Effect of Different Planting Geometry on Growth and Dry Matter Production
of Mustard Varieties
Naresh Mani Pandey1, S.K. Dubey2* and Ghanshyam Singh3
1
Research Scholar, Department of Agronomy, Narendra Dev University of Agriculture & Technology
Kumarganj, Faizabad-224 229 (U.P.), India
2
Research Scholar, Department of WRDM, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee- 247 667 (UK), India
3
Professor, Department of Agronomy, Narendra Dev University of Agriculture & Technology
Kumarganj, Faizabad-224 229 (U.P.), India
*Email to correspondence: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm of Narendra Deva University of Agriculture
and Technology, Faizabad (Uttar Pradesh) during the Rabi season of 2012-13 in RBD and replicated three
times. The basic information, on the physico-chemical properties of the soil indicated that the soil of the
experimental field was classified as silty loam which was low in organic carbon, nitrogen and
phosphorus, medium in potassium and sulphur and deficient in zinc. The sowing was done on November
28/2012. The treatments were comprised of four levels of planting geometry (30x10 cm, 45x10 cm,
45x15 cm and 60x10 cm) and three varieties (NRCHB- 101, Rohini and Narendra Rye -8501,). Variety
Narendra Rye -8501, with planting geometry of 45x10 cm produced significantly higher plant height,
primary and secondary branches plant-1, number of leaves plant-1, dry matte accumulation plant-1. The
maximum dry matte accumulation plant-1 was recorded with treatment combination Variety Narendra Rye
-8501, with planting geometry of 45x15 cm. The interaction effect of varieties and planting geometry on
various parameters of mustard was found non-significant. Thus the variety Narendra Rye-8501 proved
most suitable variety of mustard for higher productivity and the spacing 45×15 cm is most suitable for
higher productivity of different varieties of mustard. Sowing of mustard variety Narendra Rye-8501 at
spacing of 45×15 cm may be most economical.
Key words- Mustard, Planting Geometry, Genotype, Growth, Dry matter production.
INTRODUCTION
Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) belongs to family Cruciferae. It is one of the most important
winter oilseed crops. Mustard is an important Rabi crop of Rajasthan, Gujarat, M.P.,
Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Assam. India occupies third position in
rapeseed-mustard production in the world after China and Canada. Indian mustard is a fairly high
remunerative crop with a major source of high quality edible oil. The oil of rapeseed-mustard
serves as a very good cooking medium and fat of the majority of population in North-Western,
Central, Eastern and North-Eastern states. It is also most common medium of pickling and food
preserving. Beside oil, the leaves of young plants are used as green fodder. The estimated area,
production and yield of rape seed mustard in the world was 33.11 million ha (mha). 60.66
million tons (mt) and 1832 kg ha-1, respectively, during 2011-12.Globally, India accounts for
20.24% and 10.72 % of the total acreage and production (USDA 2012), respectively. In India
mustard is cultivated over an area of about 6.69 m ha with the production of 8.17 million tonnes.
During 2011-12 rape seed mustard contributed 22.40% and 22.59% to the total oil seed acreage
and production in India .The average yield of rape seed mustard was 1145 kg ha-1 as compared to
1135kg ha-1 of total oil seeds. Rajasthan ranks first both in area and production and Gujarat state
has the highest productivity of mustard. In Uttar Pradesh, mustard is grown on 0.82 million
hectare area with production of 0.90 million tones and productivity of 1141 kg ha-1. For
increasing the productivity of mustard crop, the improved varieties which are capable of giving
high yields should be cultivated. Selection of varieties depends mainly on the several factors e.g.
method of sowing, crop rotation, pest and disease management, irrigation facilities and climatic
conditions. Production potentiality of mustard can be fully exploited with suitable agronomic
practices and genotypes. Among the different agronomic practices, optimum sowing time and
suitable row spacing and plant to plant spacing play an important role to fully exploit the genetic
potentiality of a variety provided optimum growth conditions such as temperature, light,
humidity and rainfall etc are favourable. The growth phase of the crop should synchronize with
optimum environmental conditions for better expression of growth and yield. It is a fact that
specified genotypes does not exhibit the same phenotypic characteristics in all environmental
conditions.
