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Name _________________________________________________
CLASSIFICATION – ESSENTIAL VOCAB
The science of naming organisms
The study of ancestry and relatedness
Classification taxon….KPCOFGS….related organisms
Classification taxon...…most specific ...can breed/reproduce
Classification, two part name, Genus and species
Classification group…KPCOFGS
Cells without a nucleus….primitive…bacteria
Cells with a nucleus….more evolved
Organism with many cells
Organism made of one cell…..bacteria and protist
Organism that can synthesize its own food (photosynthesis)
Organism that can NOT synthesize its own food (consumer)
Any living thing
Oldest form of life…dating about 4 billion years ago…bacteria
that live in extreme environments
Bacteria that live among organisms
Eubacteria
Small organisms….bacteria, protist
Microorganisms
Any organism that causes disease or illness
Pathogen
The ability to withstand a condition…bacteria
Resistance
Classification chart used to name and sort organisms
Dichotomous Key
Asexual Reproduction Cloning, one parent cell divided into two identical cells by mitosis
Sexual Reproduction Variations, two parent cells combine to produce a different
offspring, meiosis
Maintaining internal stability, balance, regulation (body temp.)
Homeostasis
Dynamic Equilibrium Homeostasis but with minor fluctuations (glucose levels)
Synthesizing ATP with the use of Oxygen & Glucose
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration Synthesizing ATP without the use of Oxygen, only Glucose
A dead pathogen put into the body to cause an immune response
Vaccination
by producing antibodies
1. Taxonomy
2. Phylogeny
3. Genus
4. Species
5. Binomial Nomenclature
6. Taxa/Taxon
7. Prokaryotic
8. Eukaryotic
9. Multicellular
10. Unicellular
11. Autotrophic
12. Heterotrophic
13. Organism
14. Archaebacteria
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
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BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:
1. Evaluate the
history and purpose
of taxonomy.
Classification
Classification & Taxonomy
The naming and grouping of
organisms based on similarities (in
DNA, structure, etc.)
Aristotle’s System of Classification – Why was it wrong? Theories change!
2. Explain the
meaning and give
examples of scientific
names.
Prior to DNA knowledge….only based on structural similarities.
Not always accurate, for example not all green organisms are
plants! As the microscopes improved do did our knowledge of
DNA and true relatedness so theories changed.
What is Linnaeus’ Classification System based on?
Prior to DNA knowledge…..he based
classification groups on similarities in
structure (comparative anatomy
such as homologous structures).
3. If Felis leo is the
scientific name for a
lion what could you
infer about Felis
tigre? Explain.

Binomial Nomenclature (Genus species)
A two word naming
system in Latin….made
up of an organism’s
Genus and species
names.
Human is
(Homo sapiens)
SUMMARY
3
BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:
The Language of Scientific names vs. common names
1. Why is binomial
nomenclature
useful?
Scientific names are in Latin and composed of the taxon Genus and
species. Common names are not useful worldwide since they are
based on many different languages.
Taxonomic Rankings – Taxa
2. Explain the
taxonomic
classification chart;
citing which taxa is
largest, smallest,
most related.
K
P
C
O
F
G
S
3. Members of the
same species must
be able to do what?
The largest taxa with the largest amount of organisms is __________Kingdom________
The smallest taxa with the smallest amount of organisms is _____species__________
Organisms in this taxa can breed and produce offspring ________ species_________
If an organism belongs to the same class what other taxa does it have in common
______kingdom_________, ______phylum__________
In which taxa would DNA samples be the most common ________species________
SUMMARY
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BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:
1. Give examples of
differences and
similarities among
the kingdoms.
2. Name the 6
kingdoms from least
to most complex.
The Six Kingdoms
-Put in Order from least complex
and oldest to most complex and
youngest.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
How are Evolutionary Relationships Determined

Structural Similarities
Comparing anatomy, physical structures, bones, homologous
structures to determine relatedness and common ancestry.

3. Protista are a very
large and diverse
group. Can you think
of why they may be
separated into two
kingdoms someday
soon?
Breeding Behavior
Comparing behaviors related to reproduction and development,
such as attracting a mate to determine relatedness and ancestry.

Geographical Distribution
Comparing the location on Earth where organisms live and have
lived to determine relationships and ancestry.

Chromosome Comparison
Comparing the number and structure of chromosomes in
organisms to determine relationships and ancestry.

