Evaluation Factor for District Heating Network Heat

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Energy Procedia 95 (2016) 279 – 285
,QWHUQDWLRQDO6FLHQWLILF&RQIHUHQFH³(QYLURQPHQWDODQG&OLPDWH7HFKQRORJLHV´&21(&7
2FWREHU5LJD/DWYLD
(YDOXDWLRQIDFWRUIRUGLVWULFWKHDWLQJQHWZRUNKHDWORVVZLWKUHVSHFW
WRQHWZRUNJHRPHWU\
9ODGLVODY0DVDWLQ(GXDUG/DW}ãHY$QQD9RONRYD
Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
$EVWUDFW
7KH GLVWULFW KHDWLQJ '+ QHWZRUNV DUH ZLGHO\ LQ XVH LQ QRUWKHUQ FRXQWULHV ,W LV RIWHQ QHFHVVDU\ WR FRPSDUH WKH HIILFLHQF\ RI
GLIIHUHQW '+ QHWZRUNV IURP WKHLU VL]H DQG OD\RXW DQG IRU WKLV SXUSRVH PRVWO\ WKH ³UHODWLYH KHDW ORVV´ LV XVHG *HQHUDOO\ WKLV
SDUDPHWHUJLYHVDILUVWLPSUHVVLRQRIWKHQHWZRUN+RZHYHUUHODWLYHKHDWORVVGRHVQRWUHIOHFWWKHDFWXDOHIILFLHQF\RISLSHLQVXODWLRQ
RURYHUDOOHIILFLHQF\RIWKHQHWZRUNPRUHRYHUDWOHDVWKHDWFRQVXPSWLRQGHQVLW\VKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG(JWKHDYHUDJHUHODWLYH
KHDWORVVLQ'HQPDUNLVDERXWDQGLQ6ZHGHQRQO\'RHVWKLVPHDQWKDWWKH6ZHGLVKQHWZRUNLQVXODWLRQLVWLPHVEHWWHU"
7KH GDWD IURP GLIIHUHQW QHWZRUNV LVWDNHQ LQ RUGHUWR PDNHDQ DQDO\VLVDQG ILJXUH RXWD SURSHUFRPSDULVRQ PHWKRGRORJ\ 7KH
IROORZLQJPDLQSDUDPHWHUVDUHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWVXSSO\UHWXUQDQGDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHVWKHQHWZRUNDYHUDJHGLDPHWHUDQG
OHQJWKDQQXDOKHDWFRQVXPSWLRQRUOLQHDUKHDWGHQVLW\
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
©
2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI5LJD7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\,QVWLWXWHRI(QHUJ\6\VWHPVDQG(QYLURQPHQW
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of Riga Technical University, Institute of Energy Systems and Environment.
Keywords:GLVWULFWKHDWLQJUHODWLYHKHDWORVVOLQHDUKHDWGHQVLW\LQVXODWLRQHIILFLHQF\
,QWURGXFWLRQ
,WLVFRPPRQWKDWIRUWKHHYDOXDWLRQRIGLVWULFWKHDWLQJHIILFLHQF\WKHUHODWLYHKHDWORVVLVXVHG7KHUHODWLYHQXPEHU
LVWKHUDWHRIORVWKHDWHQHUJ\WRKHDWRXWSXWIURPDKHDWLQJSODQWWRWKHGLVWULFWKHDWLQJ'+QHWZRUN7KLVPHWKRG
FDQJLYHVRPHLPSUHVVLRQDERXWWKHQHWZRUN+RZHYHUDPRUHGHWDLOHGDQDO\VLVVKRXOGEHSHUIRUPHGLQRUGHUWRJHW
WKHFRUUHFWXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIQHWZRUNHIILFLHQF\)RUH[DPSOHWZRVLPLODUQHWZRUNVPD\KDYHWKHVDPHUHODWLYHKHDW
ORVVEXWWKHDYHUDJHZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHLQWKHILUVWQHWZRUNLVƒ&DQGLQWKHVHFRQGƒ&,QWKLVFDVHWKH
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU
E-mail addressYODGLVODYPDVDWLQ#VRRMXVHH
1876-6102 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of Riga Technical University, Institute of Energy Systems and Environment.
