Nuclear Physics:
quarks, nucleons and nuclei (QNK)
Prof. dr. G. van der Steenhoven and Prof. dr. H. Löhner
5th ( and last!) edition, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, May 2 - June23, ‘06
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Kernfysica: quarks, nucleonen en kernen
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Some excitement to begin with….
• 2003: the claimed discovery of :
Pentaquarks
• Known particles built up from quarks:
– Mesons (or
qq- pairs):
– Baryons (or
qqq- configurations):
• Theoretical prediction (“QCD”)
–
qqqqq configurations exist 
– but they were never found….
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The experimental work
• 5 GeV electron accelerator - JLab at Newport News:
• The reaction  + p  +(1540) in Hall B:
Hall B
θ  (1540)
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The experimental evidence
• Results of three more experiments:
LEPS
SAPHIR
HERMES
• In all cases: surprisingly narrow peak near 1535 MeV/c2 ??
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Why would this be a pentaquark?
• What is observed:
 + p → (K+ + n) + X
• Positive kaon (K+) and neutron (n) originate from:
K   (us )



 (uudds )

n  (udd ) 
[There is no s-quark that can annihilate the anti s-quark.]
• But many questions remain:
– What is the dynamic structure of the + ?
– What are the quantum numbers of the + ?
– Is there evidence for other pentaquark particles ?
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u
Pentaquark models….....
u
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d
d
uu
d
d
s
s
a) Five quarks in a sstate configuration.
u
d
d
u
b) Five quarks in a K+ -n
molecular configuration.
d
u
u
s
c) Five quarks in a strong
diquark correlation state.
ss
d
u
d) Collective excitation of
a multiquark configuration.
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The bottom line…
• Pentaquarks: example of exciting ongoing frontline
research topic in QNK Physics…(to be continued !)
• What else today:
– What is the scope of Modern Nuclear/Particle Physics?
– Purpose, organization and terms of the lectures
– The real beginning: some basic Particle Physics
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Study of resonances by hyperon production
hyperon polarization
models for resonance structure
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Some Places to Explore Non-Pertubative QCD
• charmonium spectroscopyc c(
• gluonic excitations:
states)
hybrids: “ordinary” quark states containing excited glue
glueballs: gluonic states without valence quark
contribution
• -ray spectroscopy of hypernuclei
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Stranges
s
Extension of the Nuclear Chart
Neutron Number
• We do not yet understand the
interaction of normal matter with
hyperon matter !
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Neutrino Astronomy
• Consider distant sources of radiation:
– Supernovae, Quasars, GRBs, AGNs, ….
• Effect of interstellar medium:
– High-energy EM radiation is (partly) absorbed
– Protons are bended
–  can be traced back to the source


p
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Possible neutrino point sources
Supernova remnant
(Crab nebula)
Microquasar
(SS433 etc.)
Active Galaxy
(e.g. M87)
 1 ly
Black hole with
 mass of sun
galactic
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 104 ly
Black hole with
108 x mass of sun
extra-galactic
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KM3NET: basic concept
• Underwater Cherenkov
detector of ~ 1 km3
p



p
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present experiment:
“Antares” Neutrino Telescope
Strings with phototubes
in the water of the
Mediterranean Sea
Sequence of light signals indicates
the track and the energy of particles
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The scope of Nuclear Physics
atomic
nuclei
nucleons
heavy ions
quarks
& gluons
neutrinos
•Quark
Gluon
Plasma
•Phases of
matter
•NN-interaction
•Few-body physics
•Entanglement
•Strangeness
•QCD
•New qg-systems
•The origin of mass
and spin of hadrons
•Parity violation
•Neutrino masses
•Fundamental constants
•Beyond Standard Model
•Astroparticle Physics
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•Nuclear structure
•Super heavy nuclei
•Rare isotopes
•Nucl. astrophysics
• Many subfields
• Not all covered in
present lectures!
• Many front lines!
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The scope of this lecture series
• Physics of elementary
constituents: quarks, gluons
• Physics of elementary
interactions: QCD
• Composite quark-gluon
systems: pions, protons
• Protons, neutrons & other
hadrons: NN-interactions
• Atomic nuclei: structure,
reactions
• What we hope to achieve:
Understanding of modern subatomic physics literature
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Selection of topics
• The discovery of quarks
• The discovery of gluons
• Structure of nucleons
• Relativistic quantum mechanics
• Quantum chromodynamics (QCD)
• The N-N interaction, the deuteron
• Nuclear reactions, spectroscopy
• Models of the atomic nucleus
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Educational methods used
• Regular lectures: use the opportunity!
• Student presentations on, e.g.:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Neutrino mass and oscillations
Nuclear -decay
The quark-gluon plasma
CP violation
The nuclear shell model
Weak neutral currents
• Oral exam end June or early July 2006:
– Discuss recent nuclear physics
article from Physical Review Letters (4 pages)
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Literature and notes
Recommended text books:
–
Povh, Rith, Scholz and Zetsche (Springer) 1995:
“Particles and Nuclei”
–
Burcham and Jobes (Prentice Hall) 1995:
“Nuclear and Particle Physics”
Additional useful sources
•
•
Heyde (IoP) 1994: “Basic ideas and concepts in nuclear physics”
Zuber (IoP) 2004: “Neutrino Physics”
Lecture notes on the web:
–
www.nikhef.nl/~gerard under Lectures
–
www.kvi.nl/~loehner/college/college.html
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How to study?
• Lectures:
– Emphasis on physical concepts
– No long derivations → home work
• For each subject:
– Introduction in the lectures
– In-depth understanding → self study
– Application: student presentations
• Exam:
– Discussion of recent paper
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Who is who?
• Gerard van der Steenhoven:
–
–
–
–
Quark-gluon physics at DESY/Hamburg
ANTARES Groupleader at NIKHEF
Chair Committee for Astroparticle Physics NL
Professor of Exp. Nuclear Physics RUG
• Herbert Löhner:
–
–
–
–
Meson-nucleon physics at KVI/Bonn/GSI
PANDA (GSI / D) Groupleader at KVI
Professor of Exp. Nuclear Physics RUG
dir. opleiding natuurkunde/techn. natuurkunde
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What else today
• The beauty of QNK!
• Practical issues…
• Introduction “Basic
Particle Physics”
‘Particles and Nuclei’
• particle production in e+e- ollisions
• hadron resonances
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Why quarks, nucleons and nuclei?
• Basis of modern nuclear physics
• Current themes in nuclear physics:
1. QCD-basis of nuclear physics?