Biochemistry
Comparing the DNA, amino acids, enzymes, proteins of organisms
to determine relatedness and ancestry.
SUMMARY
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BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:
Phylogeny
1. How do you find a
common ancestor on
a Cladogram?
A diagram showing the evolutionary relatedness among organisms
and tracing back to a common ancestor.

Cladistics & Cladogram
The study of phylogeny, ancestry, relatedness.
2. If lines on a
Cladogram are close
together and connect
at a point behind,
what does that
suggest about those
organisms?
3. From the previous
page, what
characteristics would
you expect related
organisms to share?
SUMMARY
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BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:
To determine an organism’s kingdom answer three questions:
1. Give basic
characteristics of a
kingdom.
1. Is the organism prokaryotic or
eukaryotic?
 Prokaryotic
Unicellular organisms lacking a
nucleus (bacteria only), simple
 Eukaryotic
2. If an organism is a
prokaryote what
does that tell you
about it?
Organisms with a nucleus, more complex
2. Is the organism unicellular or multicellular?
 Unicellular
Organisms made of one cell, simple
 Multicellular
Organisms made of many cells, complex
3. Is the organism autotrophic or heterotrophic (Nutrition Style)?
3. Draw a
phylogenetic tree
depicting the
evolution of the 6
kingdoms.
 Autotrophic
Organisms like plants and algae that can
convert gases into glucose through
photosynthesis….make their own
food…producers
 Heterotrophic
Organisms like consumers that cannot convert gases into glucose….cannot
make their own food
*The only prokaryotic kingdoms are ___Archaebacteria______ &
______Eubacteria_________
*The only unicellular kingdoms are _____Archaebacteria_______ ,
________Eubacteria_______ & _______Protist________
SUMMARY
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BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:
Complete the table below.
1. Name an
organism that could
be both autotrophic
and heterotrophic?
2. Why is this type of
organism significant
in evolution?
3. Explain why
theories of
classification have
changed through the
years.
SUMMARY
Characteristic
Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protist
Fungi
Plant
Animal
Cell Type
(Prokaryote or
Eukaryote)
Nucleus
present
(yes or no)
Unicellular or
Multicellular
Nutrition Style
(Autotroph or
Heterotroph
or Both)
Cell Wall
(yes or no)
Locomotion
(yes or no or
some)
PRO
PRO
EUK
EUK
EUK
EUK
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
UNI
UNI
UNI
MUL
MUL
MUL
HETERO
Mostly
HETERO
HETERO HETERO AUTO HETERO
Or
AUTO
YES
YES
SOME
YES
YES
NO
YES
YES
SOME
NO
NO
YES
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BELLRINGER:
Essential
Questions:
1. Compare and
contrast the two
types of sexual
reproduction.
LIFE FUNCTIONS – ALL ORGANISMS SHARE
No matter how big or small (multicellular or unicellular), autotrophic or heterotrophic,
prokaryotic or eukaryotic……all organisms do the following life functions…..just in different
ways!
What is an organism?
A living thing that is made of cells and carries out life functions listed below.
Review in evolutionary order the 6 kingdoms of life:
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protist, Fungi, Plant, Animal
All organisms are made of _____Cells_________
Life Functions
2. Compare and
contrast the two
types of
respiration.
Reproduction
(Sexual vs. Asexual)
Growth
Regulation
(Homeostasis)
(Dynamic Equilibrium)
3. Give some
examples of
homeostasis in or
organism.
Nutrition
(Autotroph vs. Heterotroph)
Respiration
(Aerobic vs. Anaerobic)
Transport
Excretion
Synthesis
SUMMARY
Life process to produce offspring to continue that
species. Sexual requires two different parents
resulting in different offspring through meiosis.
Asexual requires one parent resulting in a cloned
identical offspring through mitosis.
Life process to increase in cell size and/or number
Life process to maintain a balanced internal
environment. Regulation of all other life functions.
Dynamic Equilibrium includes small fluctuations to
maintain stability.
Life process of obtaining nutrients for energy, either
by autotrophic photosynthesis or by heterotrophic
consuming.
Life process of converting glucose nutrients into
usable ATP/energy for all cells. Aerobic uses
Oxygen and Anaerobic does not.
Life process to circulate, move, absorb, distribute,
diffuse molecules within an organism/cells.
Life process to remove metabolic cellular wastes.
Life process to make/produce a larger molecule by
the combining of smaller molecules.
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BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:
How do different organisms accomplish the same function:
1. What happens if
an organism fails to
maintain
homeostasis?
Comparing Unicellar Organisms

