Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
Chair of Flight Guidance and Air Transportation
Aviation and the Environment
Presented by Martin Otzik
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
2
“Air transport must aim to become an
industry that does not pollute —
zero emissions! “
Giovanni Bisignani
IATA Director General and CEO
IATA Annual General Meeting 2007
Vancouver
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
3
Agenda
• Aviation Growth and Resulting
Environmental Impact
• Research Strategies
• Technology Fields Addressed
• Regulatory Measures
• Challenges for Training
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
4
Agenda
• Aviation Growth and Resulting
Environmental Impact
• Research Strategies
• Technology Fields Addressed
• Regulatory Measures
• Challenges for Training
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
5
Aviation Growth
[Trillion RPK]
10
8
6
4
Air traffic
has doubled
every 15 years
Air traffic
will double
in the next 15 years
2
0
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
Sources: Airbus 2007, Global Market Forecast 2007 – 2026; IATA, ICAO
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
6
Goals of GHG Emission Reduction
Kyoto Protocol: (compared to 1990 level)
– 8% European Union by 2012
– 7% USA by 2012 (not ratified)
Obama Administration’ Agenda:
– 80% reduction of GHG emissions by 2050
IATA:
– Aviation Zero Emission by 2050
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
7
Carbon Footprint - No Problem?
Aviation
2%
Other Sources
85%
Other Transportation
Sources
13%
Percentage of anthropogenic CO2 emissions
Source: IPCC, “Aviation and
the Global Atmosphere”
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
8
Yes, there‘s a problem.
• Continuing growth of global aviation
 Emissions will outgrowth efficiency gain
• Radiative Forcing Index
– Includes other emissions: Ozone, methane,
contrails, soot, etc.
– Cirrus cloud effects not fully understood
 Total radiative forcing index: 2.2 – 3.7
Aviation’s carbon footprint increases!
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
9
Air Traffic and Carbon Dioxide
[% ]
250
2 % SFC gain per year
Air Traffic (RPK)
200
150
CO2 Emission
100
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
10
The Industry has understood!
Signed by:
ACI, CANSO, IATA, ICCAIA, Airbus, Boeing, Bombardier,
Embraer, CFM, GE, Pratt & Whitney. Rolls-Royce, ATAG
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
11
Agenda
• Aviation Growth and Resulting
Environmental Impact
• Research Strategies
• Technology Fields Addressed
• Regulatory Measures
• Challenges for Training
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
12
ACARE Goals for 2020
Environmental
Goals
• 50% less fuel and CO2
• 50% less noise
• 80% less NOX
• Reduction of
environmental impact
Air Transport System
Efficiency Goals
• Three times more
movements
• 99% on schedule
performance in all
weather conditions
ACARE (Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe)
= Expert group from all aviation system stakeholders
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
13
Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative
•
•
•
•
- 10 to 20 % fuel burn
- 5 to 10 dB noise
Reduction of drag
New aircraft config.
• Aircraft energy
concepts
• Green trajectories
• Improved ground ops
• New ops management
• Contra fan
• Open rotor
• Alternative fuels
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
15
Agenda
• Aviation Growth and Resulting
Environmental Impact
• Research Strategies
• Technology Fields Addressed
• Regulatory Measures
• Challenges for Training
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
16
Still Room For Engine Improvement
Source: Development of the BPR and SFC (Martens 2007)
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
18
Innovative Engines – Near future
Geared Turbofan (GTF)
SFC: -6 to -10% (compared to 2000 Status)
Noise: -15 to -20 EPNdB
Mass: +8 to +10%
Entry into Service: 2013 as P&W PurePower PW1000G
Mitsubishi Regional Jet and Bombardier CSeries
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
19
Innovative Engines – Far Future
Engines with Intercooler and Heat Exchanger
SFC: -16 to -20% (compared to 2000 status)
Noise: -18 to -22 EPNdB (compared to Chapter 4)
NOX: -50% CAEP/6
Higher Mass
To be realized not before 2035
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
20
Alternative Fuel Options
Drop In – Synth. Fuels
Fossil
CTL
Approved 04/08
LNG
GTL
Test flight 02/08

Renewable



Non „Drop In“ - Cryogenic
BTL
4 test flights
02/08 to 01/09
LH2
Ethanol 35% lower energy