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2016.09.069
280
Vladislav Masatin et al. / Energy Procedia 95 (2016) 279 – 285
ILUVWQHWZRUNKDVEHWWHULQVXODWLRQDQGKLJKHUHIILFLHQF\ZKLOHWKHVHFRQGVKRZVDKLJKHUSRWHQWLDOIRUUHQRYDWLRQ
0RUHRYHUWKHDPRXQWRIKHDWFRQVXPSWLRQSHUQHWZRUNOHQJWKRUKHDWFRQVXPSWLRQGHQVLW\DOVRDIIHFWVWKHKHDWORVV
7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHUHODWLYHKHDWORVVILJXUHLVQRWDOZD\VFRUUHFWDQGFDQSURGXFHPLVOHDGLQJUHVXOWV
7KHDLPRIWKLVSDSHULVWRGHVFULEHDQGDQDO\]HWKHPDLQIDFWRUVDIIHFWLQJQHWZRUNKHDWORVV$VDUHVXOWDWHFKQLFDO
HYDOXDWLRQIDFWRUZLOOEHIRXQGIRUWKHFRUUHFWFRPSDULVRQRIWHFKQLFDOO\GLIIHUHQW'+QHWZRUNV7KHVDPHIDFWRUPD\
EHXVHGDVDQLQGLFDWRURISRWHQWLDOQHWZRUNHIILFLHQF\LQFUHDVHFDSDFLW\
1RPHQFODWXUH DQQXDOFRQVXPHGHQHUJ\DPRXQW:K
Qs
DQQXDOHQHUJ\DPRXQWGHOLYHUHGWR'+QHWZRUN:K
Q p
DQQXDOKHDWORVVLQ'+QHWZRUN:K
Qhl
TKO
UHODWLYHKHDWORVV
WV
DQQXDODYHUDJHQHWZRUNVXSSO\WHPSHUDWXUHƒ&
WU
DQQXDODYHUDJHQHWZRUNUHWXUQWHPSHUDWXUHƒ&
WDPE
DQQXDODYHUDJHQHWZRUNDPELHQWVRLOWHPSHUDWXUHƒ&
.
QHWZRUNHIIHFWLYHDYHUDJHKHDWWUDQVPLVVLRQFRHIILFLHQW:P.
/
QHWZRUNURXWHOHQJWKIRUWKHSDLURISLSHVRQHSLSHOHQJWKP
'D
HIIHFWLYHDYHUDJHSLSHLQQHUGLDPHWHUP
*
GHJUHHKRXUQXPEHUDQQXDOLQWHJUDWLRQRIWKHDYHUDJHGLVWULEXWLRQWHPSHUDWXUHGLIIHUHQFHƒ&K
0HWKRG
7KHZD\WRGHYHORSDWHFKQLFDOHYDOXDWLRQIDFWRULVDVIROORZVILUVWWKHIDFWRUVDIIHFWLQJPDLQKHDWORVVDUHIRXQG
DQGGHVFULEHGXVLQJWKHKHDWPDVVIORZWKHRU\
6HFRQG D SRVVLELOLW\ LV H[DPLQHG WR FRQQHFW WKH IDFWRUV DQG GHVFULEH WKHP DV RQH IDFWRU WKDW FDQ GHVFULEH WKH
WHFKQLFDOFRQGLWLRQRIWKHQHWZRUNJLYHDSRVVLELOLW\WRFRPSDUH'+QHWZRUNVDQGHYDOXDWHWKHWHFKQLFDOLPSURYHPHQW
SRWHQWLDO
)LQDOO\WKHUHDOQHWZRUNVGDWDDQDO\VLVLVSHUIRUPHGWRFKHFNWKHFRUUHODWLRQRIWHFKQLFDOHYDOXDWLRQIDFWRU7()
ZLWKWKHUHDOFRQGLWLRQRIQHWZRUNV
Heat loss components in DH networks
%\GHILQLWLRQWKHUHODWLYHKHDWORVVLVDUDWLREHWZHHQWKHORVWDQGSURGXFHGHQHUJ\HQHUJ\RXWSXWIURPDSODQWWR
WKHQHWZRUN
ொ೛ ିொೞ
ொ
‫ݍ‬௛௟ ൌ ೓೗ ή ͳͲͲΨ ή ͳͲͲΨ
ொ
ொ
೛
೛
%\WKHKHDWORVVGHILQLWLRQDQGKHDWPDVVIORZWKHRU\WKHKHDWIOX[WKURXJKDWZRSLSHG'+QHWZRUNLV>@
