01- Sustainable Energy
...The Wider Context
1 .1
The Wider Context
1.
Energy Sources



2.
3.
2
Energy in Context
Sources and Uses
Quality Issues
Beyond Petroleum?
Implications
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .1
What is Energy?
“the ability to do work”

Universe = Energy + Matter
–

Energy “moves” Matter (substance)
No “free” ride:
–
Cannot be created nor destroyed;

Can only be transformed
If so, why do we talk about “Energy Losses”?
What does “transformed” mean?
3
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .1
What is Energy?

Kinetic: “motion”
–
–
–
–

Potential: “stored”
–
–
–
–
4
Waves, Sound waves
Electrical
Electromagnetic / Radiant
Heat / Thermal Energy
Gravitational
Chemical
Nuclear
Mechanical
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .1
What is Energy?

Kinetic: “motion”
–
–
–

Potential: “stored”
–
–
–
–
5
Waves, Sound waves
Electromagnetic / Radiant
Heat / Thermal Energy
Gravitational
Chemical
Nuclear
Mechanical
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .1
What is Energy?

Kinetic: “motion”
–
–
–

Potential: “stored”
–
–
–
–
6
Waves, Sound waves
Electromagnetic / Radiant
Heat / Thermal Energy
Gravitational
Chemical
Nuclear
Mechanical
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .1
What is Energy?

Kinetic: “motion”
–
–
–
–

Potential: “stored”
–
–
–
–
7
Waves, Sound waves
Electrical
Electromagnetic / Radiant
Heat / Thermal Energy
Gravitational
Chemical
Nuclear
Mechanical
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .1
What is Energy?

Kinetic: “motion”
–
–
–
–

Waves, Sound waves
Electrical
Electromagnetic / Radiant
Heat / Thermal Energy
Potential: “stored”
–
–
Gravitational
Chemical

–
–
8
What Binds molecules together
Nuclear
Mechanical
May 17, 2015
1 .1
What is Energy?

Kinetic: “motion”
–
–
–
–
Fusion
Waves, Sound waves
Electrical
Electromagnetic / Radiant
Heat / Thermal Energy
Fission

Potential: “stored”
–
–
–
Gravitational
Chemical
Nuclear


9
–
What Holds the Atomic Nucleus together
What prevents Atoms from fusing
Mechanical
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .1
What is Energy?

Kinetic: “motion”
–
–
–
–

Potential: “stored”
–
–
–
–
10
Waves, Sound waves
Electrical
Electromagnetic / Radiant
Heat / Thermal Energy
Gravitational
Chemical
Nuclear
Mechanical
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .1
Energy & Society: Productivity
output
input
Mesopotamia, Egypt
input
output
input
Europe; 1400's
output
11
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .1
Energy: the Rise of the Machines
1700's
Burn some Stuff
Make some Heat
Coal
Water into Steam
Steam into Motion
1850's
Motion into Electricity
British Chancellor;
"But, after all, what use is this
electricity?"
12
Michael Faraday;
"Why sir, there is the probability
that you will soon be able to tax it."
Newcomen's 1712 Design
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .1
Energy: New Energy Sources
Energy "growing"
output
Energy "mining"
1 Barrel of Oil
~
25,000 Hrs
Human Labour
Mesopotamia, Egypt
output
Europe; 1400's
output
input
USA, Europe; 1900's
output
13
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .1
Energy: Carbons v Hydrocarbons

Energy as:
–
Work,

–
–
Surplus, to build armies,
Storage
Transmission
•Carbons: Coal = 32 MJ/Mass
•Hydrocarbons: Oil / Diesel = 47
x
MJ/Mass
5
Lord Curzon:
"The Allied cause had floated to victory on a wave of oil"
14
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .1
Society Needs Energy to "Harvest the Sun"

Energy as Work:


Food Surplus, to feed specialists,
Energy Storage
Specific Energy: Energy stored (MJ) / Mass (Kg)
•Carbons:
•Dry Cow-dung / Camel-dung = 15
•Wood = 18
•Coal = 32
•Hydrogen = 142
15
•Hydrocarbons:
•Oil / Gasoline = 48
•Oil / Diesel = 47
•Natural Gas / Methane = 56
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .2
The Wider Context
1.
Energy Sources



