to minimize
surface erosion. See BMP 14.9 for control of road drainage. See BMP 14.22 for closure to use.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 85 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
Maintenance level 1 roads are maintained to protect the road investment, adjacent land, and
water resources. Level 1 roads are closed to cars and trucks using a variety of methods and
techniques. When vegetative closure is used, implement measures to assure that water bars,
culverts and other road drainage structures will continue to function without the benefit of
routine maintenance. Inspect level 1 roads at least bi-annually, except inspect roads with a high
risk of erosion annually and after major hydrologic events.
Maintenance level 2 roads are maintained as suitable for high clearance vehicles. Maintenance
levels 3 to 5 are suitable for passenger vehicles.
Maintenance measures can include opening closed roads, closing roads, surface blading,
resurfacing, establishing rolling dips, crowning, in sloping, out sloping, clearing debris from
dips, cross drains, catch basins, culverts, water bars, and ditch blocks for minimizing potential
adverse water quality impacts.
Maintenance needs will be reflected in an annual road maintenance plan developed to include all
roads under Forest Service control. Individual maintenance plans are established for each timber
sale prior to award and are enforced throughout the life of the contract. Maintenance plans are
reviewed annually for timber sales when multiple users are utilizing the same roads to determine
the commensurate share of each Purchaser, the Forest Service, and other commercial users.
Determination is made as to whom is responsible for performing the maintenance, frequency of
maintenance, timing of maintenance, and the proper share of funds, materials, or work that each
of the remaining users contribute. On cost-share roads, an annual meeting is held to determine
standards, responsibilities, commensurate shares, and timing. If the road is subjected to
commercial use, the Forest Service may collect deposits to facilitate road maintenance and to
equitably assess the maintenance cost of each user.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Road Management Objectives document the road
maintenance levels. The line officer is responsible for the development of the annual road
maintenance plan. On most timber sales, maintenance is a Purchaser responsibility and the
Contracting Officer ensures compliance.
For permitted activities or when collections are made for road maintenance, the line officer
assures compliance. FMS 7731.04 assigns responsibility for maintenance of Forest development
roads to the Forest Supervisor.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 7730.2, 7732, 7732.02 (Amend. 32 (9/78), and 7735; FSH
2409.15, 7709.58, and FSH 7709.59; Standard Specification 306.02; Timber Sale Contract
Provision C(T)5.4; 1985 Forest Service Specifications, EM-7720-100 R and EM 7720-100B;
Alaska Region Special Project Specifications for the Construction of Roads, Bridges and other
Drainage Structures, T-Specifications for Timber Sale Road Maintenance.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 86 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
14.22 – PRACTICE: Access and Travel Management
1. OBJECTIVE. To control access and manage road use to reduce the risk of erosion
and sedimentation from road surface disturbance especially during the higher risk periods
associated with high runoff and spring thaw conditions.
2. EXPLANATION. This is a preventive practice. Where all-weather or durable rock
roads are not constructed, the unrestricted use during wet weather and spring thaw conditions
often results in rutting and muddying of the road surfaces. Runoff from these disturbed road
surfaces often carries a high sediment load. Maintenance with machinery of soft, rutted roads
often increases the risk for sediment delivery to the stream channel system.
Roads not constructed for all weather use should be closed during saturated or thaw conditions.
Where winter field operations are planned, roads may need to be upgraded and maintenance
intensified to handle the traffic without creating excessive erosion and damage to the road
surfaces. Other options include ice roads and bridges in colder regions. Low-pressure tire use or
variable tire pressure technology will reduce sedimentation and rutting, and can allow use of the
road when it would otherwise be closed.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Road closures and traffic control measures should be
implemented on all roads when damage or degradation of soil and water resources would occur
as a result of use. The District Ranger implements Road management objectives. Traffic
activity can be controlled under 36 CFR 261 (see BMP 13.4 and 16.5). The decision for closure
is made when the responsible Line Officer determines that a particular resource or facility needs
protection from use. Forest Supervisors are responsible for closing roads under 36 CFR 261.
Criteria are developed by an interdisciplinary approach as necessary. For contracted projects, the
Contracting Officer assures compliance with plans and specifications.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 7731.4; Timber Sale Contract Provisions B(T)5.12, B(T)6.22,
and C(T)5.12#; FSH 2409.15; 1985 Forest Service Specifications, EM-7720-100 R and EM
7720-100B; T-Specifications for Road Maintenance, Refer to 36 CFR 261 for closure authority;
Forest ORV plans; Alaska Region Special Project Specifications for the Construction of Roads,
Bridges and other Drainage Structures. FSM 1920, FSM 2310, Road Management Plans.
14.23 – PRACTICE: Snow Removal Operations
1. OBJECTIVE. To minimize impacts of snow removal operations on road surfaces and
embankments and to reduce the risk of sediment production.
2. EXPLANATION. This is a preventive practice. Forest roads are sometimes used
throughout the winter or opened early in the spring for a variety of reasons. The following
measures are employed to protect water quality and the road investment.
a. Snow removal will be performed in a manner that will protect water quality, the
road surface, and adjacent resources.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 87 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
b. Snow removal equipment will not blade gravel or surfacing material off the
roadway, or under-cut cut-slopes. Ditches and culverts will be kept functional during
and following roadway use. If the road surface is damaged, the contractor or
permittee will replace lost surface material with similar quality material and repair
structures or culverts damaged in blading operations.
c. Snow berms will not be left where they will channelize or concentrate melt water
on the road or erosive slopes. Berms left on the shoulder of the road will be removed
and/or drainage holes opened at the end of winter operations and before the spring
breakup. Drainage holes will be spaced to obtain satisfactory surface drainage
without discharge on erodible fills or directly into streams. On in sloped roads,
drainage holes will also be provided on the ditch side.
d. Interdisciplinary teams will evaluate the use of de-icing chemicals on paved roads.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Compliance with permit requirements, contract specifications,
and the Contracting Officer or the Line Officer assures operating plans.
4. REFERENCES. Timber Sale Contract Provisions B(T)5.4, C(T)5.46, 1985 Forest
Service Specifications, EM-7720-100 R and EM 7720-100B; T-Specifications for Road
Maintenance; Standard Specification 203.09; Alaska Region Special Project Specifications for
the Construction of Roads, Bridges and other Drainage Structures.
14.24 – PRACTICE: Road Obliteration
1. OBJECTIVE. To reduce sediment generated from temporary or short-term roads and
to return the land to production by obliterating roads at the completion of their intended use.
2. EXPLANATION. This is a preventive and corrective practice. Temporary or shortterm roads are constructed for a specific short-term purpose, normally less than 1 year.
Examples are ski area development roads, logging spurs on a timber sale, and cost share permit
roads. Temporary roads allowed to remain in use beyond their prescribed time may be subject to
damage, and can become chronic sediment sources.
The Leave Open Temporary road (LOT road) can be prescribed. The LOT road is constructed
under the timber sale contract as a temporary road, with specifications for hydraulic structures,
and is later transferred to the Forest Service for a few years before being obliterated. The LOT
road is managed as a transportation facility before being "put-to-bed" and obliterated. Funding
for obliteration can be from collections made during the timber sale.
Effective obliteration is achieved by blocking access, removing all culverts and bridges, and
restoring the natural surface and subsurface drainage patterns.
In addition, the following measures may be done:
a. Reshape and stabilize side slopes.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 88 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
b. Remove rock overlay down to the elevation of the adjacent terrain.
c. Rip sub grade where compaction is identified as a problem.
d. Revegetate the site (grass, browse, or trees).
3. IMPLEMENTATION. For timber sales, the Timber Purchaser accomplishes
temporary road closure, stabilization and removal of temporary structures. The Contracting
Officer assures compliance with plans and the Timber Sale Contract.
Obliteration of other short-term roads is accomplished by the Forest Service or by permittees.
Forest Supervisors are responsible for ensuring that other temporary roads or short-term roads
developed by the Forest Service meet design standards and management requirements.
Temporary road development on Forest Service lands that are allowed through special use
permits and/or easements are subject to the same obliteration requirements as temporary roads on
timber sales. District Rangers or their representatives are responsible for assuring that the
obliteration of such roads is accomplished.
4. REFERENCES. NFMA Sec. 8(b); Timber Sale Contract Provisions B(T)6.62,
B(T)6.5, C(T)6.6, C5.122, C5.46, and C(T)6.61#; Standard Specification 210.02; FSM 2522;
FSH 2409.15, and R-10 FSH 2409.23; Guide for Road Closure and Obliteration in the Forest
Service, J.Moll, San Dimas Tech Center, June 1996.