ଵ
ܳ௛௟ ൌ ‫ ܭ‬ή ߨ ή ‫ܦ‬௔ ή ʹ‫ ܮ‬ή ‫ܩ‬ǡ ‫ ܩ݁ݎ݄݁ݓ‬ൌ ቀ ሺ‫ݐ‬௦ ൅ ‫ݐ‬௥ ሻ െ ‫ݐ‬௔௠௕ ቁ ή ͺ͹͸Ͳ
ଶ
%DVHGRQWKHHTXDWLRQZHFDQVHHWKDWWKHIROORZLQJSDUDPHWHUVDIIHFWWKHQHWZRUNKHDWORVV
x 2YHUDOOQHWZRUNKHDWWUDQVPLVVLRQSUHVHQWO\XVHGLQVXODWLRQPDWHULDOVSURGXFHDKHDWORVVOHYHORIDERXW±
:P.IURPDSDLURISLSHVIRUWKHSLSHVXSWR'1>@
x 7HPSHUDWXUHOHYHORIQHWZRUNGURSRIWHPSHUDWXUHOHYHOLQD'+QHWZRUNZLOOEULQJDERXWWKHUHGXFWLRQRIKHDW
ORVVGXHWRDVPDOOHUWHPSHUDWXUHJUDGLHQWEHWZHHQWKH'+KHDWPHGLDDQGH[WHUQDOHQYLURQPHQW7KHUHGXFLQJ
Vladislav Masatin et al. / Energy Procedia 95 (2016) 279 – 285
281
WHPSHUDWXUH VFKHGXOH LQ WKHQHWZRUN LVRQH RI WKH HDVLHVWSRVVLELOLWLHV WR GHFUHDVH WKH ORVV LQ FDVH WKHUH DUHQR
K\GUDXOLF SUREOHPV DQG FRQVXPHU VXEVWDWLRQV DUH DEOH WR ZRUN ZLWK ORZHU SDUDPHWHUV DQG GHOLYHU WKH QHHGHG
DPRXQWRIKHDWWRWKHKRXVHKHDWLQJV\VWHP>@/RZHUQHWZRUNWHPSHUDWXUHDOVRKDVSRVLWLYHHIIHFWRQSURGXFWLRQ
VLWH>@
x 1HWZRUNJHRPHWULFDOGLPHQVLRQVRUQHWZRUNKHDWWUDQVPLVVLRQDUHDKHDWORVVLQ'+QHWZRUNVGHSHQGVRQWKHKHDW
WUDQVPLVVLRQDUHDRIWKH'+QHWZRUNZKLFKLQWXUQGHSHQGVRQWKHDYHUDJHQHWZRUNGLDPHWHUDQGOHQJWK,IRWKHU
SDUDPHWHUVLQWZR'+QHWZRUNVDUHWKHVDPHWKHQHWZRUNZLWKDVPDOOHUDYHUDJHGLDPHWHUDQGVKRUWHUOHQJWKZLOO
KDYHVPDOOHUKHDWORVV
x 2WKHUVWKHUHDUHRWKHUIDFWRUVDIIHFWLQJKHDWORVVLQ'+QHWZRUNVOLNHWKHKHDWWUDQVPLVVLRQIDFWRUIURPZDWHUWR
SLSHSLSHZDOOPDWHULDOKHDWWUDQVPLVVLRQIURPSLSHWRVRLOZKLFKPDLQO\GHSHQGVRQWKHVRLOPRLVWXUHFRQWHQW
GLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHSLSHVZLQGVSHHGIRUDERYHJURXQGSLSHV>@
%\FRPELQLQJDQGLWLVSRVVLEOHWRH[SUHVVWKHUHODWLYHKHDWORVVDVIROORZV
ொ
‫ݍ‬௛௟ ൌ ͳȀሺͳ ൅ ೞ ή ሺ‫ ܭ‬ή ʹߨ ή ‫ܦ‬௔ ή ‫ܩ‬ሻିଵ ሻ
௅
,WVKRZVWKDWWKHUHODWLYHKHDWORVVDOVRGHSHQGVRQWKHKHDWFRQVXPSWLRQSHUQHWZRUNOHQJWK>@6RPHRIWKHDERYH
PHQWLRQHG SDUDPHWHUV KDYH VPDOOHU HIIHFW RQ KHDW ORVV DQG PD\ EH QHJOHFWHG VRPH DUH DOPRVW WKH VDPH IRU DOO
QHWZRUNV EXW PRVW RI WKHP VKRXOG EH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW IRU WKH QHWZRUN HIILFLHQF\ FDOFXODWLRQ DQG QHWZRUN
FRPSDULVRQ
Factor for the characterization of technical conditions in DH networks