The response of different genotypes for growth varies to different environment and their relative
ranking usually differ (Eberhort and Russel, 1966) and ultimately decides the selection of
genotypes for a particular or different sowing dates to stabilized higher yields (Finalay and
Wilkinson, 1963; Perkins and Jinks, 1968). Optimum row spacing provides condition for greater
light interception from early crop growth. Further, it is important that the row spacing should be
defined to accommodate the more number of plants per unit area and their arrangement. The
mustard genotypes differ in their yielding ability, especially the genotypes to plant spacing. This
calls for a need to generate more information on the response of mustard genotypes to the dates
of sowing and row spacing for greater yields in a given agro-climatic conditions. The
physiological constraint for the low productivity of oilseeds is the high energy requirement of the
plant. In spite of being an energy rich crop the rapeseed and mustard are generally grown under
energy starvation condition (Mishra, 1993). Inadequate plant population is the real hurdle in
increasing the production of rapeseed and mustard. Besides above, selection of suitable variety
according to agro-climatic and soil conditions is also very important to harvest better yields.
Planting geometry i.e. row to row and plant to plant distance plays a vital role in the production
of rape seed and mustard under irrigated condition. Sub-optimal planting geometry, wider row
and plant spacing leads to low population which in turn fails to compensate the yield obtained in
optimum plant stand while, narrower row and plant spacings, increase the inter and intra-plant
competition leading, to poor growth and development and dry matter accumulation resulting in
poor yield (Singh, 1989).
Moreover, in dense populated crop, the light fails to penetrate to lower leaves and they act as
“Parasitic leaves” which utilize most of the photosynthates produced by upper and intermediate
leaves. The translocation of carbohydrate from source-leaves and stem is also hampered under
dense population which leads to reduction in sink size (siliqua and seed) of the plants. Hence, an
optimal row and plant spacings for mustard is required for obtaining better yield. In the irrigated
area row and plant spacing influenced the productivity of mustard considerably (Singh, 1989).
Keeping in view of these facts, an experiment entitled as “Effect of different planting geometry
on growth and dry matter production of mustard varieties” was carried out with the objectives- to
identify the most suitable variety of mustard for higher productivity; to work out the most
suitable plant spacings for higher productivity of different verities of mustard and to study the
economics of different treatment combinations.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was carried out at Agronomy Research Farm of Narendra Deva University of
Agriculture and Technology Kumarganj, Faizabad (U.P.) during Rabi season of 2011-2012. The
farm is located 42 km away from Faizabad city on Faizabad- Raebareily road at 26.47˚ N latitude
and 82.12˚ E longitude and about 113 metres above the mean sea level. The experimental site
falls under sub tropical region in Indo-Gangatic plains with hot summer and cold winter. Nearly
80 per cent of the total rainfall is received during monsoon season from July to September with a
few showers in winter season. The region receives a mean annual precipitation of about 1200
mm. Westerly hot winds start from the month of April and continued till the onset of the
monsoon. Mean minimum and maximum temperature during the crop season ranged from 5.0 to
15.1 0C and 15.3 to 32.10C, respectively. The maximum rainfall of 64.6 mm was recorded in the
month of January, 2012. The evaporation rate was higher in the month of February. The relative
humidity was highest in month of December (85.5) while the sun shine hour was recorded
maximum in the month of March. Detail meteorological conditions such as weekly distribution
of rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity and evaporation rate recorded
during the crop season are present in Table 1.
Table 1: Meteorological parameters during crop season (2011-12)
Temperature
Relative
(0C)
Months
Total
Humidity Evaporation Rainfall
Sunshine
Hours
Min.
Max
(%)
rate (mm)
(mm)
(hr)
November
13.3
28.0
71.2
2.2
0.0
4.2
December
7.8
21.5
76.4
1.8
0.0
2.6
January
8.0
20.2
78.8
1.9
64.6
3.7
February
7.8
24.4
68.3
2.6
17.2
6.6
March
11.1
29.7
57.9
3.2
4.2
7.3
In order to determine the physico-chemical characteristics of soil and fertility status, the soil
sample are collected from different places at random with the help of soil augar to a depth of 015 cm prior to application of fertilizers. The soil sample representing the whole field was taken
and analyzed in laboratory for physico-chemical properties. The results of mechanical and
chemical analysis are given in Table 2.