14.25 – PRACTICE: Surface Erosion Control at Facilities
1. OBJECTIVE. To minimize the amount of erosion and sedimentation at nonsilvicultural facilities through implementation of pollution prevention plan.
2. EXPLANATION. This is a preventive practice. Construction of facilities (sites) will
require a NPDES (Storm Water Runoff) permit, if the disturbed area exceeds five (5) acres. A
Pollution Prevention Plan is a requirement under the NPDES permits (see BMP 14.26 and 14.27
for Silvicultural point source). Otherwise, prepare an erosion control plan on lands developed
for administrative sites, ski areas, logging and field camps, campgrounds, parking areas, and
waste disposal sites where ground is cleared of vegetation. Erosion control measures are
implemented to stabilize the soil and to reduce the amount of stream sedimentation.
Examples of erosion control methods that could be included in a Pollution Prevention Plan or
erosion control plan are: grass seed, jute mesh, tackifiers, hydro mulch, paving, or rocking of
roads, water bars, cross drains, and retaining walls.
Site drainage patterns should be designed to control erosion and sedimentation. Sediment basins
and sediment filters should be established to filter surface runoff. Diversion ditches and berms
should be built to divert surface runoff around bare areas. Construction activities should be
scheduled to avoid periods of heavy precipitation or runoff (October - April). All disturbed areas
should be promptly revegetated (BMP 12.17 and 14.5).
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 89 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Practices to be used are documented in the Pollution
Prevention Plan or erosion control plan. See BMP 14.5 for more information on erosion Control
plans.
Application for NPDES (Storm Water Runoff) permits and associated Pollution Prevention Plans
may be by contractors, but performance remains a responsibility of the land manager.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2522; FSM 7440; 40 CFR 122. (BMP 12.17 and 14.5); Timber
Sale Contract Provisions B6.62, B6.5, B(T)6.6, B(T)6.66, C(T)6.61#, and C(T)6.6;
14.26 – PRACTICE: Daily LTF Cleanup
1. OBJECTIVE. Assure cleanup of bark, debris, or other solid materials daily when
accumulations are present. Dispose of the materials in an acceptable manner, to prevent water
quality degradation.
2. EXPLANATION. This is a preventive practice. It reflects stipulations in permits and
housekeeping requirements in pollution prevention plans that are common in recent LTF permits.
Disposal methods may vary with the contents collected. Much of the material removed will
function as lightweight fill and may be used for reclamation or recycling by land placement.
Hazardous wastes, and oil-contaminated materials are not included in this BMP. See BMP 12.16
for additional discussion.
3. IMPLEMENTATION: The objective is to minimize the bark and the other small
materials being introduced into marine waters. Daily cleanup when accumulations are present is
intended to keep the site clean and avoid repeated wheel traffic over loose bark. A permit from
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation may be required prior to placement of the
removed materials.
4. REFERENCES. T-845 Log Transfer Facility Operation, Maintenance, and
Monitoring; 402 Permits issued for Log Transfer Facilities.
14.27 – PRACTICE: Log Storage/Sort Yard Erosion Control
1. OBJECTIVE. To avoid generation of fine particles, and control the overland flow of
particles carrying hazardous materials into waterways.
2. EXPLANATION. This is a preventive practice. Log storage and log sort yards,
including log-scaling areas, involve the handling and movement of logs and bundles of logs.
Loose bark, small limbs, and needles are dislodged in the handling, and are ground into fine
particles under the wheels of equipment. Some fine particulate material may also come from
trucks, or may be developed by breakdown of the rock surfacing of the yard. If these sites are
essential to National Forest Management and cannot be avoided, the following mitigation
measures should be employed:
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 90 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
a. Clean debris and bark and other loose material from log storage areas/yards before
the depth of loose materials reaches 6 inches (depth of rutting) if the material is
liquefying. Cleanup of accumulations will prevent excessive churning of overland
flows of water and the generation of fine particulate materials in the yard.
b. Placement of materials removed from log storage/sort yards must be done in a
manner that assures water quality protection. Petroleum and solvent contaminated
material and hazardous substances must be kept separated from the materials that are
removed and treated appropriately (see BMPs 12.8 12.9). Loose materials removed
from log storage/sort yards are to be placed in locations where water may decant
without direct discharges to streams or other water bodies (see BMP 12.16). Slope
the materials to drain and seed slopes and surfaces to maintain stability. Look for
sites that can be reclaimed, such as unneeded rock pits, old landings, and similar
locations to place loose materials. Assure future needs are considered before
reclaiming rock pits and landing. Avoid depositing materials at the edge of sort yards
or LTF clearings to prevent killing trees and extending the yard size.
c. Use filter strips where possible along log sort yards and log storage areas. Filter
strips have good efficiency in settling and removing small particulate material from
overland flows. Directly disperse overland flows from log storage/sort yards through
vegetated filter strips. Assure filter strips are large enough to perform for several
years. Where filter strips are not practicable, provide settling ponds or sediment
traps.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. The avoidance practice suggests that in the planning and
implementation of timber sales, log sort yards will not be constructed unless essential. Log
scaling prior to rafting is generally preferred, but may not be practicable at sites with limited
space or small amounts of use.
The practices for management of sort yards and storage yards provide for keeping loose
materials from accumulating into mire in the yard areas. Decanting the excess water while
keeping the solids in place is the objective of the practice.
Loose materials removed can be used as lightweight fill. It can effectively be used to reclaim
areas that have been disturbed, such as rock pits and landings. A permit for the placement of the
removed material may be required from the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation.
Utilize the IDT process to select sites for the placement of sort yard material that minimizes
water quality concerns.
Oil contaminated wastes should not be included in the lightweight fill material, and should be
disposed in accordance with applicable regulations. Hazardous substances are not included in
these practices.
4. REFERENCES. 40 CFR 122.27; NPDES general permit for storm water discharges,
Federal Register Vol 57, No. 175, Sept 9, 1992; Timber Sale Contract Provisions B(T)6.66.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 91 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
14.5 Exhibit01
Road Construction Erosion Control Plan
SEE PAPER COPY OF THE MASTER SET
FOR 14.5 EXHIBIT 01
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 92 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
15 - PESTICIDE-USE MANAGEMENT
Pesticide-use on National Forest System lands could occur during the course of most National
Forest management activities. Herbicides could be used for forest regeneration and protection,
vegetation type conversions, utility corridor maintenance, and wildlife habitat improvement
projects. Fungicides, insecticides, and rodenticides could be used in recreation sites for facility
maintenance and the protection and convenience of the public. Piscincides are used
cooperatively with state agencies for fisheries management. Each project is evaluated through
the NEPA process by an interdisciplinary team. Pesticides are applied only by state certified
applicators.
15.1 – PRACTICE: Pesticide-Use Planning
1. OBJECTIVE. To incorporate water quality and hydrologic considerations into the
pesticide-use planning process.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative practice. Occasionally alternatives
utilizing pesticides are proposed as cost-effective means to meet project objectives. Projects may
be in-service or may involve proposals by Forest Service permittees, or cooperators. The
pesticide- use planning process is used to identify project objectives, concerns, treatments and
preventive measures, to establish administrative controls, and to incorporate hydrologic
considerations. The NEPA process addresses these considerations in terms of impacts,
monitoring needs, mitigation measures (See BMP 15.5), and alternative treatment measures.
Project work and safety plans specify management direction.
Factors considered in pesticide selection are: (1) purpose of the project; (2) application methods
available; (3) target species; (4) timing of treatment; (5) pest location; (6) size of treatment area;
and (7) need for repeated treatment. Practicability of application considers registration
restrictions, form and method of application, topographic relief and areas to be avoided, and
social acceptance of the project. The degree of risk considers: hazard to humans, hazard to fish,
method of application, transportation and handling hazards, carriers needed, and chemical
persistence.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. The interdisciplinary team evaluates the project in terms of
potential site response, potential social and environmental impacts, mitigating measures needed
to protect water quality, and the need and intensity of monitoring and evaluation. The
responsible Line Officer then prepares the necessary NEPA documentation, Project Plan, and
Safety Plan. Depending on the pesticide-use (FSM 2151.04), the Forest Pesticide-Use
Coordinator reviews the documents along with the Pesticide-Use Proposal, form FS-2100-2, and
makes recommendations for or against approval of the project.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2150 and 2323; R-10 Supplement to 2100; State Hazardous
Waste Management Plans; Material Safety Data Sheets.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 93 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
15.2 – PRACTICE: Follow Pesticide Label and EPA Registration Directions
1. OBJECTIVE. To prevent water contamination and risk to humans from pesticide
application, cleaning of equipment, and disposal of pesticide containers.
2. EXPLANATION. This is a preventive practice. Label directions for each pesticide
are detailed and specific, and include legal requirements for use.