,QRUGHUWRWDNHDOOSDUDPHWHUVDVRQHIDFWRUWKHRYHUDOOKHDWWUDQVIHUFRHIILFLHQWHIIHFWLYHDYHUDJHKHDWWUDQVPLVVLRQ
FRHIILFLHQWFDQEHXVHGDVDFRUUHFWSDUDPHWHUIRUGHVFULELQJWKHQHWZRUNKHDWORVV7KHEDVLFHTXDWLRQIRUFDOFXODWLQJ
WKHRYHUDOOKHDWWUDQVIHUFRHIILFLHQWLV
‫ ܭ‬ൌ ܳ௛௟ Ȁሺ‫ ܮ‬ή ʹߨ ή ‫ܦ‬௔ ή ‫ܩ‬ሻ
,QRUGHUWRVLPSOLI\WKHFDOFXODWLRQDQGQRWLQFOXGHWKHSLSHLQVXODWLRQPDWHULDODQGWKLFNQHVVSDUDPHWHUVLQWRWKH
HTXDWLRQDQHIIHFWLYHDYHUDJHLQQHUGLDPHWHULVXVHGKHUH*HQHUDOO\DOOGDWDUHTXLUHGIRUWKHFDOFXODWLRQLVDYDLODEOH
IRU DQ\ '+ QHWZRUN $Q HIIHFWLYH DYHUDJH QRPLQDO GLDPHWHU '1 FDQ EH XVHG LQVWHDG RI WKH DYHUDJH GLDPHWHU
+RZHYHUDQHUURUXSWRGHSHQGLQJRQWKHSLSHGLDPHWHUDQGZDOOWKLFNQHVVVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG
7KHFRPSDULVRQRI'+QHWZRUNVVROHO\E\WKHKHDWWUDQVIHUFRHIILFLHQWZLOOQRWJLYHDQDGHTXDWHUHVXOWWKHQHWZRUNV
ZLWK D KLJKHU DYHUDJH GLDPHWHU KDYH D VPDOOHU KHDW WUDQVIHU FRHIILFLHQW EHFDXVH RI WKH VPDOOHU UDWLR EHWZHHQ WKH
QHWZRUNDUHDDQGGHOLYHUHGHQHUJ\)RUWKLVUHDVRQWKHDYHUDJHQHWZRUNGLDPHWHUVKRXOGEHWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ
VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ZLWKWKH.FRHIILFLHQW7KHUHIHUHQFHFRQGLWLRQVRIDOORZHGKHDWWUDQVPLVVLRQZLOOEHFDOFXODWHGEHORZ
7KHKLJKTXDOLW\WHFKQLFDOUHIHUHQFHFRQGLWLRQVDUHGHILQHGDVSUHLQVXODWHGSLSHVFODVVEXULHGLQVRLODWP
GHSWKXVLQJWKHFDOFXODWLRQPHWKRGRORJ\DFFRUGLQJWR(1>@7KHORZTXDOLW\WHFKQLFDOUHIHUHQFHFRQGLWLRQV
DUHGHILQHGDVROGFKDQQHOOD\RXWSLSHVZLWKPPPLQHUDOZRROLQVXODWLRQ>@
$JDSEHWZHHQWKHFDOFXODWHGRYHUDOOKHDWWUDQVIHUFRHIILFLHQWIRUKLJKTXDOLW\DQGORZTXDOLW\WHFKQLFDOUHIHUHQFH
FRQGLWLRQVLVVKRZQLQ)LJ)RUWKLVSDUDPHWHUWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQROGDQGQHZLQVXODWLRQLVDERXWWKUHHIROGDV
DOVRFRQILUPHGE\RWKHULQYHVWLJDWLRQV>@,WFDQEHVHHQWKDWIRUWKHFRUUHFWFRPSDULVRQRIJHRPHWULFDOO\GLIIHUHQW
QHWZRUNV WKH RYHUDOO KHDW WUDQVPLVVLRQ FRHIILFLHQW VKRXOG EH FRPSDUHG ZLWK WKH DYHUDJH QHWZRUN SLSH GLDPHWHU
VLPXOWDQHRXVO\
282
Vladislav Masatin et al. / Energy Procedia 95 (2016) 279 – 285
+HDWWUDQVIHUFRHIILFLHQW:P.