Table-2: Physico- chemical characteristics of the experimental site:
Physico-chemical
characteristics
A. Mechanical analysis
(i)
Sand (%)
(II)
Silt (%)
S. No.
Value
Method employed
25.0
49.50
Hydrometer method (Bouyoucos,1936)
(III)
Clay (%)
(IV)
Textural class
25.50
Silt
loam
B. Chemical properties
(I)
pH (1.25 soil water ratio)
8.2
(II)
Organic carbon (%)
0.32
(III)
EC dSm-1 at 25 0C
0.24
(IV)
Available N (kg ha-1)
136.5
(V)
(VI)
Available P2O5 (kg ha-1)
Available K2O (kg ha-1)
14.5
248.5
Available Zn (ppm)
0.54
(VIII)
Triangular method
(Lyon et al.,1952)
Glass electrode pH meter (Jackson,1973)
Walkley & Black’s rapid titration method
(Walkley and Black,1934)
Conductivity meter (Jackson,1973)
Alkaline permanganate method (Subbiah and
Asija, 1956)
Olsen’s method (Olsen et al., 1954)
Flame photometer (Jackson,1973)
Atomic absorption Spectrophotometer (Jackson,
1973)
The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) constituted with 12 treatment
combinations. Total three varieties will be taken as replication Viz. NRC HB-101 (V1), Rohini
(V2) Narendra Rye (V3) with four level of spacing Viz. S1 (30x10 cm), S2 (45x10 cm), S3 (45x15
cm) S4 (60x10 cm). Total 36 plots have been made facilitate the work as per statistical design
procedure. Gross plot size was 22.68 m2 and net plot size 12.96 m2. Each and every agronomical
practice has been fallowed as per standard rule suitable for our study location. The crop was
sown in last week of November and harvesting was done in the end of March.
A brief account of the varieties used in experiment and their salient features have been discussed
as under:
NRCHB-101
The variety was released/notified in 2008 from National Research Centre on Rapeseed-Mustard
(Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard) Bharatpur (Rajasthan) suitable for late sown irrigated
condition. It has plant height 170-200cm, maturity 105-135 days, oil content 34.6-42.1 %. Seed
size 3.6-6.2g. Potential yield 1732 kg/ha (under late sown conditions) and average yield 13821491 kg/ha.
Rohini
This variety matures in 135-140 days. It has fairly well resistant against most of the diseases and
insect pests. Seed contain 40 per cent oil. The variety is suitable to grow under irrigated
condition in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Its yield potential is 22-28 quintal per hectare,
and the average yield 2000-2200 kg/ha.
Narendra Rye
This variety was identified in 1990 from ND university of Agriculture & technology,
Kumarganj, Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh. The material was obtained from Etawah, Uttar Pradesh. It
is developed by the method of selection and suitable for cultivation in irrigated and salt- affected
areas of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. It has plant hight-160-175 cm, maturity-125 days,
oil content-39%, potential yield-2500 kg/ha and average yield- 1100-1333 kg/ha.
Land preparation was started after harvesting of kharif crop. One ploughing was done by disc
plough followed by two ploughing by tractor drawn cultivator and planking was done invariably
after each ploughing to get the fine seed bed. Layout was carefully done as per technical
programme of experiment. The crop was fertilized with a uniform dose of nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium at the rate of 120 kg, 60 kg and 40 kg ha-1, respectively. Urea, DAP and Murate of
potash were used as the source of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The full dose of
phosphorus and potash and half of nitrogen were applied as basal dose and remaining half dose
of nitrogen were given in two equal split doses as top dressing after first and second irrigations.