The cleaning and disposal of pesticide containers and equipment must be done in accordance
with Federal, State, and local laws, regulations, and directives, and in a manner which will
safeguard public health, the beneficial uses of water, aquatic organisms, and wildlife. Containers
are rinsed with water three times, the rinse water disbursed on the project site as soon as
practical, and the containers taken to the designated disposal site. Application equipment is also
rinsed and rinse water applied to the project site before the equipment is moved from the project
area.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Constraints identified on the label and other legal
requirements of application are incorporated into project plans and contracts. Responsibility for
ensuring that label directions and other applicable requirements are followed rests with the
Forest Supervisor or a designate such as the Forest Pesticide-Use Coordinator. For contracted
projects, it is the responsibility of the Contacting Officer to ensure that label directions and all
other requirements are followed.
When the pesticide is applied by in-service personnel, the Forest or District Pesticide-Use
Coordinator will locate proper rinsing and disposal sites, and will arrange for container disposal
in an approved disposal site. When the pesticide is applied by a contractor, the contractor is
responsible for proper clean-up and container disposal in accordance with label directions and
Federal, State, and local laws.
The Project Contracting Officer will document that the proper disposal methods were followed.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2157 Pesticide Storage, Transportation, Spills, and Disposal;
FSH 6709.11, and 6709.12.
15.4 – PRACTICE: Pesticide Spill Contingency Planning
1. OBJECTIVE. To provide a response strategy for mitigating contamination of water
from accidental pesticide spills.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative practice. A contingency plan that
contains a predetermined organization and immediate actions to be implemented in the event of a
hazardous substance spill will be prepared. The plan lists notification requirements, time
requirements for the notification, how spills will be handled, and who will be responsible for
cleanup. Factors considered for each spill are: specific substance spilled, quantity, toxicity,
proximity of spill to waters, and the hazard to life, property, and the environment, including
aquatic organisms (See BMP 12.9).
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 94 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
3. IMPLEMENTATION. The Pesticide Spill Contingency Plan will be incorporated into
the Project Safety Plan. The NEPA process will provide the means for including public and
other agency involvement in plan preparation. The plan will list the responsible authorities.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 6740, 7442, 7443, and 7460; Oil and Hazardous Substances
Pollution Contingency Plans.
15.5 – PRACTICE: Protection of Water Quality, Wetlands, and Riparian Areas
During Pesticide Application
1. OBJECTIVE. To minimize the risk of pesticide contamination of surface or
subsurface waters, by identifying and protecting riparian areas, wetlands, and non-target areas.
To determine and document that pesticides have been applied safely.
2. EXPLANATION. When applying pesticides, an untreated buffer will be left
alongside surface waters, wetlands, and riparian areas. Factors to be considered in establishing
the buffer width (beyond the minimum established by FSM and NEPA documents) are:
beneficial water uses, adjacent land use, rainfall, temperature, wind speed, wind direction,
terrain, slope, soils, geology, vegetative type, and aquatic life. Other considerations include:
type of application, persistence on-site foliage, and characteristics of spray pattern, spray
droplets, and carrier.
Pesticide spray applications will be accomplished according to a prescription that specifies the
following: areas to be left untreated, buffer areas, type of spray and associated materials,
equipment and method to be used, droplet size, spray height, application pattern, flow rate,
terrain, and meteorological considerations. Hand spraying, with less associated risk, will have
fewer application restrictions for drift control than aerial application.
As appropriate, monitoring will be conducted to provide feedback on placement accuracy,
application amount, and water contamination that might occur from pesticide-use, so as to
minimize or eliminate hazards to non-target areas or resources. Monitoring and evaluation
methods include spray cards, dye tracing, and direct measurement of pesticide in or near water.
Type of pesticide, equipment, application difficulty, public concern, beneficial uses, monitoring
difficulty, availability of competent laboratory analysis and applicable Federal, State, and local
laws and regulations are factors considered when determining the monitoring and evaluation
needs.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Protected areas will be identified and mapped by an
interdisciplinary team and the Forest Pesticide-Use Coordinator during the NEPA process.
Protection of untreated areas is the responsibility of the project supervisor for in-service projects
and the Contracting Officer for contracted projects. The certified commercial applicators are
briefed about location of protection areas. These areas are flagged or otherwise marked when
necessary to aid in boundary identification.
The prescription and associated monitoring requirements are prepared by an interdisciplinary
team and the Forest or District Pesticide-Use Coordinator during the NEPA process. The Line
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 95 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
Officer is responsible for designating a project supervisor who is responsible for ensuring that
the prescription is followed during application and for terminating application if the standards
are exceeded. Technical staff familiar with pesticide monitoring will evaluate and interpret
monitoring data in terms of compliance with State Water Quality Standards and the adequacy of
project specifications.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2526, 2527, 2245, 2150 and R-10 Supplement to 2100.
16 - RECREATION MANAGEMENT
Recreation on National Forest System lands falls into two general categories: developed and
dispersed. Developed recreation is the term used to describe recreation areas that have been
designed and built to provide some facilities to the user, such as campgrounds and picnic areas
where tables, fireplaces, and toilets, have been provided. Recreational residences, boat ramps,
cabins, resorts, and ski areas, are also considered developed recreation sites.
Dispersed recreation is outdoor recreation occurring outside of sites developed or managed for
concentrated recreation use. Facilities are required to safeguard visitors, protect resources,
enhance the quality of visitor experiences, and disperse users. Dispersed recreation includes the
table-under-the-tree type of facility, toilets in otherwise undeveloped sites, trailheads, and trails.
Many developed and dispersed recreation activities are concentrated within or adjacent to
streams, lakes, riparian areas, and wetlands. For example, high intensity sportfishing has the
potential to severely impact streambanks and adjacent riparian areas. User related impacts could
include: trampling of existing vegetation, soil compaction (and hence loss of plant viability), and
physical damage to streambanks. Damaged and exposed streambanks are susceptible to
accelerated erosion. This accelerated erosion generally leads to increased stream sediment loads,
widening and shallowing of the channel bed, and reduction in stream substrate size where the
erosion is occurring. Fish habitat and migration can be adversely affected, as well as riparian
habitat along the shore. Riparian buffers are considered when planning and managing recreation
activities within riparian areas (see BMPs 12.6 and 12.6a).
16.1 – PRACTICE: Recreation Facilities Planning and Location
1. OBJECTIVE. To protect soil and water resources through appropriate planning,
design and location of recreational facilities.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. Recreation
facilities may include developed sites and special-use facilities. Developed recreation facilities
can create significant water quality degradation from erosion, sewage, sedimentation, and aquatic
habitat trampling if not properly located, designed, and maintained.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 96 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
Dispersed recreation activities can cause considerable damage to soil and water resources,
depending on the site and the volume of traffic. Wetlands, meadows, and stream banks are
particularly susceptible to damage from foot traffic and need special attention when constructing
trails, campsites, and cabin sites. Trails are also susceptible to erosion from runoff that increases
when hikers make shortcuts off the main trail (See BMP 16.4).
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Individual site plans are prepared for each facility. An IDT
identifies potential impacts to water quality and soil hazards for the site development plans as
part of the NEPA process. Mitigation measures needed to protect soil and water resources to
meet State water quality standards will be included in the planning process (see BMP 14.25).
a. Pamphlets, brochures, and other material will be used to encourage public
cooperation in protecting water quality. Forest Officers can issue citations to
violators who cause resource damage.
b. Where practicable, locate recreation facilities 100 feet from perennial streams and
other water-bodies.
c. The design, construction and maintenance of recreational facilities will be
consistent with standard engineering practices to minimize adverse impacts to the soil
and water resources (see BMP 14.29).
d. For contracted projects, compliance with both environmental analysis
requirements and contract specifications must be assured by the Contracting Officer.
e. Erosion control measures will be implemented to mitigate unacceptable
disturbance (see BMP 12.12).
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2332 and 2333. State of Alaska (18 AAC 72) Waste Water
Regulations.