/RZTXDOLW\SLSHV
+LJKTXDOLW\SLSHV
,QQHUSLSHGLDPHWHUP
)LJ2YHUDOOKHDWWUDQVIHUFRHIILFLHQWIRUKLJKTXDOLW\SUHLQVXODWHGDQGORZTXDOLW\ROGFKDQQHOOD\RXWSLSHV
%RWKOLQHVLQ)LJFDQEHGHVFULEHGE\SRZHUIXQFWLRQVZLWKWKHVXIILFLHQWDFFXUDF\5VTXDUHGYDOXHVDUH
DQGUHVSHFWLYHO\ZKHUHWKHORZTXDOLW\FRHIILFLHQWLVGHVFULEHGE\WKHIROORZLQJIXQFWLRQ
‫ܭ‬௟௢௪ ሺ‫ܦ‬௔ ሻ ൌ Ͳǡ͹͸͹͸ ή ‫ܦ‬௔ ି଴ǡଷସଵ 7KHWUHQGOLQHIXQFWLRQRIKLJKTXDOLW\FRHIILFLHQWLVGHVFULEHGDVIROORZV
‫ܭ‬௛௜௚௛ ሺ‫ܦ‬௔ ሻ ൌ ͲǡͳͲͺͺ ή ‫ܦ‬௔ ି଴ǡ଺ଵଽ ,QRUGHUWREHWWHUH[SUHVVWKHUHQRYDWLRQSRWHQWLDORUWHFKQLFDOHYDOXDWLRQIDFWRU7()RIWKHQHWZRUNWKHSHUFHQW
VFDOHFDQEHXVHG:KHQ7()LVLWPHDQVWKDWWKHQHWZRUNKDVQRUHQRYDWLRQSRWHQWLDODQGWKHQHWZRUNKHDW
WUDQVIHUFRHIILFLHQWLVWKHVDPHDVWKDWIRUSUHLQVXODWHGSLSHVZLWKWKHVDPHLQQHUGLDPHWHU:KHQ7()LVLW
PHDQVWKDWWKHQHWZRUNLVLQWKHVDPHFRQGLWLRQDVDORZTXDOLW\QHWZRUN7()!FRUUHVSRQGVWRDKLJKHUKHDW
WUDQVIHUFRHIILFLHQWWKDQWKDWLQFDVHRIWKHORZTXDOLW\SLSH,WPD\DOVREHDVLJQWKDWFORVLQJRIWKLV'+QHWZRUN
VKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGEHFDXVHRIWRRORZKHDWFRQVXPSWLRQGHQVLW\
%DVHGRQWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGDVVXPSWLRQVWKHWHFKQLFDOHYDOXDWLRQIDFWRURI'+QHWZRUNVFDQEHH[SUHVVHGDV
IROORZV
ܶ‫ ܨܧ‬ൌ
௄೙೐೟ೢ೚ೝೖ ି௄೓೔೒೓ ሺ஽ೌ ሻ
௄೗೚ೢ ሺ஽ೌ ሻି௄೓೔೒೓ ሺ஽ೌ ሻ
ή ͳͲͲΨ
Case specific calculations
,Q(VWRQLDWKHGDWDRIQHWZRUNVZLWKGLIIHUHQWJHRPHWU\IRUWKHQHWZRUNOHQJWKIURPWRPHWHUVKDV
EHHQDQDO\]HGLQRUGHUWRFKHFNWKHLU7()FRUUHODWLRQWRWKHUHDOFRQGLWLRQLQQHWZRUNV7DEOH7KHDYHUDJHZHDU
RIQHWZRUNSLSHVIRUDOOFDVHVLVKLJKHUWKDQ\HDUVDQG'+QHWZRUNVKDYHPRVWO\WKHFKDQQHOOD\RXW
283
Vladislav Masatin et al. / Energy Procedia 95 (2016) 279 – 285
7DEOH,QYHVWLJDWHGSDUDPHWHUVRI'+QHWZRUNVDQG7()FDOFXODWLRQ
1R
$YHUDJHGLDPHWHUP
1HWZRUNGHJUHH
KRXU.āK
+HDWFRQVXPSWLRQGHQVLW\
0:KP
+HDWWUDQVIHU
FRHIILFLHQW
:P.