Mustard seeds were sown in line at the distance as per treatments with the help of seed drill
machine. The seed rate was used 5 kg ha-1. Thinning was done in two phases. In the first phase
dense emerging seedling were uprooted after 10 days of sowing. Second phase of thinning was
completed by maintaining plant to plant and row to row distance as per treatment. One hand
weeding was done by hand khurpi after thining at 45 days after sowing. Two irrigations were
given to the mustard crop. First irrigation was done at rosette stage (25 DAS) and second
irrigation was done at siliqua formation stage (55 DAS) of the crop. Tube well was the source of
irrigation. To protect the crop from aphid, Dimecron at the rate of 250ml per hectare was sprayed
at pod formation stage. The crop was harvested at complete maturity as judged by visual
observation. The border rows were harvested first and kept aside. Thereafter, crop of each net
plot was harvested separately and brought to threshing floor after proper tagging. The produce of
net plot weighed individually and recorded before threshing. Threshing was done by wooden
sticks and seed weight was recorded for net plot after winnowing the produce.
Five plants were selected randomly from each plot and tagged. The height was measured in cm
with the help of meter scale from the base of the plant to top of the plant and mean value was
computed at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest. Selected tagged plants were also used for counting
of primary and secondary branches at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest. Total number of primary
and secondary branches were counted separately and mean value have been computed for
primary and secondary branches plant-1. Four plants were cut down randomly from each plot and
chopped in to small pieces and put for sun drying for two days and then in the oven at a
temperature of 75 0C till the constant weight. The average value was calculated and reported as
dry matter in g plant-1. The leaf area of five plants was measured by automatic leaf area meter at
30th and 60th days after sowing of the crop. Leaf area index was calculated by the formula.
Leaf Area Index (%) 
Leaf Area
Ground Area
All the statistical analysis done in study was performed by using SPSS 2011 and graphical
presentation is done by using MS excel 2007.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Weather conditions
The weather conditions prevailing during the crop growth period played the most important role
in growth and yield of the crop. The weather data on temperatures, relative humidity and Rainfall
received during the present investigation have been presented in table 1. The seasonal variation
had remarkable bearing on growth, development and yield of the crop. The every crop for the
higher yield has its own cardinal points of temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, sunshine
hours and other weather conditions but these points seldom prevail during the crop season. When
the fluctuations become too wide from optimum points, the plants fail to attain proper growth
and development activities resulting in low yield. Therefore, the weather conditions during crop
growth have been considered to draw some valid conclusions. The weather conditions like
temperatures, rainfall and relative humidity had greater significance for mustard cultivation. The
average maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity and evaporation rate were
found to vary from 20.2 0C to 29.7 0C and 7.80C to 13.3 0C, 57.9 per cent to 78.8 per cent, 1.8
mm to 3.2 mm per day, respectively during the crop period. The total Rainfall received during
the entire crop season was 86.0 mm. The sunshine hours were observed minimum 2.6 hours and
maximum 7.3 hours per day. The variation observed in growth and total dry matter production of
mustard may also be due to variation in weather conditions.
Edaphic conditions
The basic information, on the physico-chemical properties of the soil furnished in Table-2
indicated that the soil of the experimental field was classified as silty loam which was low in
organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, medium in potassium and sulphur and deficient in
zinc. In view of these climatic and edaphic conditions, the results obtained are discussed as
under:
Effect of varieties
Under present investigation, it has been observed that different varieties significantly affected the
growth and dry matter production of mustard crop detailed results presented in table 3. The
maximum plant height (cm) was recorded for Narendra Rye-8501 which was significantly
superior to Rohini and NRC-HB 101. Increase in the plant height (cm) was observed at all
growth stages of mustard crop. The increase in plant height was due to favorable soil condition
i.e. the variety Narendra Rye is well suited for Alkaline and saline condition. Because of salttolerant accessions in variety Narendra Rye (NDR 8501) alkaline salinity severely compromised
the response of the identified salt tolerant cultivars. The results of present investigation are also
in agreement with the finding of Javid (2012) and Singh et al (2008). The maximum leaf area
index and Number of primary branches per plant and secondary branches per plant and total
branches per plant recorded with Narendra rye-8501at all growth stages of crop. This was due to
genetic characters which truly indicated of total phtosynthates production, with higher leaf area
index led to the increase source capacity of Narendra rye-8501. The results are in conformity
with Singh et al (2008). Dry matter accumulation plant-1 was also higher in Narendra rye8501compared to Rohini and NRCHB-101 at all the growth stages except 30DAS (Table 4).The
probable reason may be attributed to genetic characters of Narendra rye-8501.which had higher
capacity to utilized to photosynthates more efficiently for maximum leaf area index, primary and
secondary branch plant-1 and ultimately the dry matter production.