16.4 – PRACTICE: Trail Construction and Maintenance
1. OBJECTIVE. To minimize soil erosion and water quality problems originating from
trails and their drainage structures.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. Trails often
have erosion problems due to poor location, site condition, improper maintenance, and heavy or
improper use. These impacts can be minimized by using standard engineering practices (see
BMP 14) that include location, construction, maintenance, restriction of use, relocation, and so
forth. A variety of techniques can be used to harden trails and campsites in wet areas, and to
reduce erosion on hillslopes. Techniques include:
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 97 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
a. Turnpiking - involves ditching along the uphill side of the trail or campsite on a
sideslope, or ditching both sides of the trail or campsite on the flats to keep water
from seeping underneath an area. Native logs or rock are generally placed along the
shoulder of the turnpike station.
b. Surface or subsurface puncheon - utilizes split cedar planks placed on poles resting
on the ground. Cedar or hemlock is best for subsurface puncheon that is then covered
with a layer of gravel or wood chips. Subsurface puncheon depends on water
saturation for preservation.
c. Overlay on filter fabric - gravel or chips may be overlayed onto wetlands on top of
a geotextile filter fabric. This technique can provide a hard, well-drained surface
across wetlands.
d. Boardwalks - timber boardwalks built on piers or pilings or directly on sills set on
the ground are particularly effective for crossing wet areas or standing water. Treated
timber reduces decay, but chemically treated piers can cause water quality pollution
in open surface waters; therefore, concrete, rock, steel, fiberglass/plastic or naturally
durable wood piers should be considered.
e. Water bars - trails can often become drainageways, causing serious erosion of the
trail. Waterbars divert water off the trail at frequent intervals to reduce the volume
and velocity of runoff that greatly reduces trail erosion.
f. Railings - Railings help keep hikers from shortcutting down erosive hillslopes or
across wetlands and other sensitive areas.
g. Public Education/Interpretation - signing and/or pamphlets can be a useful
technique for focusing hiking and camping use into hardened areas and away from
sensitive/erosive areas.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Each District will develop a trail maintenance plan that
determines level, timing, and frequency of maintenance. Criteria are developed by the IDT
during the NEPA process and incorporated in the project by recreation, engineering, and other
appropriate specialists. The need for closures will be identified through Forest Transportation
Planning. The Forest Supervisor signs closure orders under the CFRs.
4. REFERENCES. FSH 7709.56b and 2309.18. Standard specifications for construction
of trails EM 7720-102 (1984). Alaska Region Trails Construction and Maintenance Guide, 1091 (R10-MB-158).
16.5 – PRACTICE: Management of Off-Highway Vehicle Use
1. OBJECTIVE. To control Off-Highway Vehicle (OHV) use which is causing soil
erosion and adverse effects on water quality and to identify corrective measures.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 98 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
2. EXPLANATION. The resource characteristics of an area are considered when
making a determination of suitability for OHV use. The decision of whether or not this type of
use is permissible is documented in the Road Management Objective (RMO) approved by the
District Ranger. Areas or trails where OHV use is causing degradation of water quality or soil
erosion are identified. The success of the RMO is determined through monitoring and
evaluation. If degradation or erosion is not within acceptable limits, the RMO is reconsidered,
and OHV use may be changed.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Monitoring results will be evaluated against Water Quality
Criteria. If adverse effects are occurring or are likely to occur, corrective action will be taken.
Corrective actions may include, but are not limited to; redistribution in the amount of ORV use,
development of a Travel Plan, signing or barriers to redistribute use, partial closing of areas,
rotation of use on other areas, closure to vehicle types causing the damage or total closure, and
structural solutions such as culverts and bridges. Closure is by an order signed by the Forest
Supervisor.
4. REFERENCES. E.O. 11644, Use of Off-Road Vehicles on the Public Lands, and
E.O. 11989, Off-Road Vehicles on Public Lands; 36 CFR 295.5; FSM 2352, 2355, and 7730.
17 - MINERALS MANAGEMENT
Minerals (including oil, gas, and geothermal resources) exploration and development activities
on National Forest System lands fall into 3 categories: Locatable, Leasable, and Saleable.
1. Locatable. The General Mining Law of 1872, as amended, governs the prospecting
for and the appropriation of metallic and most non-metallic minerals with a distinct and special
value on National Forest System lands that were reserved from the public domain. This applies
to most hard rock and placer mineral deposits.
Instruments that analyze and approve locatable mining activities which could affect water quality
on National Forest System lands are Notice of Intent to Operate, Plan of Operations,
Environmental Analysis, Special-Use Permit(s), Road-Use Permits and State and/or other
Federal agency permits and certification (36 CFR 228, Subpart A and FSM 2810).
A Notice of Intent to Operate is required to conduct mining-related activities which may cause
disturbance of surface resources on National Forest System lands. The proposed operations
described in the Notice must be evaluated and the operator informed that either the operation is
exempt from the requirement for a Plan of Operations, or that one is required. If it is determined
that significant disturbance of surface resources will likely result from the proposed operations,
the operator must submit a Plan of Operations to the District Ranger.
A written Plan of Operations is required from all operators who will likely cause a significant
disturbance of surface resources. Prior to approval of the plan, the operator may be required to
furnish a bond in the form of a surety or other security to perform reclamation work. All
hazardous materials to be used should be listed in the Plan of Operations which shall be
submitted to the Forest Service for review and analysis.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 99 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
A Plan of Operations is also required for construction or reconstruction of roads for access to
mining claims if the cross National Forest System lands. Plans of Operation may include
supplementary plans for water quality monitoring and erosion control. All Plans of Operation
must include how operations are to be conducted to minimize adverse environmental impacts,
including compliance with State and Federal Standards.
Special-use permits may also be required and issued for water diversions, water transmission
facilities, and electric transmission lines outside of mining claims but needed for mining
activities. Permits are required for commercial use of National Forest System roads.
State and other Federal agency permits and/or certification may be required and issued for air
quality, water quality, tidelands development, reclamation, disposal and treatment of solid
wastes, and so forth. When required, the Forest Service will advise the operator to obtain the
appropriate permits or certification. If the proposed operation will involve the use or generation
of hazardous substances, the operator is required to incorporate the permitting requirements of
the appropriate regulatory agencies (36 CFR Subpart A 228.8).
2. Leasable. The Mineral Leasing Act of February 25, 1920, as amended and
supplemented, subjects certain mineral and energy resources to disposal through leasing actions.
These energy and mineral resources include, but are not limited to, coal, oil, gas, geothermal, oil
shale, potassium, sodium, and phosphate. The Mineral Leasing Act for Acquired Lands of
August 7, 1947, makes all minerals on acquired (purchased) National Forest System lands,
unless otherwise reserved or held as outstanding rights, subject to the provisions of the 1920
Minerals Leasing Act.
The Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) make a determination, through the
NEPA process, as to whether or not a permit, license, or lease should be issued by the BLM.
The Forest Service and BLM develop the stipulations needed to protect water quality and other
resource values. Provisions for special-use permits, and State and/or Federal Agency Permits or
Certification also apply (36 CFR 228, Subpart E and FSM 2820).
Mitigation measures are developed by an interdisciplinary team during the environmental
analysis and are written into the special stipulations section of the permit, license, or lease.
Conditions of approval are also developed by the interdisciplinary team to be included in the
operating plan.
By interdepartmental agreement, all applications to lease lands under Forest Service jurisdiction
are referred to the Forest Service for review, recommendation, and development of special
stipulations to protect the surface resources. Administration of oil and gas surface operations on
National Forest System land is the responsibility of the Forest Service, but BLM administers the
lease.
3. Saleable (Common Variety) Minerals. The Materials Act of July 31, 1947, provides
for the disposal and use of common variety mineral materials such as sand, stone, gravel,
pumice, cinders, and clay located on National Forest System lands. Disposal can be by sale or
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 100 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
free-use permit to private entities or Federal, State, and local units of government, when
consistent with good public land management and in the public interest (Refer to 36 CFR 228,
Subpart C and FSM 2850).
Common variety mineral materials may be disposed of and developed when their use is
consistent with good public land management and in the public interest. Use authorizations will
require reasonable erosion control and rehabilitation and revegetation of the surface. Removal
may be approved if adequate measures can be accomplished to prevent erosion or stream
pollution, and satisfactory arrangements can be made for rehabilitation and restoration as
outlined here. New road construction, if allowed, will be located, constructed, and maintained to
protect the soil and water.
A project plan or Mineral Material Permit identifies the location and conditions of mineral
material removal and disposal. Both will be preceded by an environmental analysis. Project
location, the scope of the proposal, and detailed mitigative measures are developed using an
interdisciplinary approach. Compliance with the project design standards, the terms and
conditions of the permit, and applicable Federal and State regulations is assured by the Forest
Service. Mineral extraction sites can be evaluated for possible post-operation utilization as fish
habitat.
All developed mineral material sites will have a site plan developed for the construction and
operation of the site. The site plan will include a 1-inch to 400-foot scale map showing the limits
of the development, location of structures, top soil stock piles, hazardous areas, and contours and
excavated configuration of site.
Operation plans should include the period of operation, equipment and methods of operation,
safety requirements (State and Federal), environmental compliance (requirements, monitoring
and standards), and a reclamation plan showing final closure envisioned.