5HODWLYHKHDWORVV
7()
$OOQHWZRUNVFDQEHGLYLGHGLQWRWKUHHJURXSV
x 7KHQHWZRUNV1R± DQGKDYH OHVV WKDQ RISUHLQVXODWHGSLSHV DQG WKH LQVXODWLRQ FRQGLWLRQ IRU WKH
FKDQQHOOD\RXWSLSHVLVSRRU
x 1HWZRUNV1R±DQGLQFOXGHDERXW±RISUHLQVXODWHGSLSHVWKHLQVXODWLRQFRQGLWLRQVIRUWKHUHVW
LVUHODWLYHO\JRRG
x 1HWZRUN1RDQGFRQVLVWVIRU±RIWHQ\HDUROGSUHLQVXODWHGSLSHV1HWZRUNQRLVWKHUHIHUHQFH
DVDQDYHUDJH6ZHGLVKQHWZRUN>@
+HDWWUDQVIHUFRHIILFLHQW:P.
/RZTXDOLW\
SLSHV
+LJKTXDOLW\
SLSHV
5HDOQHWZRUNV
,QQHUSLSHGLDPHWHUP
)LJ2YHUDOOKHDWWUDQVIHUFRHIILFLHQWIRUKLJKTXDOLW\SUHLQVXODWHGDQGORZTXDOLW\ROGFKDQQHOOD\RXWSLSHVWUHQGOLQHVDQGFDVHVSHFLILF
FDOFXODWLRQUHVXOWV
5HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQ
7KHFDOFXODWLRQUHVXOWVFRQILUPWKDWPRVWRIWKHDQDO\]HGQHWZRUNVKDYHDKLJKKHDWWUDQVPLVVLRQFRHIILFLHQWZKLFK
LV FORVH WR WKH ORZ TXDOLW\ UHIHUHQFH OLQH 6RPH VPDOO QHWZRUNV KDYH HYHQ D KLJKHU .IDFWRU WKDQ WKH ORZ TXDOLW\
UHIHUHQFH OLQH WKLV FDQ EH H[SODLQHG E\ ZRUVH LQVXODWLRQ FRQGLWLRQV GXH WR WKH VPDOOHU ILQDQFLDO SRVVLELOLWLHV IRU
284
Vladislav Masatin et al. / Energy Procedia 95 (2016) 279 – 285
UHQRYDWLRQ)LJ7KRVHQHWZRUNVUHTXLUHKLJKHUDWWHQWLRQDQGLQVXODWLRQUHQRYDWLRQZRUNVKDYHWREHGRQHDVVRRQ
DVSRVVLEOH/DUJHUQHWZRUNVXVXDOO\KDYHDERXWRISUHLQVXODWHGSLSHVEXWWKHLPSURYHPHQWSRWHQWLDOLVVWLOO
KLJK7KHQHWZRUNVZLWKKLJKHUDYHUDJHGLDPHWHUVKDYHORQJWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHVIURPKHDWSODQWVWRFRQVXPHUVDQG
GHVSLWHWKHIDFWWKDWRQHQHWZRUNKDVUHODWLYHKHDWORVVRYHULWFRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGDFRPPRQQHWZRUN
:HFDQFRQFOXGHWKDWWKH7()DVDQH[SUHVVLRQRIHIIHFWLYHDYHUDJHKHDWWUDQVPLVVLRQFRHIILFLHQWIRULQVXODWLRQ
DQGDYHUDJHGLDPHWHULVDYDOLGIDFWRUWRFRPSDUHWKH'+QHWZRUNVLQVXODWLRQTXDOLW\DQGQHWZRUNKHDWWUDQVPLVVLRQ
SHUIRUPDQFH7KHGHVFULEHGPHWKRGRORJ\UHTXLUHVDGGLWLRQDOFDOFXODWLRQVIRUWKHIROORZLQJ'+QHWZRUNFDVHV
x 2YHUJURXQG'+QHWZRUNVGXHWRWKHZLQGSUHFLSLWDWLRQVDQGVRODULPSDFWRQKHDWWUDQVIHUKDYHQRWEHHQWDNHQ
LQWRDFFRXQWFRQYHFWLRQKHDWWUDQVIHUVLQFHWKHUHIHUHQFHOLQHVDUHQRWVXLWDEOHIRUWKHVHFDVHV
