Renewable Fuels in Norfolk
CIVINET UK & Ireland Network
First Annual Sustainable Mobility Convention
21 September 2010
Park Plaza Victoria, London
Bruce Tofield
University of East Anglia
Norwich, UK
[email protected]
•Civitas SMILE involved partners in Malmo, Norfolk, Italy, Estonia and
Romania; the project ran from 2005 to 2009. In Norfolk, Norfolk County
Council was project manager and partners included Norwich City, the
University of East Anglia (UEA) and Anglian Bus
•UEA led work on renewable fuels in vehicle fleets, in monitoring the
impact of measures associated with the introduction of a Low Emission
Zone in Norwich, and in monitoring improved driver performance
•UEA created a new supply chain to enable to trialling and evaluation of
sustainable biodiesel and biodiesel blends in local bus fleets
•UEA created a partnership with commercial partners to make possible the
conversion of the first bus in the UK to dual-fuel biomethane-diesel
operation, offering low-cost, low-emissions, low-carbon operation
Key associates at UEA
 Pete Metcalfe
 Derek Bowden
 Jon Horsley ([email protected])
Partners included
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Anglian Bus
City of Norwich
Norfolk County Council
First Eastern Bus
Argent Energy Ltd
Pace Petroleum Ltd
Lysanda Ltd
Hardstaff Group
Optare plc
Because of concerns about biodiesel and the environment
“The draining of wetlands to
produce any type of biofuel would
produce a loss of stored carbon
that would take hundreds of years
to make up through the biofuels'
annual greenhouse gas savings.”
EU Biofuels Progress Report,
January 2007
Indonesia, 2007
by Emily Fitzherbert, UEA Student
we focused on sustainable
biodiesel manufactured from
used oil and tallow
Biodiesel quality can be variable
A sample of biodiesel from our original
partner manufacturer: cloud point above
room temperature! The company went
into administration in 2006 and we were
able to create a new supply chain with
high quality product sourced from Argent
Energy Ltd
We were obliged to set up a
biodiesel laboratory to monitor
properties of biodiesel samples
20,000 litre storage tanks installed
At Anglian Bus
and Dolphin Taxis
Using clean tanks for biodiesel blend storage avoids one potential source of
contamination and filter blockage.
New UK supply chain for biodiesel blends B0 to B100 from
high quality biodiesel manufactured to EN standards
Argent Energy Ltd of
Scotland manufactures
biodiesel from used oil and
tallow in a modern,
dedicated factory
Pace Petroleum of King’s Lynn stored, blended and delivered
biodiesel and biodiesel blends
Product was tankered from
Argent Energy to Pace
Fuelcare depot in King’s Lynn
where it was stored in a
heated tank ready for loading,
blending and delivery
Scania Euro IV buses have run on B100
(These vehicles are warrantied for B100)
Fuel economy was approx 10%
below that of ULSD in line with the
reduced energy per litre of B100
B20 and B50 trialled on Anglian Bus vehicles
NOx emissions data collected on a road circuit
Pete Metcalfe and Derek Bowden, UEA
Simulating city bus traffic
NO emissions from ULSD and Biodiesel
Reduced NO from B20
3.50
ULSD
3.00
gNO km-1
NO per km measured with
Autologic gas analyser from
exhaust of Anglian Bus Optare
Solo Euro III Mercedes 4.2 litre
engine. Integrated over
complete laps of circuit near
Anglian depot at Beccles.
B20
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
ULSD
B20
0.00
1
14.000
12.000
B20
10.000
gNO km-1
B50
ULSD
NO per km measured with
Horiba gas analyser fitted to
manifold of Anglian Bus Optare
Solo Euro III Mercedes 4.2 litre
engine. Data taken over stopstart sequence to simulate incity driving.
8.000
6.000
4.000
2.000
ULSD
B20
0.000
1
B50
NO emissions from ULSD and Biodiesel
Increased NO from B100, Scania Euro IV vehicle
NOx g km-1
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
B100
0.0
ULSD
1
Average measured NOx emissions, g km-1, for Scania Euro IV bus
fuelled with ULSD (B0) and B100 (100% used vegetable oil methyl ester)
measured with Autologic gas analyser
Conclusions from biodiesel trials
• Fuel economy seems unaffected up to B20 at least
• NO emissions seem to reduce to B20 at least
• Argent biodiesel saves over 80% CO2 emissions
• Use of Argent B20 blend will save 17% CO2
• NO emissions would also be lower
• Impact of B20 blend similar to best eco-driving
• Creating a new supply chain will add cost
Biomethane – the low-carbon option
• Successful CNG bus operation in Malmo
• Malmo Civitas SMILE project to use biomethane for transport
• New CNG/biomethane fuelled buses expensive
• UK dual-fuel technology offers a low-cost low-carbon solution
• Potential for biomethane as well as CNG
• Diesel operation maintained
OIGI® Dual Fuel
technologies can be adapted to any fully
electronically controlled fuel injection system, including: ► Euro 2,3,4 and 5 light and heavy duty vehicles
► Refuse Collection Vehicles (RCV)
► Buses and Coaches
► OIGI® technologies can also be adapted to passenger vehicles
The UK’s first dual-fuel bus
•The Anglian Bus Optare Solo equipped with Horiba exhaust gas
analyser has been converted by Hardstaff to dual-fuel operation
and Optare have installed roof-mounted gas cylinders
•Key component of Optare low-carbon strategy
•Collaboration agreement signed between Optare and Hardstaff
The dual-fuel bus
•Pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced by half
•A low-cost, low-emissions, low-carbon solution for 30,000 UK buses
•The low-cost solution for urban transport
•The practical solution for 2012 Olympic transport
Certification now complete
Gas operation this week
A pathfinder to enable a transition to low-carbon, low emissions,
fleet transport in Norfolk – and the rest of the UK?
For evaluation of fuel economy,
carbon saving, tailpipe emissions,
driver performance…
Contact
 Bruce Tofield ([email protected])
 Jon Horsley ([email protected])