Victim Packaging
 Think like a minimalist
 Don’t over rescue
 Provide care that is commensurate with the victim’s
presentation, needs, and ability to “cope” with the action
plan both mentally and physically
 Time is often of the essence
 Take a holistic approach
 Victim care and packaging is a part of the overall rescue
sequence and decisions are altered sometimes based on
other elements of the event.
Victim Packaging
Decisions
EMS
Orientation
Tending
Retrieval
ABC’s
Horizontal
Lines
High
Directional
C Spine
Vertical
Rescue
Personnel
Manpower
Injury
Management
Packaging
Device
Load
Management
Safety
Victim Packaging
 (Stokes) Litter
Components
 MAP
 Bridle System
 BB with Straps
 Internal Lashing
 External Lashing
 Harness
 Pick Off Strap
 Tilt System
Victim Packaging
 SKED
 Self enveloping
packaging system
 Lashing is only required
when vertically oriented
 Manufactured slings
that slide through
designed openings to
create bridle
 BB with Straps should
be used in conjunction
to create rigidity
Victim Packaging
 Vertical orientation
eliminates the need for a
bridle.
 A single MAP to the
head of the litter
 Manufactured
 Made
Rescue Team Operations
 Team rescue concepts include two basic operations:
 Lowering Operations
 Hauling Operations
 A good rescue system is designed with the ability to
perform both functions with efficient transitions.
 These systems also should be designed with
appropriate design load capacities in mind.
Lower / Haul System
 Components
 “R” – Rack (Break Bar Rack)
 “P” – Pulley (Progress Capture Device or Safeties
included)
 “H” – Hitch (Load Release Hitch)
 Establishing systems with single purpose applications
can be utilized in specific applications but may result
in a lack of preparedness.
 This system can be prebuilt and ready to deploy.
Lowering Operations
 The mainline is attached to the load
 The load is lowered by manipulating the BBR as the
mainline passes through it.
 Light Use DCD’s can be utilized when lowering a “L”
design load but present limitations and potential lacks
of preparedness in rescue scenarios where the load
may change to “G”.
 Coordination and control are key for effective
movement.
 “Lower Slow” / “Lower Fast” / “STOP”
Belay Operations
 General Use Systems
 Tandem Prusik Belay
 540
 MPD and other auxiliary equipment
 Ideally, the belay is established at a separate anchor
point than the mainline.
 The belay line will also require direction about
management in relation to the load.
 “Tension”
 “Slack”
Hauling Operations
 Purpose
 Increase the efficiency with which the load is moved
 Decrease the amount of force required to move the load
 Decrease the amount of personnel required to move the
load
 Increase the safety with which the load is moved
Hauling Operations




Physics
Pulleys represent simple machines
A load collected with rope from one side of the pulley
requires an equal amount of force applied to the rope
from the other side of the pulley to move the load.
Generally speaking, if the pulley “moves” it creates a
mechanical advantage and reduces that amount of
force
If the pulley is fixed it is merely a change of direction
Hauling Operations
 Mechanical Advantage is expressed with the following
equation
Output
(Load)
Input
(Force)
100 lbs
50 lbs
MA 2:1
Hauling Operations
 Two types of Mechanical Advantage:
 Theoretical: Basic assumption of mechanical advantage
derived from the preceeding equation and known
fundamentals of physics.
 Actual: True mechanical advantage that includes
calculation of variables based on pulley size, angles,
rope diameter, general friction, etc…
Anchor Forces
300 lb
300
lbs.
Anchor Forces
150 lbs
150 lbs
300
lbs.
Anchor Forces
100 lbs
100 lbs
100 lbs
300
lbs.
Mechanical Advantage
1 UNIT OF TENSION = 1T
Pulley
Mechanical Advantage
600 lbs
Pulley
300 lbs
300
lbs.
Mechanical Advantage
SIMPLE SYSTEMS
A single rope weaved through pulleys
Simple Systems
Pulley
300
lbs.
2:1 Mechanical Advantage
Pulley
300
lbs.
Simple Systems
Pulley
Pulley
300
lbs.
2:1 COD Mechanical Advantage
Pulley
Pulley
300
lbs.
Simple Systems
Pulley
Pulley
300 lb
3:1 Mechanical Advantage
Pulley
Pulley
300 lb
Simple Systems
Pulley
Pulley
Pulley
300 lb
3:1 COD Mechanical Advantage
Pulley
Pulley
Pulley
300 lb
Simple Systems
Pulley
Pulley
Pulley
300 lb
4:1 Mechanical Advantage
Pulley
Pulley
Pulley
300 lb
Mechanical Advantage
COMPOUND SYSTEMS
Simple system pulling on another simple system
Compound Systems
Pulley
Pulley
300 lb
3:1 Mechanical Advantage
Pulley
Pulley
300 lb
Compound Systems
Pulley
Pulley
300 lb
4:1 Mechanical Advantage
Pulley
Pulley
300 lb
Compound Systems
Pulley
Pulley
Pulley
300 lb
6:1 Mechanical Advantage
Pulley
Pulley
Pulley
300 lb
Compound Systems
Pulley
Pulley
Pulley
300 lb
6:1 Mechanical Advantage
Pulley
Pulley
Pulley
300 lb
Compound Systems
Pulley
Pulley
Pulley
300 lb
8:1 Mechanical Advantage
Pulley
Pulley
Pulley
300 lb
Compound Systems
Pulley
Pulley
Pulley
Pulley
300 lb
9:1 Mechanical Advantage
Pulley
Pulley
Pulley
Pulley
300 lb
Compound Systems
PULL
LOAD
Pulley
ANCHOR
Progressive Build Up
 When establishing a mechanical advantage it is
important to have a systematic approach that will
enable the rescue team to select the appropriate
system and adapt the advantage as needed with speed
and efficiency.
 The following build up is a progression of mechanical
advantage that can be altered in less than one minute
by a well trained team.
3:1
First system
option for 1
person loads
5:1
 3:1 is converted
to a 5:1 if
needed for 1
person loads
 May be a
starting system
for two person
loads
6:1
Most common
system for two
person loads
Unique
features
9:1
 6:1 is converted
to 9:1 if needed
 9:1 affords eases
of operation
but progresses
slowly
Progressive Build Up
 There are a myriad of systems and progressions. This
systematic approach is an example of a standard
progression that correlates to relatively known loads
and allows common applications to exist within the
rescue team.
 Each advantage upgrade can be performed in less than
one minute while maintaining the load.
 The victim is the deciding mechanism in the rescue
scenario.
Lower / Haul Team Operations
Positions and Responsibilities
 Team Leader
 Initiate commands and insure effective operations are
being performed
 SAFETY
 4 haul team members
 Operate haul system – “Conveyer Belt”
 Set Safeties or PCD’s
 Transition mode of operations (Lower / Haul)
Lower / Haul Team Operations
 Commands
 “Safety Check”
 Prep: “Haul Team Ready?”
 Response: “Haul Team Ready.”
 Action: “Haul Slow / Fast.”
 Response: “Haul Slow / Fast.”
 “On Rope”
 “Off Rope”
 All commands should be repeated by all personnel
involved in that area of operations to insure that
communications are acknowledged and understood.