x 1HWZRUNVZKHUHVRLOSDUDPHWHUVDIIHFWKHDWWUDQVIHULQWKHIRUPRIPRLVWXUHLQFDVHRIZHWVRLOUHIHUHQFHOLQHV
VKRXOGEHKLJKHUEHFDXVHRIKLJKHUKHDWWUDQVIHUIURPWKHSLSHRXWVLGHVXUIDFHWRVRLO
x &RPSOLFDWHGQHWZRUNVZKHUHPRUHWKDQWZRSDUDOOHOSLSHVDUHXVHGRUSLSHGLDPHWHUVDUHGLIIHUHQWIRUWKHVXSSO\
DQGUHWXUQSLSHVWKHOHQJWKRISLSHVVKRXOGEHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWLQVWHDGRIWKHQHWZRUNOHQJWK
:KHQFRQVLGHULQJSUHLQVXODWHGSLSHVWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQGLYHUVHLQVXODWLRQFODVVHVDQGVLQJOHRUWZLQSLSHVLV
WRRVPDOODQGWKLVFDQQRWEHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWLQWKH7()FDOFXODWLRQ)RUWKHFRUUHFWUHVXOWLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRSD\
DWWHQWLRQ WR WKH DYHUDJH GLDPHWHU DQG QHWZRUN WHPSHUDWXUH GDWD D VXIILFLHQW GDWDEDVH RISLSHJHRPHWU\ VKRXOGEH
DYDLODEOHDQGIRUWHPSHUDWXUHFDOFXODWLRQWKH6&$'$GDWDIURPGLIIHUHQWQHWZRUNSRLQWVVKRXOGEHDQDO\]HGDVZHOO
DVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRISLSHVXUURXQGLQJPHGLXP(VSHFLDOO\LQFDVHRIQHWZRUNVZLWKPDQ\SLSHVORFDWHGLQKRXVH
EDVHPHQWVHJWUDQVLWOLQHVWKHQHWZRUNWHPSHUDWXUHOHYHOVKRXOGEHFDOFXODWHGPRUHDFFXUDWHO\
&RQFOXVLRQ
$QDQDO\VLVRIIDFWRUVLQIOXHQFLQJGLVWULFWKHDWORVVZDVPDGHDQGWKHUHVXOWGHVFULEHGDVDPDWKHPDWLFDOHTXDWLRQ
7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWIDFWRUVDUHQHWZRUNWHPSHUDWXUHOHYHOLQVXODWLRQKHDWWUDQVPLVVLRQFRHIILFLHQWQHWZRUNDYHUDJH
GLDPHWHUDQGOHQJWK$VDUHVXOWDQRYHUDOOQHWZRUNKHDWWUDQVPLVVLRQFRHIILFLHQWZDVIRXQGDVPRVWVXLWDEOHIDFWRU
IRUWKHQHWZRUNLQVXODWLRQTXDOLW\DQDO\VLVDQGHIILFLHQF\FRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQQHWZRUNV7KH.IDFWRUGHSHQGVRQWKH
SLSH JHRPHWU\ DQG WKDW LV ZK\ LW VKRXOG EH XVHG VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ ZLWK WKH DYHUDJH GLDPHWHU RI UHIHUHQFH QHWZRUN
0RUHRYHULQRUGHUWRH[FOXGHWKHSLSHDQGLQVXODWLRQPDWHULDOSURSHUWLHVDQGWKLFNQHVVWKHDYHUDJHLQQHUGLDPHWHU
VKRXOGEHXVHG
)RUDEHWWHUFRPSDULVRQRIQHWZRUNVWKHWHFKQLFDOHYDOXDWLRQIDFWRUZDVRIIHUHGDVDGHJUHHRIUHQRYDWLRQSRWHQWLDO
IRUWKHQHWZRUNLQVXODWLRQ7KH7()ZDVFDOFXODWHGIRUQHWZRUNVZLWKGLIIHUHQWUDWHRISUHLQVXODWHGSLSHVDQGWKH