17.1 – PRACTICE: Mining Site Conditions, Planning, and Design
1. OBJECTIVE. To incorporate soil and water resource considerations into the Plan of
Operations for exploration and extraction of locatable and saleable minerals.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. The exploration
and extraction of locatable and saleable minerals must follow an approved Plan of Operations.
This plan should address soils and water resource concerns in the design and operation of the
project. It should include descriptions, maps, and sketches of the proposed mine site and onsite
riparian areas. Overall plans and schedules for sequential site operations, surface and
groundwater monitoring, and site rehabilitation should be presented for the duration of planned
mining at the site.
Section 505(a) of ANILCA (PL 96-487) gives special direction for mining in Alaska:
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 101 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
"The Secretary of Agriculture shall...maintain the habitats to the maximum extent feasible,
of anadromous fish and other foodfish, and to maintain the present and continued
productivity of such habitat, when such habitats are affected by mining activities on
National Forest lands in Alaska."
Related BMPs for soil and water protection have been identified here to cover the full scope of
planning for mining operations. The following categories, where applicable, should be described
in narrative form and/or sketch in the mining Plan of Operation:
a. Existing Site Conditions:
(1) Physical site characteristics:
(a) Legal claim location description
(b) Map of streams, diversions, natural ponds, water treatment ponds, tailings, waste
rock, and ore piles within and immediately adjacent to the mining claim
(c) Floodplain Analysis and Evaluation (BMP 12.4)
(d) Wetlands Analysis and Evaluation (BMP 12.5)
(e) Riparian Area Designation and Protection (BMP 12.6 and 12.6.1)
(f) Protection of Potentially Unstable Areas (BMP 14.7)
(2) Biological characteristics:
(a) Amount and type of vegetation
(b) Presence of fish
(c) Value of stream aquatic habitat for risk evaluation
(3) Stream characteristics:
(a) Scale map of existing stream pattern
(b) Water quality
(c) Timing, magnitude and duration of flood events
(d) Drainage pattern for overland flow during intense rainfall events
b. Location, Design, Construction, and Operations:
(1) Exploratory drill holes:
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 102 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
(a) Scale map and descriptions of the proposed drill sites, drill hole depths, and use of
any drilling compounds
(2) Operations camp:
(a) Scale map and description of the proposed mining camp
(b) Sanitary facilities/temporary camps (BMP 12.15)
(c) Control of solid waste disposal (BMP 12.16)
(3) Processing facilities:
(a) Proposed method of milling or materials handling
(b) Chemicals (including, where applicable, Material Data Safety Sheets) and
chemical processes to be used in milling
(c) Runoff collection, runoff dispersion, sediment collection, soil stabilization,
seeding, and revegetation
(4) Access routes:
(a) Location of transportation facilities (BMP 14.2)
(b) Design of transportation facilities (BMP 14.3)
(c) Measures to minimize mass failure (BMP 14.7)
(d) Measures to minimize surface erosion (BMP 14.8)
(e) Drainage control to minimize erosion & sediment (BMP 14.9)
(f) Bridge and culvert design and installation (BMP 14.17)
(g) Development and rehabilitation of gravel sources & quarries (BMP 14.18)
(5) Control, treatment, and disposal of mine drainage and/or mill effluent:
(a) Slurry and wastewater pipelines
(b) Water treatment ponds and other facilities
(6) Water withdrawal:
(a) Diversion ditchs and headgates
(b) Water impoundments
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 103 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
(7) Waste rock and tailings disposal areas:
(a) Mineralogic chemical characteristics of waste rock tailings
(b) Potential for production of metal leachates, acid rock drainage, and sediment
(c) Runoff collection, runoff dispersion, sediment collection, soil stabilization,
seeding, and revegetation
(8) Storage and handling of fuel and other toxic material:
(a) Oil Pollution Prevention & Refueling Operations (BMP 12.8)
(b) Oil and Hazardous Substance Pollution Planning (BMP 12.9)
(9) Clearing and stockpiling of overburden:
(a) Type of material
(b) Method and timing for clearing
(c) Storage location for materials
(d) Erosion control techniques for the stockpiles
(e) Right of way and roadside debris (BMP 14.19)
c. Current Year's Mining Activities - Location and Schedule.
A schedule of annual operations should be included as part of the annual Plan of Operations for
placer mining, and as an update to the hardrock Plan of Operations.
(1) Map of the area to be mined or developed this year. Mining should be based on
sample pits, trenches, or drilling where possible
(2) When equipment will be moved on and off site
(3) Timing of proposed mining activities near streams. Instream work on fish streams
needs to be scheduled to minimize impacts on fish passage, and fish spawning and
rearing habitat
d. Water quality monitoring:
(1) Location of sampling sites and sampling schedule for any water quality
monitoring that is required of the operator
(2) Soil & Water Resource Monitoring Evaluation
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 104 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
(3) NPDES Permitting Process
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Description for mining site conditions, planning, design, and
scheduling are given in each mining plan of operation. Responsibility for developing the Plan of
Operation belongs to the individual operator and/or lessor. The District Ranger or staff is
responsible for reviewing the plan and requesting additional information if necessary. Review
can involve using a Forest Service interdisciplinary team.
The District Ranger acknowledges receipt of the Plan and informs operator that the:
a. Plan is approved; or
b. Operations are such that the operator does not need a plan; or
c. Plan needs to be modified or changed to include items necessary to meet the
purpose of the regulations in 36 CFR 228 subpart A; or
d. Plan is being reviewed and additional time is needed to complete the review
(cannot exceed 60 days); or
e. Plan cannot be approved until an FEIS is prepared and filed with the CEQ (36
CFR 228.5).
4. REFERENCES. 36 CFR 228, 36 CFR 251, and 30 U.S.C. 612; FSM 2810 and 2827;
Reference Manual (Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Jan. 1986), Alaska Statute 16.05.840
and 16.05.870. ANILCA (Public Law 96-487) sec 505.
17.2 – PRACTICE: Placer Mining - (NPDES) Permits
1. OBJECTIVE. To incorporate soil and water resource considerations into NPDES
Permits for placer mining plans of operation for placer mining.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. Mining Plan of
Operations must explain the annual work, including reference to the handling processing and
discharge of mining materials. For placer mining operations using mechanized equipment
(including suction dredges), EPA requires the following best management practices be followed
for issuance of a NPDES wastewater discharge permit:
a. Surface Water Diversion. The flow of surface water into the plant site shall be
interrupted and these waters diverted around and away from incursion into the plant
site.
b. Berm Construction. Berms, including any pond walls, dikes, low dams, and
similar water retention structures shall be constructed in a manner such that they are
reasonably expected to reject the passage of water.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 105 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
c. Pollutant Material Storage. Measures shall be taken to assure that pollutant
materials removed from the process water and wastewater streams will be retained in
storage areas and not discharged or released to the waters of the United States.
d. New Water Control. The amount of new water allowed to enter the plant site for
use in ore processing shall be limited to the minimum amount required as make-up
water for processing operations.
e. Effluent Limitations. The concentration of pollutants discharged in process
wastewater from an open-cut mine plant site shall not exceed an instantaneous
maximum for: settleable solids of 0.2 milliliters per liter; turbidity of 5 NTU's above
"natural" background; and total recoverable arsenic of 0.18 micrograms per liter with
no "natural" background measurements.
f. Maintenance of Water Control and Solids Retention Devices. All water control
devices such as diversion structures and berms, and all solid retention structures such
as berms, dikes, pond structures, and dams shall be maintained to continue their
effectiveness and to protect from unexpected and catastrophic failure. Water control
and retention structures shall be designed and constructed to contain the design storm
runoff event.
g. Seasonal Closure. The operator shall take whatever reasonable steps are
appropriate to assure that, after the operating season, all mine areas, including ponds,
are in a condition which will not cause additional degradation to the receiving waters
over those resulting from natural causes. (See BMP 17.5)
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Each mining operator is responsible to file for an NPDES
wastewater discharge permit through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The permit
requires all mechanized placer mining operations to follow the practices listed above.
Enforcement for compliance with these practices is the direct responsibility of the EPA;
however, responsibility may also be taken by the ADEC, or by the Forest Service District Ranger
or representative.
The District Ranger or representative can do the following in the event of operator noncompliance:
a. Issue non-compliance notice
b. Issue a citation
c. File a court injunction
d. Pursue civil and/or criminal prosecution.
These actions should be coordinated through the Forest Minerals Specialist.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 106 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
4. REFERENCES. Federal Register, Vol. 53, No. 100, 5/24/88, Part 440, Subpart M,
USEPA NPDES Permit No: AK-00.
17.3 – PRACTICE: Hard Rock Mining
1. OBJECTIVE. To incorporate soil and water resource considerations into the planning
process for mining plans of operation for lode mining operations.
