SOL Review
Life Science
• Lab Equipment
• Scientific Method
• Cell Theory
• Cell Parts
• Cell Processes
• Cell reproduction
• Genetics
• Evolution
Semester 2
• Classification
• Ecology
• Symbiosis
• Food Webs and Chains
• Cycles of Nature- water, carbon, nitrogen
• Biomes
• Ecological Succession
The Scientific Method
• Independent Variable: IV-The variable that you control. Think of it as
causing the dependent variable
• Dependent Variable: DV- The result of the IV. This is the measurable
variable. Think of it as the effect of the cause.
• Control: This is your comparison group in the experiment. This group
does not contain the variable.
• Constant: All factors that are held the same in the experiment. You
can only test one variable at a time all others must remain constant to
get valid results.
The Scientific Method
1.State the Problem
2.Research
3.Form a Hypothesis
4.Experiment
5.Analyze your data
6.Conclusion
• Hypothesis should always be written in an IF/THEN statement
• Several trials should be conducted for accurate results
The Scientific Method
Lisa and Susie wanted to find out if the color of water had any effect on
the growth of roses. They set up 4 planting pots. They filled each pot with 6 cups
of potting soil and planted 3 white roses in each pot. They labeled their planting
pots A, B, C, and D. Each plant was given 2 tablespoons of fertilizer. Each plant also
receives the same amount of daily sunlight. On Wednesday’s Lisa and Susie watered
each of their plants with 2 cups of water. Plant A receives 2 cups plain water, plant
B receives 2 cups of blue water, plant C receives 2 cups of red water, and plant D
receives 2 cups of green water. Lisa and Susie made their measurements of plant
growth weekly for 6 weeks. They determined that the color of water has no effect
on plant growth.
What is the IV in this experiment?
What is the DV in this experiment?
What is the control group in this experiment?
Name 3 constants in the experiment.
How many variables should be tested at a time?
Levels of organization for organisms
• Cell: Basic unit of life
• Tissues: groups of similar cells
• Organs: groups of different tissues
• Organ Systems: organs working together
• Organism: Systems working together. Can live on it’s
own
Plant and Animal Cells
Plant and Animal Cell Differences
TYPES OF CELLS
PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
• Cells that do not have a defined
nucleus and membrane bound
structures
• Cells that do have a defined
nucleus and membrane bound
structures
• All Bacteria
• (Arachaebacteria)
• (Eubacteria)
• Protists
• Fungi
• Plants
• Animals
Cell Parts Key Words
• Nucleus – Brain of the Cell
• Mitochondria – Powerhouse/Makes Energy
• Ribosome – make protein
• Endoplasmic reticulum-Transports protein
• Lysosome – Digest
• Vacuole – storage/Vacuum
• Cytoplasm- Cell gel
• Golgi Body-packages protein
• Cell Membrane-semi permeable covering of animal cells
Cell Discoveries
• 1665 Robert Hooke – Looked at cork under the microscope. First
person to use the word Cell.
• 1700’s Anton van Leeuwenvenhoek: A Dutch microbiologist.
Improved many microscopes. Looked at pond water under the
microscope and called what he saw animalcules. We now call these
organisms unicellular organisms.
The Cell Theory
Contributions of three German Scientists in the 1800’s created the
three parts to the Cell Theory
Matthias Schleiden
Theodor Schwann
Rudolf Virchow
Cell Theory Statements
Cell Theory Scientists Summary
Microscope Parts
Microscopes
Cell Processes
• Osmosis: The Diffusion of water
• Diffusion: The movement of particles from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
• Active Transport: Moving particles across the membrane from areas
of lower to higher. This requires energy.
• Passive Transport: Does not require energy
Cell Process Diagrams
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• The process by which plants use the suns energy to
make food. (glucose)
• Plants only
• 6CO2+6H2O+sunlight
C6H12O6+O2
• Reactants Carbon Dioxide and water
• Products Glucose and Oxygen
• Takes place in the chloroplasts of the plant cells
Respiration
• The break down of glucose with the use of oxygen to
make energy.
• Animals and Plants can go through respiration
• C6H12O6+O2
CO2+H2O+ATP
• Reactants are Glucose and Oxygen
• Products are Carbon Dioxide, water and Energy
• Takes place in the mitochondria of animal cells
Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis
Division of Body Cells (somatic)
2 daughter cells produces
Same number of chromosomes
Meiosis
Division of sex cells (gametes)
4 daughter cells produced
Half the number of chromosomes
Diploid number
Haploid number
4 stages
8 stages
Cell Cycle for Mitosis
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase,
Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
“I prefer meeting at taco city”
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Rosalind Franklin
Watson and Crick