2.
3.
16
Energy in Context
Sources and Uses
Quality Issues
Beyond Petroleum?
Implications
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .2
What is it: What it's made of
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Heavy
Sour
Heavy
Sweet
45°
Wet
70 %
Brent
39°
0.5%
UK
C2H6:
C3H8:
C4H10:
C5H12:
Arab Light - Heavy
33° Daqing
China
0.1%
Arabian
Peninsula
28° - 34°
2 %- 3%
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
0 % - 20 %
31°
1.0%
"North Slope"
USA
Maya
Alaska
Mexico
90 %
20°
3.7%
15°
2.5%
Dry
BCF-17
Venezuela
10°
Light
Sweet
Low
0%
High
Sulphur Content
4%
Other Compounds
17
Light
Sour
Range
%
Average
%
Paraffins
15 - 60
30
Naphtenes
30 - 60
49
Aromatics
3 - 30
15
Asphaltics
0-6
6
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .2
Society's Oil & Gas Needs: Quality

Work
–

Storage
Transmission

Efficiency:

1.
2.
3.
18
Surplus
At consumption
At Production
Not all Oil & Gas sources are equal
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .2
Society's Energy "Mix"

Energy as:
–
Work: Electricity + Transport

–
–
–
Surplus: consumption society
Storage
Transmission
Efficiency
Energy "Mix" in the United States, 2000
No Transport
55% Loss
•Hydrocarbons
Natural Gas
•Carbons:
Coal
Transport
19
•Hydrocarbons
Gasoline & Diesel
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
80%
Loss
May
17, 2015
1 .2
Efficiency @ Consumption Side

Work
–
Surplus

Storage
Transmission

Efficiency:

1.



20
Transport:
•Hydrocarbons: Oil
At consumption: Petroleum

2.
Electricity:
•Carbons: Coal
•Hydrocarbons: Natural Gas
Liquid: Easy to extract/pump/transport
High Energy Content / Weight
Easy to Modify / Refine
Relatively Clean
At Production?
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .2
Efficiency @ Production Side

Work
–
Surplus

Storage
Transmission

Efficiency:

1.



21
Transport:
•Hydrocarbons: Oil
At consumption: Petroleum

2.
Electricity:
•Carbons: Coal
•Hydrocarbons: Natural Gas
Liquid: Easy to extract/pump/transport
High Energy Content / Weight
Easy to Modify / Refine
Relatively Clean
At Production?
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .3
The Wider Context
1.
Energy Sources



2.
3.
22
Energy in Context
Sources and Uses
Quality Issues
Beyond Petroleum?
Implications
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .3
ERoEI: Energy Quality
Profit
Extraction
Cost
23
Needs
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .3
ERoEI: Energy Sources
Oil & Gas: 1970
Oil & Gas: 2005
Shale Oil
Shale Oil
24
REF: Murphy, D.J.; Hall, C.A.S. (2010). Year in review EROI or energy return on (energy) invested. Annals of the New York Academy of
Sciences
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .3
ERoEI: Quality of Oil
High Quality:
•High EROEI
•Many useful by-products
Average EROIE:
•in 1990 ~ 40:1
•in 2010 ~ 20:1
Low Quality:
•Low EROEI
25 •Few useful by-products
REF: http://ourfiniteworld.com/2010/12/13/there-is-plenty-of-oil-but/
Session 1 - Energy
and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
1 .3
ERoEI: Energy Quality
Profit
Extraction
Cost
26
Needs
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
2
27
Outline
1.
Energy and Petroleum
2.
Beyond Petroleum?
3.
Implications
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
2
28
ERoEI: the Net “Energy Cliff”
REF: Lambert, J. G., et al.; 2014: Energy, EROI and quality of life. Energy Policy 64:153–167
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
2
We’re still using 1700’s Tech
1700's
Burn some Stuff
Make some Heat
Coal
Water into Steam
Steam into Motion
1850's
29
Newcomen's 1712 Design
Motion into Electricity
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
3
Outline
2.
Energy and Petroleum
Beyond Petroleum?
3.
Implications
1.
30
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
3
In Summary: Energy in Context

Work & Storage
–
Surplus


–
King Coal is still King



–
Petroleum is better
Oil is easier to transport than gas
Efficiency:
1.
2.
At consumption
At Production, Since 1990's:


3.
31
Most power = "Steam Power"
Energy = source of heat
Transmission
–

"import" fossil energy from the past,
"export" pollution into the future.
Decreasing ERoEI
Increasing Real Cost
Not all Oil & Gas sources are equal
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
3
32
ERoEI: Quality of Life
REF: Lambert, J. G., et al.; 2014: Energy, EROI and quality of life. Energy Policy 64:153–167
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015
For
your attention
 Energy:
Sources and Quality
 Beyond Petroleum?
 Implications ...
33
questions
?
…comments
…
Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, 2015