Table-3: Effect of varieties and spacing on growth parameters of mustard crop at different stages.
Primary branches plant-1
Plant height (cm)
Treatments
Varieties
NRC HB – 101
Rohini
Narendra Rye
SEm ±
CD at 5%
Spacings (cm)
30 x 10
45 x 10
45 x 15
60 x 10
SEm ±
CD at 5%
Secondary branches
plant-1
60
90
At
DAS DAS harvest
30
DAS
60
DAS
90
DAS
At
harvest
Total branches plant-1
LAI3
(%)
30
60
DAS DAS
30
DAS1
60
DAS
90
DAS
At
harvest
30
DAS
60
DAS
90
DAS
At
harvest
13.7
13.2
15.8
0.4
1.2
50.7
50.1
56.5
1.3
3.9
109.4
108.1
121.8
2.9
8.4
115.7
114.3
128.8
3.0
8.9
2.0
2.0
2.1
0.1
N.S
6.5
6.5
7.5
0.2
0.6
7.6
7.6
8.8
0.2
0.6
7.9
7.9
9.2
0.2
0.7
12.2
12.2
14.1
0.4
1.0
16.9
16.8
19.8
0.5
1.4
18.0
18.0
20.7
0.5
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.1
0.1
N.S
18.7
18.7
21.6
0.5
1.6
24.5
24.4
28.2
0.7
2.1
25.9
25.9
29.9
0.7
2.2
1.6
1.5
1.9
0.1
0.1
4.5
4.5
5.0
0.1
0.4
14.2
13.9
14.4
14.5
0.5
N.S2
42.1
50.6
61.9
55.1
1.6
4.5
90.9
109.1
133.6
118.8
3.3
9.7
96.1
115.4
141.3
125.6
3.5
10.2
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.1
0.1
N.S
6.0
6.6
7.7
7.0
0.2
0.6
7.0
7.8
9.0
8.3
0.3
0.7
7.3
8.1
9.4
8.6
0.3
0.8
11.2
12.5
14.4
13.2
0.4
1.2
15.5
17.2
19.9
18.2
0.6
1.6
16.5
18.4
21.2
19.5
0.6
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.1
0.1
N.S
17.2
19.1
22.1
20.3
0.6
1.8
22.5
25.0
28.8
26.4
0.8
2.4
23.9
26.5
30.6
28.1
0.9
2.5
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.7
0.1
N.S
4.8
4.6
4.6
4.6
0.2
N.S
1
DAS- Days after Sowing,
2
N.S. - Not significant,
3
LAI- Leaf Area Index
Effect of plant geometry
Under present investigation, it has been observed that various plant geometry affected the
growth, yield and quality parameters of mustard crop. Significantly taller plants were observed
with the spacing of 45x 15 cm at all the growth stages of the crop, except 30 DAS. This was
mainly due to higher plant population with optimum spacing. This might be attributed to
reduction in magnitude of competition for light at closer spacing as compared to wider spacing.
The results are in conformity with Singh (1991), Singh et al (2008) and Kumari et al. (2011).
Number of primary branches per plant and secondary branches per plant were significantly more
with the spacing of 45x 15 cm. These findings are in agreement with Singh et al (2006), Paraye
et al. (2009), and Kumari et al. (2011).