FRUUHODWLRQZDVFRQILUPHG
,Q VXPPDU\ WKHUHODWLYHKHDW ORVVQXPEHULV QRW D FRUUHFW IDFWRUIRU WKH QHWZRUN HYDOXDWLRQEHFDXVH KHDW ORVV
GHSHQGVRQPDQ\RWKHUSDUDPHWHUVDQGQHWZRUNLQVXODWLRQZLWKKLJKUHODWLYHORVVPD\ZRUNZHOODQGYLFHYHUVD,Q
FDVHRIQHWZRUNVZKHUHDVLJQLILFDQWDPRXQWRISLSHVLVQRWLQWKHJURXQGIRUWKH7()FDOFXODWLRQDGGLWLRQDOFRUUHFWLRQ
IDFWRUVDUHUHTXLUHGIRUWKH7()FDOFXODWLRQ
5HIHUHQFHV
>@ )UHGHULNVHQ6:HUQHU6'LVWULFW+HDWLQJDQG'LVWULFW&RROLQJ/XQG6WXGHQWOLWWHUDWXU$%
>@ /RJVWRU/RJVWRUFDOFXODWRU2QOLQH$YDLODEOHKWWSFDOFORJVWRUFRP
>@ 5HEROODU-9+LPSH(-DQVVHQV$3HUIRUPDQFHHYDOXDWLRQRIDORZWHPSHUDWXUHGLVWULFWKHDWLQJV\VWHPEDVHGRQVLPXODWLRQXQFHUWDLQW\DQG
VHQVLWLYLW\DQDO\VLV,QWHUQDWLRQDO%XLOGLQJ3HUIRUPDQFH6LPXODWLRQ3URFHHGLQJV&KDPEHU\
>@ %RORQLQD$%RORQLQV*%OXPEHUJD'$QDO\VLVRIWKH,PSDFWRI'HFUHDVLQJ'LVWULFW+HDWLQJ6XSSO\7HPSHUDWXUHRQ&RPELQHG+HDWDQG
3RZHU3ODQW2SHUDWLRQ(QYLURQPHQWDODQG&OLPDWH7HFKQRORJLHV±
>@ 9LJDQWV**DOLQGRPV*9HLGHQEHUJV,9LJDQWV(%OXPEHUJD'(IILFLHQF\GLDJUDPIRUGLVWULFWKHDWLQJV\VWHPZLWKJDVFRQGHQVLQJXQLW
(QHUJ\3URFHGLD±
>@ +OHEQLNRY$9RONRYD$'åXED23RREXV$.DVNh'DPDJHVRIWKH7DOOLQQ'LVWULFWKHDWLQJQHWZRUNVDQGLQGLFDWLYHSDUDPHWHUVIRUDQ
HVWLPDWLRQRIWKHQHWZRUNVJHQHUDOFRQGLWLRQ(QYLURQPHQWDODQG&OLPDWH7HFKQRORJLHV±
>@ 5lPl06LSLOl.&KDOOHQJHVRIORZKHDWGHQVLW\GLVWULFWKHDWLQJQHWZRUNGHVLJQ7KHWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPRQ'LVWULFW+HDWLQJDQG
&RROLQJ7DOOLQQ
Vladislav Masatin et al. / Energy Procedia 95 (2016) 279 – 285
285
>@ (8523($167$1'$5'66725(2QOLQH$YDLODEOHKWWSZZZHQVWDQGDUGHX
>@ 6DIRQRY$3&ROOHFWLRQRIWDVNVRQSUREOHPVLQGLVWULFWKHDWLQJDQGKHDWQHWZRUNV0RVFRZ(QHUJLD,Q5XVVLDQ
>@ 1XRUNLYL$7RWKH5HKDELOLWDWLRQ6WUDWHJ\RI'LVWULFW+HDWLQJLQ(FRQRPLHVLQ7UDQVLWLRQ+HOVLQNL8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\(VSRR
>@ 0DVDWLQ 9 9RONRYD $ +OHEQLNRY $ 5HGXFWLRQ RI KHDW ORVV LQ WKH GLVWULFW KHDWLQJ QHWZRUN E\ WKH UHSODFHPHQW RI SLSH LQVXODWLRQ XVLQJ
SUHIDEULFDWHGSRO\XUHWKDQHVKHOOVWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPRQ'LVWULFW+HDWLQJDQJ&RROLQJ&RSHQKDJHQ