22 Dec 2016
2016: a successful year for the energy transition
2016 has been a key year for the energy transition – especially given the radical changes
that have taken place. Find out more
2016: a successful year for the energy transition
2016 has been a key year for the energy transition – especially given the radical
changes that have taken place.
© Fotolia.com/Sunny studio
The energy transition in Germany is not just some distant idea but has been a present reality for quite
some time now. It has already become a success and is a course that can no longer be abandoned.
Significant progress has been made and the groundwork laid for the work that is yet to be undertaken.
The 10-point Energy Agenda has been implemented almost in full, so important milestones in the
energy transition have already been reached.
2016 has been a particularly important year on Germany’s pathway towards establishing an energy
supply that is environmentally compatible, reliable and economically successful. A string of political
decisions have been taken that point the way ahead. These have successfully ushered in a paradigm
shift and have brought the various different elements that make up the energy transition into line:
renewables, the electricity market, energy efficiency, the grids, digitisation, and financing for the
phase-out of nuclear energy. All of these parts of the puzzle now interlock properly, offering an
overall picture that is now coherent.
Given these developments, you no longer hear the phrase: “The energy transition will only be a
success if...” but “The energy transition is a success because...”. It’s true to say that the energy
transition is already a success. Why? Because it is making our energy system more and more...
...compatible with the environment
Out with fossil fuels and in with renewables: this basic shift is a key part of our energy transition. The
aim is to make Germany’s energy supply environmentally compatible and virtually carbon neutral.
Over the past few years, we have made giant steps towards achieving this. Renewables now cover
31.6 per cent of gross final electricity consumption. This already makes them the most important
source of energy in our electricity generation. From now to 2025, we want to raise this figure to
between 40 to 45 per cent. Similarly, the target of raising the share of renewables used in the heating
sector to 14 per cent is now also within reach, standing at a current 13.2 per cent.
...secure
Germany has one of the most secure energy supply systems both in Europe, and worldwide – despite
the fact that the share of energy sources in electricity generation which depend on the weather is
actually continuing to grow. In order to make the electricity market fit for incorporating even more
renewables in the future, Germany this year passed the Electricity Market Act, the largest electricity
market reform since the liberalisation seen in the 1990s. This was vital in order to keep the electricity
feed into the grid stable and commercially competitive, even as the share of energy that depends on
the wind and sun increases. The Electricity Market Act puts the rules in place for competition
between flexible supply, flexible demand, and storage. It also ensures that the electricity supply
remains both reliable and affordable. The Act additionally establishes a capacity reserve that acts as a
safety net for unexpected events which might occur in the future.
...affordable
The reform of the Renewable Energy Sources Act (German abbreviation: EEG) in 2014 ensured that
renewables started to be expanded more systematically and could gradually be integrated into the
market. Since the technologies used to exploit renewables are no longer niche-market and in need of
special protection, a paradigm shift was decided and implemented via a further reform of the EEG in
summer 2016 (EEG 2017). Renewables now need to be able to compete on the market. From 2017,
funding rates for electricity based on wind power, photovoltaics and biomass will no longer be set by
the government, but will be determined by auctions. The basic principle is that funding will go to
those who demand the least. This will make the expansion of renewables easier to plan and more
cost-efficient. A number of pilot auctions have shown that the new system really works, with the
average funding rate for ground mounted PV falling almost 30 per cent (from 9.17 cent/kWh to 6.9
cent/kWh). Furthermore, Germany’s Combined Heat and Power Act, which was adopted on 16
December, is also based upon competition: in the future, the funding rate for electricity from
combined heat and power (CHP) facilities of between 1 and 50 MW and for particularly innovative
CHP systems will be determined via auction (for more information, please click here).
The 2014 reform of the Renewable Energy Sources Act has also helped to stabilise electricity prices by
slowing the rise in what is known as the Renewable Energy Sources surcharge. This surcharge is used
to finance the expansion of renewables, with almost all electricity consumers — both private and
commercial — having this surcharge added to their bill. The amount paid is calculated based on the
price of electricity on the spot market plus the EEG surcharge. This combined total was at its highest
in 2013, but has now fallen for three consecutive years and is set to fall further still in 2017 (for more
information, please click here). In order to actually benefit from this fall in price, consumers are well
advised to compare prices between different providers and switch to a cheaper tariff wherever this is
available. For many people, this can mean a saving of several hundred euros per year.
…easy to plan
The latest reform of the EEG makes the expansion of renewables even easier to plan. For each type of
technology — onshore and offshore wind power, photovoltaics, and biomass — specific expansion
volumes have been set. In order to dovetail the expansion of renewable energy with that of the
electricity grid, the development of wind power is being temporarily restricted in a designated ‘grid
expansion area’ – an area in which new transmission lines are needed the most urgently. Ultimately, it
is not just a question of generating renewable energy, but also about ensuring it can be transported to
the consumer.
