Transports of Organic Carbon and
Nutrients in the Kaoping River-Sea System
J.-J. Hung, H.-M. Yang, E.-T. Yeh, Y.-C. Yeh, C.-M. Ho
and I..-J. Lai
Institute of Marine Geology and Chemistry, National Sun YatSen University
Kaohsiung, Taiwan E-mail: [email protected]
Outlines
 Riverine fluxes of suspended sediment, and
dissolved and particulate carbon, nitrogen and
phosphorus
 Meterological conditions vs. riverine fluxes
 Transformation of riverine CNP in the
Kaoping Estuary (net fluxes)
 Coastal CNP budgets (on-going studies)
Kaoping River
Dadson et al., 2003
1000
Historical
歷年平均
2002年
(C)
Discharge (c.m.s.)
800
600
400
200
里嶺大橋
0
Jan
Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Time(month)
Sampling period:
Aug/1999-July/2000 (1998-2000 La Nina
event)
1999
2000
2002 (2002-04 El Nino event)
Sampling locations in the Kaoping River
Sampling locations and
their elevations and
discharge contributions
Sediment Yield
(Kaoping watershed)




1999/2000: 3.6*103 g/m2/yr
2002: 0.656*103 g/m2/yr
World’s rivers (mean): 150 g/m2/yr
Island’s rivers (mean): 3*103 g/m2/yr
# derived from suspended load only
Particle size vs. river discharge (water elevation)
8
80
Wet
season
60
Water elevation
Pabuk
Wutip
Typhoon
Typhoon
Krosa
Typhoon
7
Sepat
Typhoon
Dry
season
6
Sampling Date (2007-2008)
04
/J
an
3
08
/O
ct
0
24
/A
ug
4
15
/A
ug
20
07
/A
ug
5
05
/J
ul
40
Water elevation (m)
>150 µm
63-150 µm
10-63 µm
3-10 µm
0.4-3 µm
27
/J
un
Individual Size fraction (%)
100
100
>150 µm
63-150 µm
10-63 µm
3-10 µm
Fraction ( % )
80
60
40
Particulate
organic carbon
(POC)
20
04
/J
an
08
/O
ct
24
/A
ug
15
/A
ug
07
/A
ug
05
/J
ul
27
/J
un
0
Sampling Date (2007-2008)
100
>150 µm
63-150 µm
10-63 µm
3-10 µm
60
Particulate
inorganic
nitrogen (PON)
40
20
Sampling Date (2007-2008)
04
/J
an
08
/O
ct
24
/A
ug
15
/A
ug
07
/A
ug
05
/J
ul
0
27
/J
un
Fraction ( % )
80
100
>150 µm
63-150 µm
10-63 µm
3-10 µm
Fraction (%)
80
60
40
20
04
/J
an
08
/O
ct
24
/A
ug
15
/A
ug
07
/A
ug
05
/J
ul
27
/J
un
0
Particulate
organic
phosphorus (POP)
Sampling Date (2007-2008)
100
>150 µm
63-150 µm
10-63 µm
3-10 µm
60
40
Particulate
inorganic
phosphorus (PIP)
20
Sampling Date (2007-2008)
04
/J
an
08
/O
ct
24
/A
ug
15
/A
ug
07
/A
ug
05
/J
ul
0
27
/J
un
Fraction (%)
80
Chemical Yield
(Ca, Mg, K, Na, Cl, SO4, HCO3, Si)
 1999/2000: 1.14*103 g/m2/yr
 2002: 0.416*103 g/m2/yr
 World’s rivers (ave): 33~40 g/m2/yr
63%
POC
PIC
DOC
DIC
Transport of C
and N in the
Kaoping River
1.3%
10%
DIN
DON
PON
25%
36%
33%
31%
Kaoping River
°ª«Ì·Ë
¤u·~¼ o¤ô
28%
Industrial
wastewater
¯bªª¼ o¤ô
59%
Animal
59%
1%
¨ä¥L
Others
®a®x¼ o¤ô
12%
Domestic
wasterwater
Data source: EPA, Taiwan
3.0
Kaoping River
2.5
NH4 - N (mg/l)
2.0
Foot and
Mouth
Disease
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Time
Nitrogen Fluxes
(Anthropogenic contributions)
• Estimated from wastewater discharge:
•
•
5.6*104 kg/day
Estimated from difference between baseline
and in-situ measurements: 6.5*104 kg/day
(Particulate nitrogen: 4.8 *103 kg/day)
EPA(ROC) report: 5.7 *104 kg/day
• Anthropogenic contributions to total fluxes:
89% (64715/72977=89%)
Phosphorus Fluxes
(Anthropogenic contributions)
• Estimated from wastewater discharge: 4.7
•
•
*103 kg/day
Estimated from the difference between
baseline and in-situ measurements: 7.4 *103
kg/day(Particulate P: 4.4 *103 kg/day)
EPA(ROC) report: 1.3 *104 kg/day
• Anthropogenic contributions to total fluxes:
61% (7399/12124=61%)
Carbon and nutrient yields from the Kaoping Watershed
08/1999-07/2000 (a)
2002
(b)
a/b
Discharge (cms)
270
102
2.6
POC (g/m2/yr)
44.9
2.92
15.4
PIC (g/m2/yr)
18.4
1.27
14.5
DOC (g/m2/yr)
2.27
1.8
1.3
DIC (g/m2/yr)
111
47.7
2.3
PN (g/m2/yr)
0.70
0.47
1.5
DIN (mol/m2/yr)
0.59
0.13
4.5
DIP (mmol/m2/yr)
6.29
5.43
1.2
DSi (mol/m2/yr)
0.41
0.31
1.3
Meterological conditions
primarily determine the material
fluxes and proportions of natural
and anthropogenic contributions
119°E
121°E
122°E
26° N
Taiwan Strait
Kaoping River
24° N
22° N
350
16
300
14
250
200
10
DO
8
150
6
DO (µM)
SRP (µM)
12
100
60
300
50
250
40
200
30
150
20
100
DO
10
4
Surface
Bottom
2
50
Surface
Bottom
50
0
0
0
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
35
350
300
250
200
150
150
DO
100
100
0
35
300
8.0
250
7.8
7.6
150
7.4
100
7.2
50
20
25
30
6.8
35
0
Salinity
7.0
DO
0
5
10
15
20
60
Salinity
Dec/2003
50
-1
Chl-a (µg l )
40
30
20
10
Dec./2003
30
8.2
0
15
25
200
50
Surface
Bottom
10
20
Surface
Bottom
0
0
5
10
15
20
Salinity
25
30
35
25
30
35
pH
DO (µM)
200
5
15
pH-DO (r=0.8119, p<0.0001)
DO (µM)
250
0
10
350
300
50
5
Salinity
Salinity
350
Silicate (µM)
350
DO (µM)
Nitrate+Nitrite (µM)
18
70
25
July,1999
60
NH4
NO2
NO3
DIN
50
40
20
Si (µM)
Nitrogen Concentration (µM)
70
30
20
10
15
10
5
0
0
1.6
0
10
20
30
40
6
0
10
20
30
40
4
-1
Chl a (µg l )
SRP (µM)
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.0
2
0
0
10
20
Salinity
July, 2003
30
40
0
10
20
Salinity
30
40
400
6
11/22/1989
-1
POC ( mg L )
350
DOC (µ M)
300
250
200
150
100
KPR941018
Surface
Middle
Bottom
5
4
3
2
1
50
0
-12 -8
-4
River st.
0
4
8
12
16
20
Salinity
24
28
32
0
10
9
8
Station
7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Salinity
1. Dissolved inorganic nutrients (except for DIP-addition in high S
range) and DOC were transported conservatively through the
estuary during the wet season.
2. Nitrate reduction/denitrification occurred in the low S range
during the dry season
3. Non-conservative transports - for particulate phases of carbon and
nutrients
4. Using Biogeochemical (box) model to derive net fluxes
22.7
A1
A3
22.5
Dissolved
Kaoping River
A2
CNP
D1
Tungkang River
A4
Budgets
D2
Latitude (N)
B1
Tapong Bay
B2
D3
B3
E1
B4
Liuchiu Island
B5
22.3
C1
E2
C2
E3
22.1
C3
C4
120.1
120.3
Longitude (E)
120.5
Particulate CNP
Budgets
Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Budgets
Kaoping
Watershed
River
Dissolved
Particulater
matter
Kaoping Estuary
● Addition
● Removal
Net
fluxes Coastal Zone
● Primary production
● Recycling
Settling
Dissolved
Release Denitrification
Sediments
● Recycled
● Preserved
On-going studies
Salinity
 