2. EXPLANATION. Hard rock mining consists of developing a tunnel system or, for
open pit, the extraction of lodes of ore-bearing rock. Areas of high-grade ore require little
surface disposal of wastes; generally these wastes can be backfilled or contained in the areas
where the ore has been removed. However, the majority of deposits contain low-grade ore
combined with large amounts of waste rock. This requires surface disposal and presents a high
potential for degradation of water quality from sedimentation and acid contamination. Drainage
of water from the mine is another potential contaminate.
While most development at these sites is below ground, surface facilities include roads, dump or
waste disposal areas, equipment storage and service sites, administrative buildings, and supply
storage. Associated activities generally include milling operations. Waste disposal from mills
present an even greater potential for adverse effects on water quality. Mill waste (tailings) is
generally finely ground and transported and stored as a slurry. Storage is generally in surface
ponds.
The following applies to hard rock mining operations:
a. Development of surface facilities should conform to appropriate practices as
detailed in other chapters. These include measures to protect water quality during
exploration, construction, and developmental activities. Related practices are: 12.8,
12.9, 12.10, 12.14, 12.15, 12.17, 14.6, 14.9, 14.15, 14,17, 14.18, 14.19, 14.20, 14.24,
16.4, and 16.5. In addition, practice 14.3 would apply to the location and design of
saltwater transportation facilities.
b. Mine waste will be disposed of in a manner to prevent unacceptable damage to the
soil and water resources and should include: location of the waste material where
sedimentation potential is minimized; stabilization of waste material to prevent
movement; treatment of waste with potential for acid production with lime or caustic
soda to prevent leaching into surface or subsurface waters; and revegetation of waste
disposal sites to prevent erosion.
c. Water from mines should be released slowly to reduce deposition of suspended
particulate matter and the introduction of oxygen-deficient water into streams, and to
prevent downstream flooding. Water that has become acidic should be treated prior
to release. Mine water may be directly used in mill boilers where it may be recycled
to reduce contamination of surface waters.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 107 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
d. When feasible, mill tailings should be returned underground if they will not
contaminate the groundwater. Surface disposal sites (ponds) should be sited to
prevent embankment erosion by surface water and in a location to minimize flooding
potential. Where necessary, construct catchment ponds downstream from the
embankment to collect seepage and tailing eroded from the face of the embankment.
Use decanting systems, as appropriate, to remove water from the pond after solids
separation.
e. When toxic solutions, as a result of dissolved salts or metals, are found as
leachates from tailings, monitor and treat effluent as required in NPDES Permits.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. The Forest Service will designate locations for facilities and
waste and tailings disposal sites as identified in the environmental analysis. Detailed mitigation
measures are developed by an interdisciplinary team during the environmental analysis and are
incorporated into the plan of operations. The mining operator is responsible for the development
of the operating plan with review and approval by the Forest Service.
4. REFERENCES. 36 CFR 228, Subpart A and FSM 2810.
17.4 – PRACTICE: Permits and Administration of Geophysical Operations
1. OBJECTIVE. To protect the quality of surface and groundwater from degradation
resulting from geophysical activities on National Forest System lands.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative practice. Geophysical activities will be
managed in a manner that is both timely and offers protection to other multiple-use values and
management objectives.
Many activities have no effects. However, if effects are identified, standard seismic hole
plugging procedures will be followed to prevent contamination of groundwater resources, and
shot hole placement will be examined for potential impacts to other resource values. New road
construction, if allowed, will be located, designed, constructed, and maintained to protect the soil
and water resources. Roads will be obliterated when no longer needed (BMP 14.24).
3. IMPLEMENTATION. During the environmental analysis, an interdisciplinary team
will be assembled to prepare the appropriate NEPA document that evaluates potential impacts,
including cumulative, and any needed mitigation measures for the geophysical prospecting
permit. The use of water resources for prospecting activities may require non-Forest Service
authorizations or permits.
4. REFERENCES. Organic Act of 1897 (30 Stat. 34, as amended, 16 U.S.C. 472, 475478, 480-482, 551); Multiple Use--Sustained-Yield Act of 1960 (74 Stat. 215, 16 U.S.C. 528531); RPA, as amended (88 Stat. 476; 16 U.S.C. 1600-1614); FSM 2860.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 108 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
17.5 – PRACTICE: Site Closure and Rehabilitation
1. OBJECTIVE. To incorporate soil and water resource considerations into the planning
process for mining Plan of Operation.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and corrective practice. Details of final
site rehabilitation measures should be described and mapped in the mining Plan of Operation.
Emphasis should be given to steps for speeding site recovery and enhancing the value of
rehabilitated areas to fish and wildlife. Topics addressed should include:
a. Stream rehabilitation, including drawings and descriptions of the final location and
configuration for the active stream channel, and fish habitat features intended for the
restored stream reach.
b. Floodplain rehabilitation, including: plans for final cleaning and/or stabilization of
settling ponds; final configuration of drainage control structures; final site sloping and
contouring for drainage control; distribution of stockpiled material; and revegetation
sites in disturbed areas.
c. Spoils, waste rocks storage areas, and campsites should be reshaped to provide
proper surface drainage and erosion control. All disturbed areas should be stabilized
by vegetation.
d. Tailing disposal sites should be reclaimed to prevent erosion and toxic leachates
from entering surface drainages and aquifers. Reclamation measures include liming,
contouring, capping and revegetation of tailing piles; use of interceptor ditches to
divert surface runoff away from tailing disposal sites; and construction of internal
drainage system to collect and safely dispose of water which infiltrates the tailings
pile.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. A description of the site closure and rehabilitation plan is
given in each mining Plan of Operation. Responsibility for developing the Plan of Operation
belongs to the individual operator and/or lessor. The District Ranger or staff is responsible for
reviewing the plan and requesting more detail if necessary. Review can involve using a Forest
Service interdisciplinary team.
4. REFERENCES. 36 CFR 228, 36 CFR 251, and 30 U.S.C. 612; Reference Manual
(Alaska Department of Fish and Game, January 1986), Surface Environment and Mining
(SEAM) Reclamation Users Guide.
17.6 – PRACTICE: Abandoned Mine Land Reclamation
1. OBJECTIVE. To reduce erosion and water quality degradation by sediment and toxic
substances from abandoned mined lands and mining facilities through reclamation of these lands.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 109 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
2. EXPLANATION. This is a corrective practice. Abandoned mined lands are
frequently erosive, bare of vegetation, or are exuding toxic substances and/or sediment into
nearby streams. Some sites may pose a threat to public health or safety. Reclamation plans for
reducing impacts to soil and water resources are needed for each abandoned mine. Specific
practices may vary from site to site, ranging from simple revegetation or reshaping with earthmoving equipment, to restoration to pre-disturbance conditions.
It is important that the site be revegetated with plant species that accomplish the purposes of
reclamation. Species may be native or introduced and may be both live plants or seed. Fertility
of soil and spoil materials and climate will affect species selection and survival, and soil
amendment recommendations.
18 - FISH AND WILDLIFE HABITAT MANAGEMENT
The Forest Service in Region 10 has been actively involved in implementing habitat
improvement projects for both fish and wildlife.
1. Fisheries. Fish habitat improvement projects in the Region can be split into two major
categories:
a. Development of Groundwater-fed Spawning and Rearing Habitat Areas. These
projects are focused on specific salmon species, and generally involve excavation of
permeable gravels in shallow groundwater areas, resulting in new groundwater-fed
streams and ponds. The projects are often coordinated with gravel extraction for
other purposes such as road construction.
b. Projects to improve existing spawning and rearing habitat, or to improve
accessibility to unavailable habitat. These projects generally focus on salmon, but
some are directed to resident salmonids. The projects cover a wide spectrum of
activities including, but not limited to: instream placement of fish ladders; physically
removing stream barriers such as small waterfalls; placement of steps in steep stream
segments to improve access; placement of large woody debris or boulders into
streams to improve habitat characteristics; alteration of channel configuration to
improve habitat; construction of small dams to increase depth in shallow ponds used
for rearing; channel bank reinforcement on streams with eroding banks; and
fertilization of lakes with very low nutrient values.
Although all the project types listed above have the potential to benefit fish habitat
(and therefore quantities of fish available), the projects should be accomplished in a
way that will minimize erosion and degradation of water quality.
2. Wildlife. Wildlife habitat improvement projects will be accomplished in a manner
that maintains or improves water quality. The majority of wildlife habitat improvement projects
in Region 10 are focused on either big game species (such as moose, Sitka black-tailed deer, Dall
sheep, and mountain goats) or waterfowl. Examples of projects are as follows:
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 110 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
a. Projects for improvement of big game habitat include: prescribed burns, plantings
or seeding of appropriate browse species, type conversions, thinning, range
improvement, and fertilization.
b. Projects for improvement of waterfowl habitat include: creation of waterfowl
ponds through excavation, blasting, damming, or flooding of dewatered areas;
development of outflow regulation on ponds to adjust pond depth; and development
of nesting islands and nesting boxes.