...readily accepted
Germany’s wind farms are primarily located in the northern and eastern parts of the country, whilst
the main electricity consumers – the large industrial companies – are mostly based in the South and
West. In the future, large electricity highways will transport the energy to where it is needed. The
German Federal Government has prioritised the laying of cables underground rather than over head,
which has also helped boost public acceptance. The grid operators of the two large electricity
highways SuedLink and SuedOstLink presented potential routes for new power lines (corridors) in
autumn. Discussions on the corridor for the A-Nord line have also begun. However, the backbone of
the energy transition – the foundations that are to ensure its success – continues to be the speedy
expansion of the AC grid, which largely falls within the competence of the individual Länder.
...smart
Digital technologies are opening up brand new possibilities for bringing supply by energy providers
into line with demand by electricity consumers. The Act on the Digitisation of the Energy Transition,
which entered into force in September 2016, creates the framework needed for the use of smart
metres and other digital technologies. The roll-out of smart metering systems among large-scale
providers and prime consumers will begin in 2017. At the same time, testing will commence into how
generation and consumption can be linked through digital networking. The relevant investigations
will be undertaken across five pilot regions located nationwide and funded by the Federal Ministry for
Economic Affairs and Energy.
...efficient
The long-term goal of the energy transition – to create an energy supply that is virtually carbonneutral – can only succeed if we reduce our entire energy needs and make better use of the potential
for increasing our energy efficiency. The German Federal Government has therefore made energy
efficiency the number one priority in the efforts being undertaken to realise the energy transition.
‘Efficiency first’ is a key basis. The National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency (NAPE), which was
tabled at the end of 2014, has now largely been implemented. Several new programmes have been
launched in 2016, including the Heating Optimisation Programme which provides funding for the
replacement of old pumps and for hydraulic balancing, and the Energy Efficiency Incentive
Programme which provides support for the replacement of old boilers and the installation of
ventilation systems.
Almost 80 per cent of all German companies have already taken measures to save energy or are in the
process of doing so. These include installing energy saving lighting in halls and offices, optimising
heating systems, or undertaking energy-efficiency retrofits on company buildings. In order to support
this kind of investment in companies, the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy has
launched a range of new funding programmes over the past year, including schemes to support the
use of waste heat and the wider use of highly efficient horizontal technologies. A further programme
that was launched in 2016 is the STEP up! competition, whereby companies take part in a funding
auction. The funding is awarded to those companies who achieve the highest energy savings for each
euro of funding.
The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy has also launched an information campaign
called ‘Germany makes it efficient’. The idea is to get companies, associations, the municipalities, and
private households to use existing potential for improving their energy efficiency. The internet
platform (in German only) set up for the campaign provides information on energy efficiency, as well
as tips on how to significantly reduce energy consumption. There is also an integrated product finder
designed to help with the purchase of electrical appliances. This is part of the Economic Affairs
Ministry’s National Top Runner Initiative which aims at getting highly efficient appliances onto the
market and into households.
...viable
Germany is gradually phasing out nuclear energy due to the large risks associated with this means of
energy generation. All nuclear power stations in Germany will have been decommissioned by 2022, as
provided for by the Federal Government’s 2011 decision to phase out nuclear energy. Important
financial issues linked to the phase-out have now been clarified: the Federal Economic Affairs
Ministry has developed an act that redistributes responsibility for nuclear waste management, and
this act has now been adopted. The most important points are as follows: Responsibility for the
management and financing of the decommissioning and dismantling of nuclear power plants (NPP)
and for packaging the nuclear waste will lie entirely with the NPP operators. The German government
is responsible for interim and final storage. The funds for interim and final storage will be provided by
the operators and paid into a fund. These arrangements ensure that the economic situation of the
operators is not put at risk, and that the costs are not borne solely by society (for more information,
please click here).
...a factor in the level of competitiveness offered
Companies that invest in energy efficiency also improve their own position on the market. The less
energy that a company consumes, the more competitive it is. In 2005, more than 250kWh of
electricity was needed in Germany to generate €1,000 in revenue. Today the figure is just 213kWh.
The link between economic growth and energy consumption is being broken more and more often.
German companies are not only partaking in the energy transition, but they are also making the
energy transition happen: they are pioneering and producing technology in the fields of renewable
energy and energy efficiency. Their expertise is highly sought-after both in Germany and around the
world. This boosts exports and creates a large number of jobs: some 330,000 in the field of
renewables.
The Special Equalisation Scheme ensures that companies with high electricity consumption operating
in sectors facing global competition receive a reduction on their renewable energy surcharge. This
financial relief helps safeguard competitiveness and, as a result, jobs. In future, the Special
Equalisation Scheme featured in the Renewable Energy Sources Act is to also apply to the surcharge
in the Combined Heat and Power Act.
