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Hazards Associated with Animal Feed
Outcome of the 2015 Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
Background
 2007 expert meeting
 Codex Ad hoc Intergovernmental Task Force on Animal Feed
 Request to FAO/WHO to provide updated information on hazards of relevance for food safety in animal feed
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
Objectives
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 Update of the current state of knowledge on hazards associated with feed including feed and feed production technologies of increasing relevance
 Guidance on the most appropriate use of this information for risk analyses purposes  Identify knowledge gaps to prioritize future work. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
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Scope
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 Hazards in animal feed presenting a risk for human health  Impact of these hazards on animal health  Hazards in water where relevant in accordance with the Codex definition of animal feed. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
Scope
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Excluded
 Potential wider impacts of hazards on animal health, welfare and productivity, food security ‐
area for future work
 Veterinary drugs intentionally added to feed
 Antimicrobial resistance
 GMOs – subject to safety assessment prior to use
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
Process/Approach
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Implemented in line with procedures for provision of scientific advice
Inclusive in efforts to consider all available data
 Background paper summarizing publicly available data  Additional information through its peer review by experts and stakeholders,
 Call for data
 information and expertise provided by the individual experts  Resource people (biofuels, former food products)
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
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Key Findings ‐ general
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Hazards in feed may present an important risk for human health, and can have a negative impact on animal health and welfare
Stressed the importance of • Pursuing the prevention and control of hazards in animal feed. • Developing and implementing standards, guidelines and practical measures • Action from multiple players is required to build upon what has already been done • Ongoing and enhanced capacity development Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
Key Findings ‐ Risk assessment
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 Challenges presented by the wide range of hazards and feed sources, including
 need to generate the necessary data on some of these contaminants (sampling approaches and sampling plans)
 collate those data, if feasible through a global platform  develop the methodologies needed to facilitate such risk assessment.
 Role of the industry, as well as govt. authorities, in generating data  Importance of using them to identify and implement risk management measures
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
Key findings – standards and regulation
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 Codex Alimentarius work recognized (but more needed), explicit consideration of feed when developing or revising Codex texts for biological and chemical contaminants.  Differences that exist between countries’ regulatory frameworks and theyr impact: e.g. limited or no legislation and infrastructure for feed safety management.  The ongoing development of new products and technologies ‐ need for institutional and regulatory frameworks
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Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
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Key findings ‐ prioritization
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Not feasible at international level
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Country by country basis, consider specific situation, e.g
feed sources, production systems
Codex guidance
Consider other issues e.g. food security
Changing environment in which feed is being produced and used (climate, farming practices, feed sources etc.)
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regular review of potential hazards
awareness of the potential for new hazards be ready to take the necessary steps to manage these.
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
Chemical hazards
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• Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such dioxans
(PCDDs), furans (PCDFs), dl‐PCBs andl‐PCBs; • Veterinary drug residues; • Organochlorine and other pesticides;
• Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) (e.g. arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury); • Mycotoxins; • Plant toxins (e.g. genotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids and anti‐nutritionals such as glucosinolates)
• Potential and emerging chemical hazards. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
Hazard
Health impact
POPs ‐ dioxin, dl‐PCBs, ndl‐PCBs
Chemical hazards
Dioxins – reproductive, immune and endocrine systems are sensitive targets, especially in developing organisms
NDL‐PCBs difficult to identify
Source
Natural and anthropogenic sources, processing (e.g drying with inappropriate foods)
Occurrence in feed
Plants grown in contaminated areas, fish oil and meal from contaminated areas
Transfer feed to food
Dependent on congener profile and lipid content of feed
Relevance for food safety
only slowly eliminated and as such levels found in edible tissues
and products are dependent on the levels in feed and also the duration of exposure. Emerging issues/trends
better define the risk associated with ndl‐PCBs that are generally present at much higher levels in feed than dioxins and dl‐PCBs
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
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Biological hazards
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 Bacteria – Salmonella, Mycobacterium, Brucella, Clostridium spp, enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli, and Listeria
 Parasites ‐ pasture and forage
 Viruses – data gap
 Prions – don’t forget lessons of the past. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
Physical hazards
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 Radionuclides
 Residues of nanomaterials, micro‐
and nano‐plastics  Other relevant materials ‐ packaging.