18.1 – PRACTICE: Fish and Wildlife Habitat Improvement Planning
1. OBJECTIVE. To incorporate soil and water resource considerations into planning for
fish and wildlife improvement projects.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative practice. Fish and wildlife habitat
improvement projects are developed through an interdisciplinary process. The environmental
analysis evaluates the potential for impacts and cumulative effects on soil and water resources, as
needed. The environmental analysis: (1) considers how to minimize potential erosion and/or
water quality effects during and following construction or implementation of the project; (2)
includes mitigation of effects for project sites where impacts are unavoidable; and (3) identifies
environmentally sensitive areas where impacts from proposed changes cannot be mitigated to
conform to standards.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. During the NEPA process, an interdisciplinary team will
evaluate watershed and streamflow characteristics and estimate the response of soil and water
resources to proposed fish and wildlife improvement projects. Many instream projects require
detailed hydrologic evaluation, including peak flow and low flow estimates. The NEPA process
identifies mitigating measures needed to protect soil and water resources. Project work will
include provisions to meet water quality, soils, and other resource protection requirements as
directed by the environmental analysis.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2620 and 2630; individual Forest Plans; Federal Clean Water
Act, Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Section 404), Coastal Zone Management Act (Public
Law 92-583), Alaska Coastal Management Program (6 AAC 50.010).
18.2 – PRACTICE: Development of Groundwater-fed Spawning and Rearing
Habitat from Gravel Extraction and Other Sites
1. OBJECTIVE. To minimize sediment production from gravel extraction and/or ground
reshaping during and following construction of groundwater-fed spawning and rearing streams
and ponds.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. Development of
groundwater-fed streams and ponds involves excavation below the water table and may include
connecting the newly developed streams and ponds with an existing anadromous fish stream.
During construction, isolating the new groundwater system from the existing stream minimizes
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 111 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
sediment production. The isolated groundwater system then serves as its own sedimentation
basin until construction is completed. The last step of construction is to pull the gravel plug
between the groundwater system and the existing stream. Sediment production related to
construction activities can be further limited by placement of temporary settlement basins, or
filters such as hay bales and or filter fabric. Stabilization of pond and channel slopes may
include riprap, mulching, seeding, and/or planting (for example: willows, alders). Ponds
developed for waterfowl habitat are, in some cases, unconnected to nearby streams. Such ponds
generally do not pose water quality problems for adjacent stream systems. If these ponds
overspill during heavy rainfall events, then a protected overspill channel should be provided.
Excavation of groundwater-fed channels and ponds should be limited to areas out of the active
floodplain. Flooding of these channel and pond projects not only has the potential to divert the
adjacent natural stream channel and increase the sediment load, but may also cause physical
damage to the channels and ponds themselves. If flooding impacts are expected on a project,
flood protection measures, such as berms or dikes, should be provided. These protection
measures should be designed and constructed to withstand major flooding events from adjacent
streams.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Project feasibility, location, suitability, and the limits for
disturbance and sediment production will be identified through the NEPA process using an
interdisciplinary approach. Detailed mitigative measures are developed by the design engineer
using criteria from the environmental analysis and through consultation with technical resource
staffs when needed. Development of groundwater-fed streams and ponds will be coordinated
with appropriate State Agencies.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2511, 2505.1, and 2630; R-10 FSH 2609.24; Clean Water Act
(Public Law 95-217, Section 404), Coastal Zone Management Act (Public Law 92-583), Alaska
Coastal Management Program (6 AAC 50.010); Alaska Water Quality Standard Regulations (18
AAC 70).
18.3 – PRACTICE: In-Channel Excavation or Disturbance During Fish and Wildlife
Habitat Improvement Projects
1. OBJECTIVE. To minimize stream channel disturbances and related sediment
production from fish and wildlife habitat improvement projects through identification of, and
compliance with, project specifications.
2. EXPLANATION. During development of instream fish or wildlife habitat
improvement projects, it may be necessary for construction equipment to cross, operate in, or
operate near stream courses. Close coordination is needed on the projects to minimize damage to
the stream and aquatic resources. Instream work should be done during low flow periods
whenever possible. Sediment control measures will be provided at construction sites in cases
where construction activities would cause increased sedimentation and/or other deterioration of
water quality. Settlement basins or filters should be used to remove sediment from excess flows
out of the construction area. Equipment use within a live stream channel shall be kept to a
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 112 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
minimum through the utilization of best available technology and techniques. Crossing streams
with equipment will be restricted to a time period that will not significantly affect egg and alevin
survival, and will be at agreed crossing sites. Where appropriate, other protective measures
required of road construction activities shall be applied. These include BMPs 14.6, 14.15, and
14.17.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. The Interdisciplinary Team determines the project location
and mitigative measures during the NEPA process. If construction work is contracted, all
mitigative measures need to be incorporated within the contract. The Contracting Officer assures
compliance with the management requirements, contract specifications, and operating plans.
Water quality and channel condition changes are monitored.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2511, 2505.1, 2630, and R-10 Supp. to 5460.1; R-10 FSH
2609.24; Federal Clean Water Act (Public Law 95-217); Federal Water Pollution Control Act
(Section 404); Coastal Zone Management Act (Public Law 92-583); Alaska Coastal
Management Program (6 AAC 50.010); and Alaska Water Quality Standard Regulations (18
AAC 70).
18.4 – PRACTICE: Ground Fertilization for Wildlife Habitat Improvement
1. OBJECTIVE. To minimize impacts to water quality in stream systems and lakes
within and adjacent to areas being fertilized.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. Fertilization is a
technique used to improve the growth rates and viability of certain browse plants and
microorganisms. Fertilizers generally increase nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus within the
soil. Calcium carbonate (lime) is sometimes used to reduce soil acidity. Fertilizers for the most
part reside in the soil where they are available for plant uptake. However, a small percentage of
these nutrients are washed into streams during rainfall or snowmelt events, or become dissolved
into the groundwater. Increased concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium within
surface waters may increase the growth of aquatic vegetation, particularly within lakes.
Excessive levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in surface and groundwater can be harmful to fish,
wildlife, and human users. High nutrient levels within lake waters cause undesirable vegetation
growth in the lake and reduce the "life" of the lake through eutrophication. Fertilizers should be
applied at manufacturer recommended rates, or less. When areas in excess of 20 acres are being
fertilized, a fertilization plan should be developed by an interdisciplinary team. Direct
application of fertilizers into streams and lakes shall be avoided unless specifically recommended
by the interdisciplinary team. Nutrient concentrations in surface water must not exceed State and
Federal water quality standards.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. The Interdisciplinary Team determines the project location,
application rates and frequency, and any needed mitigative measures for fertilization projects in
excess of 20 acres during the NEPA process. Pre- and post-fertilization water quality monitoring
shall be done to evaluate nutrient concentrations in the water. If fertilizer application is
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 113 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
contracted, all mitigative measures should be included in the contract. The Contracting Officer
assures compliance with the management requirements, contract specifications, and operating
plans.
4. REFERENCES. Federal Clean Water Act (Public Law 95-217), Coastal Zone
Management Act (Public Law 92-583), Alaska Coastal Management Program (6 AAC 50.010);
Alaska Water Quality Standard Regulations (18 AAC 70); Alaska Drinking Water Regulations
(18 AAC 80.050); EPA - Quality Criteria for Water, 1976.
18.5 – PRACTICE: Lake Fertilization for Fish Habitat Improvement
1. OBJECTIVE. Limit eutrophication in Forest lakes.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative practice. Fertilization can be used to
improve the growth of aquatic fauna and flora within a lake and in turn increase fish productivity
within the lake. Too much fertilization, however, can cause over production of unwanted
vegetation within the lake and eventually can limit fish habitat. Lake fertilization shall be
carefully evaluated and monitored to assure that excessive nutrient levels do not result.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Project location, feasibility, suitability, application rates and
frequency, and any needed mitigative measures will be identified through the NEPA process
using an interdisciplinary approach. Pre-and post-fertilization water quality monitoring shall be
done on selected representative lakes to evaluate nutrient concentrations in the water. If fertilizer
application is contracted, all mitigative measures should be included in the contract. Chemical
materials shall be certified as free of impurities prior to use. The Contracting Officer assures
compliance with the management requirements, contract specifications, and operating plans.