Table-4: Effect of varieties and spacing on dry matter accumulation plant -1 (g) of mustard
crop at different growth stages
Treatments
Varieties
NRC HB – 101
Rohini
Narendra Rye
SEm ±
CD at 5%
Spacing (cm)
30 x 10
45 x 10
45 x 15
60 x 10
SEm ±
CD at 5%
30 DAS
Dry matter accumulation plant-1 (g)
60 DAS
90 DAS
At harvest
1.89
1.43
1.98
0.05
N.S
6.80
6.29
7.69
0.19
0.56
18.31
17.89
21.66
0.57
1.68
22.47
22.05
24.93
0.67
1.98
1.80
1.86
2.00
1.95
0.06
N.S
4.45
6.35
9.30
7.61
0.22
0.64
8.48
16.25
26.64
25.77
0.66
1.94
10.67
19.20
31.36
31.36
0.78
2.28
The significantly higher dry matter accumulations were recorded with the spacing of 45x 15 cm
at all the growth stages, except 30 DAS. It was mainly attributed due to significantly higher plant
height, number of primary and secondary branches per plant. Singh (1991) and Kumari et al.
(2011). Leaf area index (LAI) was higher with 45x15 cm of row spacing. This was mainly due
to higher leaf area under this spacing Singh (1991) and Kumari et al. (2011).
CONCLUSION
In respect to varieties the maximum plant height was recorded for Narendra Rye-8501 at all
growth stages of crop which was significantly superior over Rohini and NRC-HB 101. The
maximum number of primary branches plant-1 was observed for Narendra Rye-8501 which was
significantly superior to Rohini and NRC-HB 101 at all growth stages except at 30 DAS. The
maximum number of secondary branches plant-1 was recorded for Narendra Rye-8501 at all
growth stages of crop, which was significantly superior to Rohini and NRC-HB 101. The
maximum number of total branches plant-1 was recorded in Narendra Rye-8501 at 30, 60, 90
DAS and at harvest, which was significantly superior to Rohini and NRCHB-101. All growth
stages of crop except 30 DAS. Maximum dry matter accumulation (g plant-1) was observed in
Narendra Rye-8501 at 30, 60,and 90 days after sowing and at harvest stage of crop growth,
which was significantly superior over Rohini and NRCHB-101 at all growth stages except 30
DAS. Among the varieties maximum leaf area index was recorded for Narendra Rye-8501 at 30
and 60 DAS which was significantly superior over Rohini and NRCHB-101.
Figure-1: Effect of varieties and spacing on dry matter accumulation plant-1 (g) of mustard crop at different
growth stages
In respect to plant geometry the maximum plant height was recorded with plant geometry 45x15
cm at30, 60, and 90 days after sowing and at harvest stage of crop growth, which was
significantly higher over 30x10 cm, 45x10 cm and 60x10 cm plant spacing at all the stages of
crop growth except at 30 DAS. Maximum number of primary branches plant-1 was noticed with
plant geometry of 45x15 cm at 30, 60, and 90 days after sowing and at harvest stages of crop
growth, which was significantly higher over 30x10 cm and 45x10 cm and at par with 60x10 cm
plant geometry at all the stages of crop growth except 30 DAS.
The higher number of
secondary branches plant-1 was noticed with plant geometry of 45x15 cm at 60, 90 days after
showing and at harvest stage of crop growth, which was significantly superior over 30x10 cm
and 45x10 cm and was found at par with 60x10 cm of plant geometry at all the stages of crop
growth. The maximum number of total branches plant-1 was noticed with plant geometry of
45x15 cm at 30, 60 , 90 days after sowing and at harvest stage of crop growth, which was
significantly superior over 30x10 cm, 45x10 and at par with 60x10 cm plant geometry at all the
stages of crop growth except 30 DAS . Maximum dry matter accumulation (g plant-1) was
noticed with plant geometry of 45x15 cm at 30, 60, and 90 days after sowing and at harvest stage
of crop growth, which was significantly superior over 30x10 cm, 45x10 and at par with 60x10
cm of plant geometry at all the stages of crop growth except 30 DAS (Fig.1). The leaf area index
was not at all the growth affected by plant geometry stages of crop
Summarized results, the following conclusions may be drawn: Narendra Rye-8501 proved most
suitable variety of mustard for higher productivity. The spacing 45×15 cm is most suitable for
higher productivity of different varieties of mustard. Sowing of mustard variety Narendra Rye8501 at spacing of 45×15 cm may be most economical. In order to make recommendation these
finding need to further confirmed.
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