Review of soil carbon measurement methodologies and

Review of soil carbon
measurement methodologies
and technologies, including
nature and intensity of
sampling, their uncertainties
and costs
MPI Technical Paper No: 2012/36
Prepared for the Ministry for Primary Industries
by Landcare Research
ISBN No: 978-0-478-40450-0 (online)
ISSN No: 2253-3923 (online)
November 2012
Disclaimer
The information in this publication is for consultation only: it is not government policy. While
every effort has been made to ensure the information in this publication is accurate, the
Ministry for Primary Industries does not accept any responsibility or liability for error of fact,
omission, interpretation or opinion that may be present, nor for the consequences of any
decisions based on this information. Any view or opinion expressed does not necessarily
represent the view of the Ministry for Primary Industries.
Requests for further copies should be directed to:
Publications Logistics Officer
Ministry for Primary Industries
PO Box 2526
WELLINGTON 6140
Email: [email protected]
Telephone: 0800 00 83 33
Facsimile: 04-894 0300
This publication is also available on the Ministry for Primary Industries website at
http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-resources/publications.aspx
© Crown Copyright - Ministry for Primary Industries
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