4. REFERENCES. Federal Clean Water Act (Public Law 95-217), Coastal Zone
Management Act (Public Law 92-583), Alaska Coastal Management Program (6 AAC 50.010);
Alaska Water Quality Standards (18 AAC 70); Alaska Drinking Water Regulations (18 AAC
80.050); EPA - Quality Criteria for Water, 1976. "Policy and Guidelines for Lake Fertilization",
June 30, 1979, ADF&G prepared by Lake Fertilization Team and F.R.E.D. Technology Series
"Limnology Field and Laboratory Manual; Methods for Assessing Aquatic Productivity", Jeff
Koenings and Gary Kyle, ADF&G No. 71, Feb. 1987.
19 - FIRE SUPPRESSION AND FUELS MANAGEMENT
Fire suppression activities on National Forest System lands are conducted to protect life and
property and natural resources. Suppression activities include hand or mechanical fireline and
access road construction, firing operations, and fire retardant drops or use of foaming agents.
Water quality and soil erosion and productivity objectives are weighed with the need for rapid
suppression during the development of suppression strategies. The suppression strategies
CRITICAL (control), FULL (control), MODIFIED (contain) and LIMITED (confine) are
outlined in Fire Management Plans. Since some watershed damage will likely result from
suppression activities, an objective of the fire suppression program is to rehabilitate suppressionrelated damage. The fire suppression program covers cost of rehabilitation of damaged areas.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 114 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
Fuels management activities are intended to reduce the size, cost, and damage of wildfire, protect
or enhance wildlife habitat, provide silvicultural site preparation and promote forest health.
Fuels management is a form of vegetation manipulation, and should be coordinated with other
resource management goals. Vegetation is manipulated by changing fuel type, creating fuel
breaks, or by reducing or altering fuels over extensive areas. Fuels management is also
concerned with the manipulation of dead fuels such as cull logs and slash. These materials may
be utilized, removed, or burned to reduce fuel loading.
19.1 – PRACTICE: Fire and Fuel Management Activities and Prescriptions
1. OBJECTIVE. Reduce flooding and erosion by controlling the frequency, intensity,
and destructiveness of wildfire.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. These measures
include: (1) fire suppression; (2) access roads; (3) fuel utilization and modification programs; (4)
type conversions; (5) fuel reduction and prescribed burning; and (6) public information and
education programs.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Suppression of wildfires is an emergency and is covered by
the rules, regulations, and policies for emergency response. Initial response to an incident is
addressed in the fire plans. Fires that carry over into extra burning periods require an Escaped
Fire Situation Analysis (EFSA). The EFSA analyzes the suppression activities in relation to the
cost versus values at risk. Provisions can be made to mitigate adverse environmental impacts.
Fuel Management is implemented through normal program planning and budgeting, Forest
Planning, and NEPA processes. These projects are initiated to accomplish specific resource or
management objectives. Fuel management projects are evaluated by an interdisciplinary team to
include: soil, timber, water, wildlife, fish, recreation, and fire staff representatives. The
management objectives and requirements, and multiple resource protection prescriptions are
documented through the NEPA process. Application of controls and prescriptions are the
responsibility of the project officer.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 1950, 5102, 5103, 5121, 5150.2, 5150.3, and 5151.
19.2 – PRACTICE: Protection of Water Quality Through Prescribed Burning
Prescriptions
1. OBJECTIVES. Maintain soil productivity, minimize erosion, and the introduction of
ash, sediment, nutrients, and debris into surface waters, through the formulation of the burning
prescription.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. Prescribed
burning prescription elements include fire weather, expected fire behavior, slope, aspect, soil
moisture, duff moisture, fuel moisture, time of burn, duration of burn, and firing patterns. All of
these elements can directly influence fire intensity. Fire intensity directly affects how much of
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 115 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
the litter layer remains after burning. The amount of remaining litter and possible water
repellency of the soil after burning can significantly affect erosion rates, infiltration and
percolation rates, and runoff volumes, which affects water quality.
Techniques used to prevent soil erosion and water quality degradation are: (1) maintain integrity
of riparian areas; (2) avoid intense fires, which may promote water repellency, nutrient leaching,
and erosion; (3) retain or plan for sufficient ground cover to prevent erosion of the burned sites;
(4) removal of all debris added to stream channels as a result of prescribed burning, unless debris
is prescribed to improve fish habitat; (5) construct water bars in fire lines; and (6) target fine
fuels for reduction while retaining larger fuels for stabilization.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. An interdisciplinary team should identify riparian and other
environmentally sensitive areas for protection or other mitigation measures. The optimum and
tolerable limits for soil and water resource needs should be established through the NEPA
process. Field investigations are to be conducted to identify site-specific conditions that may
affect the prescription. Monitoring and evaluation plans will ensure that the objectives have
been met.
The prescription should identify any preburn work to be accomplished by Forest Service and/or
other crews. This can include, but is not limited to, water barring firelines, reducing fuel
concentrations, and monitoring fire weather.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 5140, 5142, 5150.3, 5151, and 5153.
19.3 – PRACTICE: Minimizing Watershed Impacts from Fire Suppression Efforts
1. OBJECTIVES. Minimize watershed impacts caused by fire related suppression
activities.
2. EXPLANATION. This is an administrative and preventive practice. An Escaped Fire
Situation Analysis shall be prepared for all fires that escape initial suppression action. The
analysis will be prepared by a Line Officer with input from the Incident Management Team.
Watershed considerations will be part of the analysis.
Heavy equipment operation on fragile soils, sensitive areas, and steep slopes should be avoided
when possible. A Resource Advisor will be assigned on all project fires to advise the Incident
Commander on resource values during the suppression effort.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. The Forest Supervisor and works assign a Resource Advisor
for the Incident Management Team. Local technical experts are normally available to provide
input to the Resource Advisor on water quality concerns and identify the location of fragile soils,
sensitive or unstable areas, and other pertinent information.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 5130.3 and 5132; FSH 5109.19.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 116 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
19.4 – PRACTICE: Stabilization of Fire Suppression Related Watershed Damage
1. OBJECTIVE. Stabilize all areas that have had their erosion potential significantly
increased, or their drainage pattern altered by suppression related activities.
2. EXPLANATION. This is a corrective practice. Treatments for fire-suppression
damages include, but are not limited to: (1) installing water bars and other drainage diversions in
fire roads, firelines, and other cleared areas; (2) seeding, planting and fertilizing to provide
vegetative cover; (3) spreading slash or mulch to protect bare soil; (4) repairing damaged road
drainage facilities; and (5) clearing stream channels of debris that is deposited by suppression
activities.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. The fire fighting forces either as a part of the suppression
effort or before personnel and equipment are taken off the fireline does this work. The Incident
Commander is responsible under the direction of the local Line Officer for repair of suppression
related resource damage.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2523 and 5130.2 and FSH 2509.13.
19.5 – PRACTICE: Emergency Watershed Rehabilitation
1. OBJECTIVES. Minimize the loss of soil and, the deterioration of water quality, both
on and off site.
2. EXPLANATION. This is a corrective practice. Emergency rehabilitation is a
mitigation measure that involves a variety of treatments. Treatments may include: (1) seeding
grasses or other vegetation to provide a protective cover as soon as possible; (2) fertilizing; (3)
clearing debris from stream channels; (4) water barring; and (5) construction or placement of soil
stabilization structures. Treatments are selected on the basis of on-site values, downstream
values, probability of successful implementation, social and environmental considerations, and
cost compared to benefits.
3. IMPLEMENTATION. Damage surveys are conducted promptly to determine if
emergency rehabilitation treatment is needed. The responsible line officer may assemble an
interdisciplinary team, if significant resource damage has occurred. Team members normally
include a hydrologist, a soil scientist, and other technical resource staffs, as needed. The survey
results and proposed rehabilitation treatment measures are sent to the Regional Office and other
appropriate agencies for approval. If the rehabilitation project is funded, a rehabilitation team
begins work as soon as possible. Work should be completed before damaging storms occur.
Rehabilitation projects are evaluated annually and following major storms and runoff events,
until the watershed is stabilized. The evaluation determines the effectiveness of the
rehabilitation measures and indicates if followup actions are needed.
R-10 AMENDMENT 2509.22-2006-2
EFFECTIVE DATE: 07/14/2006
DURATION: This amendment is effective until superseded or removed.
2509.22_10
Page 117 of 117
FSH 2509.22 – SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 10 – WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR
NATIONAL FOREST SYSTEM LANDS IN ALASKA
In situations where National Forest System and other intermingled lands are involved, an
interagency rehabilitation team may be requested to conduct the surveys. Prior coordination and
agreements are necessary to ensure each landowner's needs and objectives are met.
4. REFERENCES. FSM 2523 and 2323.43b and FSH 2509.13.