content
• Low energy
content per unit
volume
• Availability
• Infrastructure

Source: Airbus
IATA Goal: 10% alternative fuels by 2017
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
21
ATC/ATM – Current Initiatives
Single European Sky
ATM Research
Next Generation Air Transportation System
(2005 – 2020)
(2005 – 2025)
Goals: More Capacity, Increased Safety,
Higher Efficiency, Less Delays
Elimination of Fragmentation
Trajectory Based Operation
System Wide Information Management
Security
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
22
Agenda
• Aviation Growth and Resulting
Environmental Impact
• Research Strategies
• Technology Fields Addressed
• Regulatory Measures
• Challenges for Training
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
23
Airport Emission Charges
• Emission charges at 15 European airports
• Yet no implementation outside Europe
Airports (selection)
Effective
Fees*
A320
B777
Switzerland
Zürich
1997
0 USD
265 USD
Sweden
Stockholm
1997
85 USD
507 USD
Germany
Frankfurt
2008
48 USD
286 USD
UK
Heathrow
2004
39 USD
233 USD
France
Euroairport
2003
58 USD (bonus)
451 USD
* Approximate fees (emissions only) per landing;
A320-200 with CFM-56 engines, B777-300 with GE-90 engines
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
24
Emission Trading Scheme - ETS
• Aviation will be included in the European ETS from 2012
• All Airlines flying from/to and within EU
• Legal problems of including non EU Airlines
(ATA: “European Aviation ETS illegal”)
• 5.3 billion EUR annual cost for European airlines
(AEA estimates)
• EU: Demand growth drop from 142% (business as usual)
to 135% (ETS) in 2020
Increase per flight in 2012
Aircraft Operating Cost (USD)
Ticket Price (USD)
Short haul
Medium haul Long haul
35 – 105
70 – 210
340 – 1025
0.30 – 1.05
0.60 – 2.25
1.50 – 4.35
Source: CE Delft, „Giving wings to emission trading”; July 2005
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
25
Average Fuel Consumption of the
World Passenger Fleet
4,0
3,5
RPK and Total Fuel
Consumption Without
Technology Improvements
A 320
B 737
succ.
3,0
2,5
A 350
2,0
ACARE
A 380
B 787
B 747-8
1,5
ETS?
Total Fuel Consumption With
Technology Improvements
1,0
Sustainable Aviation
0,5
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
26
Agenda
• Aviation Growth and Resulting
Environmental Impact
• Research Strategies
• Technology Fields Addressed
• Regulatory Measures
• Challenges for Training
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
27
SCDA-Procedure A330
Innovative Noise Abatement Procedures
MISC.
DATE
Leiser Verkehr EA1637C
17. 02. 2004
Simulator ZFB-Berlin
FUEL FREEZE: ON
AIRPORT
APPROACH
GROSSWEIGHT
GW - CG
ZFW
ZFW - CG
MUC
ILS RWY 08 L (IMNE)
164000 kg
28.3 % MAC
151000 kg
29 % MAC
ELEV.
RWY08L
1467 ft
MSL
TEMP
ISA
WEATHER /
VISIBILITY
CAVOK / NIGHT /
Visibility unrestricted
WIND
QNH
0/0
1013
SIM-REPOS: via CTS-Script-File on Terminal
START OF PROCEDURE
POINT OF DESCENT
DECELERATION POINT
STEEP SEGMENT
• e.g. Segmented Continuous Descent Approach
250 kts, 9000 ft, ALT, AP1, A/THR, FD, LS
@ 38 NM to DMN
@ 29,1procedure
NM to DMN
FPA –2,6°, 2700 ft, V
= 135 kts
@ 7000‘
FPA –1,0°
FLAPS 1
@ + 10 kts = 215 kts
•
precise
timing
required
for configuration changes
@ VFE
- 10 kts = 195 kts
FLAPS 2
@ FLAPS 2
GEAR DOWN
FPA –5,5°, FLAPSrequired
3
@•GEAR
DOWN
precise
vertical
guidance
(APPR)
@ FLAPS 3
FLAPS 4
@ FLAPS 4
APPR
•
upcoming
systems
needed
(Auto
Slat/Flap System)
5000
ft (GA-Alt), manual
flight
Stabilize Descent before reaching 2500‘
Lat: 48° 17` 16.59``
Long: 10° 51` 3.73``
NO. GATE
Radial: 262°
DME: 38.0 NM of DMN
Lat: 48° 18` 21.67``
Long: 11° 4` 20.43``
Radial: 262° DME:
29.1 of DMN
Lat: 48° 19` 18.71``
Long: 11° 15` 58.89`
0
1
2
3
4
NEXT
5
6
7
8
9
10 Landing
Radial: 262° DME:
21.3 NM of DMN
ACTION-ITEM
Lat: 48° 20` 28.17``
Long: 11° 30` 9.87``
Radial: 261° DME:
11.8 NM of DMN
TGT
Altitude [ft MSL]
9000‘
(7500‘)
POD = 29.1 NM
of DMN- DME
Start of Procedure
FPA - Change
FLAPS 1
FLAPS 2
GEAR DOWN
FLAPS 3
FLAPS 4
GP INTERCEPT
FPA -2,6°
Deceleration = 21.3 NM
of DMN-DME @ 7000‘
Deceleration
Height
7000‘
GEAR DOWN
FLAPS 1
FLAPS 3
FLAPS 2
(5500‘)
FLAPS 4
FPA –1,0°
FPA -5,5°
LOM
Steep Descent = 11.8 NM
of DMN-DME @ 5930‘
FAP
MAGAT
Distance to Threshold [NM]
GP -3,0°
2700‘
5000‘
(3500‘)
3500‘
(2000‘)
2500‘
(1000‘)
Source: DLR-FT (Braunschweig)
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
28
Conclusion For Future Green Operations
• more complex procedures require more system
knowledge and understanding
• additional systems needed such as enhanced HMI
and ASFS (Auto Slat/Flap System)
• all together higher automation levels
 more specialized training needed
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
29
Flying Green
is Possible!
Martin Otzik
[email protected]
Technische Universität Berlin
Chair of Flight Guidance and Air Transportation
Aviation and the Environment
Technische Universität Berlin
Berlin Institute of Technology
April 28th, 2009
Orlando, Florida, USA
30