Keywords: Active Transport, Osmosis, Diffusion, lungs, alveoli, villi, stomata, root hair cell
Human Kidney
Vital for homeostasis
Works by filtering everything from blood and then
reabsorbing all the sugar, as well as the mineral ions
and water needed.
Active transport ensures ALL sugar is reabsorbed and
diffusion makes sure mineral ions and water is
reabsorbed in the right amounts
Hot day with little water intake = little urine
(concentrated)
Cold day with large water intake = lots of urine (dilute)
Dialysis
•Much more readily
available
•Enables you to lead
relatively normal life
•No risk of rejection
•No need for medicine
The Intestine
VILLI= tiny protrusions in the intestine which help
to absorb the products of digestion
Use active transport + diffusion to gain as much of
the valuable materials, especially sugar, as possible
Villi help increase absorption because they:
Have a large surface area (squashed up)
Are moist
Are very close to a large network of capillaries
(absorbed straight into blood stream)
Transplant
•Eat what you like
•Lead a normal life
•Free from restrictions
which come with regular
dialysis sessions
Active Transport
Active Transportrequires energy to
transport molecules
from low to a high
concentration
Transpiration is the loss of water by evaporation from plants.
Plants lose water when they open the stomata in the leaves to let in carbon dioxide.
Transpiration happens faster in hot, dry, windy conditions.
The Breathing System:
The Circulatory System:
-Takes air into and out of your body.
-The body transport system
-O2 diffuses into your bloodstream and CO2 diffuses out.
consists of blood vessels, the
-Alveoli=large surface area, moist, thin walls.
heart and blood.
lungs
-Human beings have a double
circulation.
-the heart works a s a pump
moving blood around the body.
-the 3 main types of blood vessel
are the Arteries (Away from heart),
veINs (INto heart) and capillaries.
body’s
cells
The Blood
WHITE BLOOD CELLS- fights
PLATELETS- help blood to clot
PLASMA- holds dissolved
substances, glucose (taken from
the small intestine to the body
organs), CO2, waste products
(urea from the kidneys)
RED BLOOD CELLS- No
nucleus- more room for
Haemoglobin
Special shape with a lowered
Centre- greater surface area to
absorb gas
HAEMOGLOBIN- substance
which gains oxygen from the
lungs to form OXYhaemoglobin.
Then releases oxygen into cells.
Keywords: Transpiration, artery, vein, capillary, heart, red blood cells, haemoglobin, plasma, platelets, an/aerobic respiration,
Keywords: Biogas, biofuels, Biogenesis, Pasteur, mycoprotein, antibiotics, Flemming
Growing Microorganisms
Micro-organisms grow in an agar culture medium
with a carbohydrate energy source and various
other vitamins, minerals and proteins
You need to take careful safety measures and
use sterilized equipment to ensure the growth
of uncontaminated cultures
Biogas – mainly methane – produced by
anaerobic fermentation of a wide
range of plants and waste materials
that contain carbohydrates
Gets rid of waste, solves energy needs
and is renewable, however hard to do
it on a large scale
Fermenters
Microbes can be grown on a large scale
using fermenters
Fermenters have features such as an
oxgen supply, stirrer to keep
microorganisms in suspension and
maintain an even temp, water-cooler
jacket to remove excess heat and
measuring instruments such as pH and
temperature gauges
Mycoprotein is produced by allowing the
fungus ‘Fusarium’ to grow on sugar syrup
in aerobic conditions
Antibiotics
kill bacteria
Biofuels
Ethanol based fuels can be produced from
anaerobic fermentation of sugar cane juices
by the enzyme carbohydrase.
+ves = does’nt produce toxic gases, much
cleaner and can be mixed with petrol, carbon
neutral
-ves = needs lots of space, poor countries
grow cash crops instead of feeding people 
starvation.
Penicillin
Discovery of penicillin was made by
Alexander Fleming. Penicillium mould
is used as it provides more penicillin,
as it is made in a fermenter.
Effect of Exercise
Energy from respiration
used to make muscles
contract
When this happens, you
need more respiration to
take place (ie more O2 +
glucose, quicker CO2
release)
Causes increased
heart/breathing rate
Arteries dilate  more
blood for muscles
increases oxygen/glucose
supply CO2 is removed
quicker
Theory of Biogenesis
Pasteur did a series of
experiments.
MICROBES CAUSE THINGS TO
DECAY
THIS MEANS THAT LIFE
(MICROBES) CANT JUST
APPEAR FROM NOTHING,
(SPONTANEOUS GENERATION).
Bacteria and Food production
Bacteria are used to make cheese and yoghurt
Yoghurt is formed when bacteria act on lactose
(sugar in the milk), producing lactic acid and
changing the texture and taste of the milk
Different type of bacteria is added for cheese,
making much more lactic acid is made and it is
thicker (curds)
This is cooled and left in moulds to set and then
more bacteria is added to give different flavours
Anaerobic Respiration
Your everyday muscle
movements are made possible
by AEROBIC respiration
If heart rate is increased,
blood cant supply O2 quick
enough
Anaerobic respiration doesn’t
involve O2 and is less
efficient
Glucose  Lactic Acid (+
energy)
Lactic acid needs to be got
rid of (by reacting with O2
to form CO2 + water) =
OXYGEN DEBT
Exchange in Plants
Need osmosis in
roots (for water)
and diffusion near
stomata (for CO2)
Leaves thin + flat
to increase SA for
light and a waxy
cuticle to prevent
evaporation
Root hair cells
increase SA
because of long,
thin hairs
Most minerals +
ions needed taken
through roots
Yeast and Food production
Yeast is a single celled organism which can respire
both aerobically and an anaerobically
Aerobic respiration produces CO2 and water and is
used to make bread rise
Anaerobic respiration produces CO2 and ethanol,
the process is known as fermentation
This is used in the production of beer, wine and
other alcoholic drinks
BREATHING
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Muscle cells carrying out
Keywords: kidney, dialysis, transplant, immunosuppressant drugs, microbes, fermentation, yeast, bread, alcohol, bacteria, yoghurt
lactic acid,