Organelles
Small cellular parts with
specific functions, able to
complete life functions in
unicellular organisms.
2. Which life
function is not
necessary for the
individual but it is for
the survival of the
species? Explain.
3. Homeostasis and
Regulation are
synonyms explain.
Vs. Multicellular Organisms

Cells-tissues-organs-systems
Many cells make up tissues….many tissues
make up organs…and many organs make
up systems. Multicellular organisms
require more than cells to perform life
functions since not all cells are in direct
contact with their environment.
Life Function
Respiration
Organs/System
Mitochondria
Lungs/Respiratory
Stomach/Digestive
Transport
Cell Membrane, Food
Vacuole
Cell Membrane, Waste
Vacuole
Cytoplasm
Reproduction
Nucleus
Testes & Ovaries/Reproductive
Nutrition
Excretion
SUMMARY
Organelles
Kidneys/Excretory
Blood/Circulatory
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BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:
The Prokaryotes
1. Give examples
and characteristics of
the former
Monerans.

Prokaryotic, Unicellular, Heterotrophic, Anaerobic
Organisms. First organisms to appear on Earth
about 4 billion years ago. Live in extreme harsh
environments.

2. What types of
environments would
you find
Archaebacteria in?
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Prokaryotic, Unicellular, Heterotrophic, Organisms.
Found in air, water, soil, and other organisms. Some
are decomposers, some are disease causing.
The role of Eubacteria in our Environment:

Beneficial Decomposers
AKA nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying
bacteria because they convert Nitrogen
wastes into usable nitrogen for soil and
plants.
3. Explain how the
reproduction rate of
bacteria allows them
to evolve quickly.

Pathogenic
Bacteria that cause disease, illness, and death.
-Ways to control Pathogens
Washing/good hygiene, freezing,
canning, salt preservatives, antibiotics
-The problem with Resistant Pathogens
(MRSA)
Bacteria that have mutated and are
stronger than others….able to resist antibiotics….reproduce and pass on their
mutation and resistance is passed on to their offspring.
SUMMARY
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BELLERINGER:
Essential Questions:
The Eukaryotes
1. Give examples of
life functions that
single celled Protists
do as well as multi
celled animals.

Protista (Protists)
Eukaryotic, Unicellular, Heterotrophic
(animal like), Autotrophic (plant like),
mostly live in water. Ameba,
Paramecium, Algae
-adaptations:
structures for locomotion in animal like-cilia, pseudopods, flagella
may live in colonies for safety in numbers
2. Compare an
organelle to a human
organ in function.

Fungi (Fungus)
Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Heterotrophic by
absorbing decaying materials
(decomposers)
-adaptations:
Reproduce asexually by spores

3. Compare an
organelle to a human
system in function.
Plantae (Plants)
Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Autotrophic by Photosynthesis,
have Cell Walls.
-adaptations:
Produce flowers and smells to aid in sexual reproduction.

Animalia (Animals)
Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Heterotrophic, Locomotive.
Most have specialized organs and systems for life
functions.
SUMMARY
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BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:
ONLY THE LIVING ARE CLASSIFIED!!!!
1. Why are viruses
not considered
living?
WHAT ABOUT VIRUSES?
Viruses are not classified…they are exceptions…why?
Viruses are not made of cells and therefore are not
considered a living organism, BUT they can reproduce!
2. Explain what a
vaccination is and
give an example.
Viruses as Pathogens & Examples
Viruses cause disease, illness, death. Polio, Measles, Mumps, HIV,
Meningitis, FLU
Viruses in Health and Medicine

Vaccinations
A dead pathogen injected into an organism to cause an
immune response. WBC’s produce specific antibodies to
destroy the antigen in the vaccine. Memory WBC’s retain
the antibodies to fight future attacks.
3. Discuss objections
to people being
vaccinated…or forced
vaccinations for their
children.
SUMMARY
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BELLRINGER:
Essential Questions:
What is a Dichotomous Key?
1. How many choices
are at each level of a
dichotomous key?
2. Why is it useful to
classify organisms?
3. Give an example of
a genus and species
name of an organism.
SUMMARY
A biological key consisting of characteristics used to sort and name organisms
based on similar characteristics. A tool used to classify organisms.