2. Does the Quark-Gluon Plasma exist?
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Why quarks, nucleons and nuclei?
• Current themes in nuclear physics (cnt’d):
3. What are the limits
of nuclear stability?
4. New physics beyond the
Standard Model at low E
(neutrino mass!)
 Interface nuclear and particle physics
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Why quarks, nucleons and nuclei?
• Current themes in nuclear physics (cnt’d):
5. Relevance to
astronomy:
[Development of
Astroparticle
Physics in NL!]
6. Applications:
Lungs: 3He tomography
Proton therapy
Archeology: dating
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Some practical issues
• Please ask questions:
– Now…. or at any moment……
– ….or at the next lecture……
– e-mail: [email protected]
– e-mail: [email protected]
• List of names + email addresses
• Overview of lecturing dates
• Organization of student presentations
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Kernfysica: Quarks Nucleonen en Kernen
This lecture will be given in quarter 4 of the study-year 2005/2006
.
lecture period:
2.05.2006 - 23.06.2006
lectures will be given by
Prof. dr. Herbert Löhner (KVI Groningen) and
Prof. dr. Gerard van der Steenhoven (NIKHEF Amsterdam)
lecture hours:
Tuesday
09:15 - 11:00 in room 5113.0202
Friday
09:15 - 12:00 in room 5116.0107
schedule of the lectures and student contributions (.ppt)
find slides from Herbert Löhner here: ( [email protected] )
lecture 1: Tuesday, May 2
lecture 2: Tuesday, May 16
lecture 3: Friday, May 19
lecture 4: Tuesday, May 23
lecture 5: Friday, May 25
lecture 6: Tuesday, June 13
find slides from Gerard van der Steenhoven here ( [email protected] )
Student contributions: (will be listed here once presented)
Oral tentamen: schedule will be discussed in the course of the lecture.
Every student will receive one week in advance a recent publication for the tentamen-discussion.
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Tuesday 09:15-11:00
room 5113.0202
Friday 9:15 –12:00
room 5116.0107
2.5. HL Introduction, basic particle physics and
hadron structure
5.5. General Holiday
No lectures
9.5. GvdS Basic nuclear physics
12.5. GvdS Electron scattering off nuclei,
nucleons and quarks
16.5. HL The structure of mesons and baryons
19.5. HL The nucleon-nucleon interaction
23.5. HL Nuclear reactions
26.5. HL Collective nuclear excitations
30.5. GvdS Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
2.6. GvdS Applications of Dirac Theory
6.6. GvdS Quantum Chromodynamics I
9.6. GvdS Quantum Chromodynamics II +
astro-particle physics
13.6. HL (spare time) +
charmonium, hybrids and glueballs
16.6. HL/GvdS
3 student presentations
20.6. GvdS &HL;
2 student presentations
23.6. GvdS &HL;
3 student presentations
(extra day) 9:00 – 14:00 KVI: Oral Examination (ca. 30 min p.p.)
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quarks,
en kernen
Lecturers:
GvdS = G. van derKernfysica:
Steenhoven;
HLnucleonen
= H. Löhner
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Subjects for student presentations
Date
Subject
1
16.6.
Neutrino Mass and Oscillations (BJ 15.3)
2
16.6.
Nuclear  decay (Povh, 17.6 and BJ 5.2)
3
16.6.
Neutrino Scattering (BJ 12.6.2 & 14.3.6)
4
20.6.
The nuclear shell model (Heyde Ch. 9)
5
20.6.
Charmonium spectroscopy (handout)
6
23.6.
Neutron stars (Povh, p. 226 etc.)
7
23.6.
Collective model & Superdeform. (BJ 4.3)
8
23.6.
The quark-gluon plasma (Povh, Ch. 20)
9
Weak neutral currents (BJ 13.6.1-3)
10
CP violation in kaon decay (BJ 11.13)
11
Nuclear reactions (BJ 6.2 – 6.5)
12
The spin of the proton (handout)
13
Analysis of resonances
(BJ 9.2)
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Name
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How to prepare a student lecture?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Select a subject
Discuss literature with one of the lecturers
Study the subject
Make link to the rest of the lecture
Design a presentation (30 min.)
Make use of Power Point or Foil-Tex (PDF)
Pre-discussion with lecturer
Make final presentation
Give at least one rehearsal talk
Transport presentation via CD or memory stick
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