Principles
of
Instructional
Design
Instructional Design is...
the systematic process of translating
principles of learning and instruction
into specifications for instructional
materials and activities.
aims for a learner-centered rather
than the traditional teacher-centered
approach to instruction, so that
effective learning can take place.
Components
This means that every component
of the instruction is governed by the
learning outcomes, which have
been determined after a thorough
analysis of the learners’ needs.
Questions to ask yourself - 1W and 4Hs
WHAT exactly to instruct
HOW to organize instruction
HOW to develop high-quality
instructional materials
HOW to assess what students have
learned
HOW to evaluate how well the
lessons worked.
Theories Affecting Instruction
Systems
Theory
Communications Theory
Learning Theory
Instructional Theory
What is a Theory?
A theory is an organized set of
statements that allow us to
explain, predict, or control events.
General Systems Theory
A set of interrelated parts all
working together to achieve a
common goal.
Communications Theory
Field of Experience
Field of Experience
Signal
Decoder Receiver
Sender Encoder
Noise
Feedback
Learning Theory
Theories that attempt to describe,
explain, and predict learning.
What is learning?
“LEARNING is a change in
human disposition or capability
that persists over a period of time
and is not simply ascribable to
processes of growth (Gagné’,
1985, p. 2)”
Theoretical Base
Behavioral
Cognitive
Constructivist
Behavioral Learning Theory
According to Behaviorists,
learning has occurred when
learners evidence the appropriate
response to the particular
stimulus.
Cognitive Learning Theory
Cognitive learning theories
attempt to explain learning in
terms of cognitive processes and
structures that are hypothesized
to operate within the learner.
Constructivist Learning
Meaning is not resident in the
medium containing the message,
but in the learner. The learner,
then interacts with the message
and constructs a personal and
unique interpretation of the
message.
Information Processing Model
E
N
V
I
R
O
N
M
E
N
T
Effectors
Receptors
Response
Generators
Sensory
Registers
Short-Term
Memory
Long-Term
Memory
Prior Knowledge
World Knowledge
Executive Control
Expectancies
Instructional Theories
Many instructional theories
attempt to prescribe the
characteristics of instruction that
will support instruction.
Examples of Instructional Theories
Gagné’s Conditions of Learning
Keller’s ARCS Model of
Motivation
Events of Instruction
Introduction
Gaining Attention
Establishing a Purpose
Arouse Interest and Motivation
Preview
Events of Instruction
Body
Recall relevant prior knowledge
Process information and
examples
Focus attention
Employ learning strategies
Events of Instruction
Conclusion
Summarize and review
Transfer learning
Remotivate and reclose
ARCS Model
Attention
Relevance
Confidence
Satisfaction
ADDIE Model
Analyze
Design
Develop
Revision Loop
Implement
Evaluate
Elements of the Dick & Carey Model
Write
Performance
Objectives
Identify
Entry
Behaviors,
Characteristic
s
Identify
Instructional
Goal
Develop
Instructional
Strategy
Revise
Instruction
Design and
Conduct
Summative
Evaluation
Design and
Conduct
Formative
Evaluation
Develop and
Select
Instructional
Materials
Develop
Criterion
Referenced Test
Items
Conduct
Instructional
Analysis
Smith and Ragan Model