...European
The energy transition can only be implemented efficiently in the European internal market. Crossborder electricity markets raise supply security, and having a well-developed transmission grid in
Europe makes it easier to balance supply and demand for electricity. This is why the German Federal
Government regularly engages in dialogue with Germany’s ‘electricity neighbours’ and works together
with other European countries to shape the European Energy Union. This year saw the launch of the
first cross-border auctions for photovoltaic installations, with Germany opening up an auction to
Denmark. In return, German providers were able to take part in a Danish auction (for more
information, please click here).
...forward-looking
In order to lay the right foundations now for the decades to come, the Federal Ministry for Economic
Affairs and Energy has this year launched two major dialogue processes. These processes are to serves
as the basis for developing a mid to long-term strategy for achieving the 2050 climate goals. The
Green Paper on Energy Efficiency sets out key questions and discussion points for the most important
challenges to be dealt with in a future energy efficiency policy. The ‘Electricity 2030’ input paper sets
out points for discussion vis-à-vis the long-term challenges for energy policy towards ensuring an
electricity supply that is climate-friendly, secure, and affordable. The public consultations ran to the
end of October. Key results will be set out in two evaluation reports, to be presented in spring 2017.
Further information on the current status of the energy transition
To find out more about the current status of Germany’s energy transition, please see the Fifth
monitoring report on the energy transition (available in German only), which was adopted by the
German Federal Cabinet on 14 December (see also Direct finds).
FURTHER INFORMATION
More information about the energy transition
Fifth monitoring report on the energy transition (available only in German)
Brochure on the energy transition
Information about the 2017 Renewable Energy Sources Act
Renewable energy sources in figures
Setting the course for more competition
“We have worked through almost the whole of our roadmap for this legislative
period”, says State Secretary Rainer Baake. In an interview, he explains what
milestones have been achieved on the way towards the implementation of the
energy reforms.
© Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy
Please click on the image to start the video.
FURTHER INFORMATION
More information about the energy transition
Efficiency gains
Primary energy consumption in Germany has declined by some 8 per cent since
2008. This decline has mainly been achieved through the implementation of
energy efficiency measures, as shown in the current monitoring report on the
German energy transition.
© Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy; based on data from AGEB 10/2016.
From 2008 to 2015, primary energy consumption in Germany declined by 7.6 per cent, falling from
14,380 PJ to 13,293 PJ. This trend can be put down to a number of factors: one is gross domestic
product - as the economy grows, companies consume more energy. The same applies to the
population: the more people that live in Germany, the higher the energy demand will be. Last but not
least, the weather conditions also have an influence in this regard: if the winter is extremely cold,
more energy is needed for heating.
The fifth monitoring report entitled “Energy of the future” (available in German only), which was
adopted by the Federal Cabinet on 14 December, lays out the factors that have contributed to the
decline in primary energy consumption. If one excludes weather-related changes, energy efficiency
gains have had the biggest impact on primary energy consumption in the period from 2008 to 2015.
Energy consumption fell by 1,721 PJ during this period thanks to the efforts made to improve energy
efficiency. In contrast, the positive development of the economy contributed to increased energy
consumption. The German population grew by some 825,000 people, which alone led to a slight
increase in energy consumption. However, this increase in energy consumption was more than offset
by the efforts made to increase energy efficiency.
Primary energy consumption still too high
Nonetheless, energy consumption in Germany is still too high: by 2020, primary energy consumption
is to fall by 20 per cent compared with the reference year 2008. The decline of 7.6 per cent is not
enough to reach this goal. In 2015, primary energy consumption rose slightly, up 0.9 per cent to
13,293 PJ, an increase on the low level recorded in the previous year. Economic growth and the cold
weather were some of the reasons for this increase.
Monitoring: Annual stocktaking
How far have we come with the energy transition? What are the effects of the measures taken? Will
we achieve our targets, or do we need to do some fine-tuning? The annual monitoring report of the
Federal Government entitled “Energy of the future” seeks to answer these questions. It condenses the
statistical information on energy that has been collected into a smaller, more manageable number of
selected indicators. The data provide an overview of the current state of the energy transition in terms
of a secure, economic and environmentally compatible energy supply. The Federal Ministry for
Economic Affairs and Energy has the lead responsibility in this matter.
The monitoring process is supported by an independent commission of four renowned energy
experts. Working on a scientific basis, the commission comments on the Federal Government’s
reports. The monitoring report and the comments by the expert commission will be submitted to the
German Bundestag and the Bundesrat.
FURTHER INFORMATION
More information about the energy transition
Fifth monitoring report on the energy transition (available only in German)
You can subscribe to the Energy Transition
Order the international edition of the "Energiewende direkt" Newsletter here.
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