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
Feed & feed production tech. of increasing relevance processes of increasing importance
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 Insects as feed
 Food waste and former food products
 Biofuel by‐products
 Aquatic plants
 Marine resources
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
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Insects
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 little info on hazards – gap to be addressed for regulatory purposes.
 Need to establish guidance for the standardization of insect rearing and processing practices (production scale and local requirements to be taken into account).
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
Marine resources
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 algae may concentrate toxic elements (e.g. arsenic, chromium, cadmium, lead, or toxic at excess doses as iodine)  toxin‐producing micro algae may be unintentionally harvested  need for more info on potential to accumulate toxic elements, the speciation of such elements and the influence of environmental conditions, as well as the conditions influencing the accumulation of toxins in algal species and the potential carry‐over, of toxins from feed to food
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
Marine resources
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 fish by‐catch and fish parts from fish processing hydrolyzed and grained as aquaculture feed may have increased levels of nano and microplastics.
 Krill may lead to lower exposure to conventional hazards associated with aquaculture feed such as mercury. It may contain relatively large amounts of fluride compared to conventional fish feed but if needed the excess fluorine can be addressed by removing the exoskeleton before processing into feed.
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
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Analytical Methods
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 A lot of information  Challenges ‐ knowledge and understanding what is relevant for animal feed.  methods not validated for all relevant feed and feed ingredients  no reliable methods are available for a number of the identified hazards.
 Developed a table of information  overview of the methods available specifically for hazards in feed
 scope of their application Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
Need for international standards
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 Codex Committee on Contaminants in Food and Codex Committee on Food Hygiene to develop and update specific provisions for the control and reduction of chemical and biological contaminants in feed and to address biological hazards re‐ entering the food chain through feed (development of guidance on the control of recycled food processing by‐products and former food);
 CAC to revise and update the Codex Code of Practice on Good Animal Feeding to address new hazards derived from the use of feed and feed production technologies of increasing relevance;
 Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues and Codex Committee on Contaminants in Food to establish MRLs for pesticides and other contaminants of concern in feed. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
FAO/WHO support
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 FAO and WHO will continue to raise awareness, advocate and provide information on hazards in feed, the impact of feed to food safety and the importance to ensure feed safety  FAO and WHO can provide specific training workshops on risk assessment and management of hazards in feed
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
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To support risk assessment of hazards in feed
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 FAO and WHO to collect, through the extension of the Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS/food), monitoring data regarding the occurrence in feed of the hazards described in this report
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
Next steps
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 Launch of an FAO/WHO platform for data collection  Registration of relevant contact points from Codex member states and observers. Others?
 Creation of a new category "feed" and sub‐
categories
 by type of feed
 by type of animals to be fed
 Selection of relevant hazards in feed
 Annual call for data as a function of Codex needs
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
Feed & feed production tech. of increasing relevance 24
relevance to the feed sector
 FAO/WHO to raise awareness within the food industry, including food retailers, on the importance of maintaining safety standards of former food and/or food processing by‐products;
 To develop guidelines for the safe production and use of insects, biofuel‐by‐products, feed from former food products and food processing by products;
 OECD /FAO to identify specific considerations relevant to the assessment of feed & feed production tech. of increasing relevance and update existing guidance and tools to facilitate international harmonization. 
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
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FAO/IFIF Manual of
Good Practices for the Feed Industry
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
For more information
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FAO web site on Animal Production and Health:
www.fao.org/ag/aga.html
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subscribe to the FAO mailing list on animal feeding and nutrition
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contact: [email protected]
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Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
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12/10/2015
thank you
Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting Hazards Associated with Animal Feed • FAO, Rome, Italy • 12 ‐ 15 May 2015
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