KW
28
SCS
 
Temperature ( °C )
24
20
24
 
CR724 ( 2001/08 )
 
12
 
KW
SCS
A1
A4
B1
B3
B5
C1
C4
20
 
32
KW
28
SCS
24
 
 
CR738 ( 2001/11 )
12
 
KW
SCS
A1
A4
B1
B3
B5
C1
C4
 
 
0
20
 
KW
SCS
 
 
16
 
CR762 ( 2002/03 )
12
8
 
KW
SCS
A1
A4
B1
B3
B5
C1
C4
4
4
 
31.5 32.0 32.5 33.0 33.5 34.0 34.5 35.0
 
 
16
8
4
0
31.5 32.0 32.5 33.0 33.5 34.0 34.5 35.0
 
 
16
8
32
Temperature ( °C )
28
31.5 32.0 32.5 33.0 33.5 34.0 34.5 35.0
Temperature ( °C )
32
Salinity
Salinity
 
 
 
圖 4-1、研究期間於高屏海域各測站之溫鹽圖
0
 
 
 
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
DSi ( µM )
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
DIN ( µM )
1.5
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
DIP ( µM )
-1
Chl. a ( µg L ) TSM ( mg L-1 )
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
3
-1
Discharge ( m month )
DOC ( µM )
120
110
100
90
80
70
DON ( µM )
12
DOP ( µM )
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
POC ( µM )
12
10
8
6
4
2
PN ( µM )
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
10
8
6
3
-1
Discharge ( m month )
圖 4-42、高屏溪輸出流量對高屏海域各化學參數（DOC、DON、DOP、
POC、PN、TSM、Chl. a、DSi、DIN 及 DIP）平均濃度分佈之影響
表 4-3、研究期間於高屏海域 DIP<0.2μM、DIN<1μM、P 及 N limitation zone 之百分比
Cruise
724 ( 2001/08 )
738 ( 2001/11 )
762 ( 2002/03 )
797 ( 2002/07 )
837 ( 2002/12 )
853 ( 2003/03 )
DIP<0.2μM
(%)
56
86
75
65
96
86
P limitation zone (%)
DIP<0.2μM N/P>30
4
3
DIN<1μM
(%)
42
21
46
35
72
31
N limitation zone (%)
DIN<1μM N/P<10
42
4
7
13
38
11
200
G P ( m g C md )
150
100
50
150
100
50
0
0
0.0
0.2
0.6
0.4
0
0.8
2
4
-1
P=0.0822
R =0.4212
6
8
10
0.0
P=0.0694
R =0.4972
0.4
0
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
-1
P=0.0860
R =0.3999
120
-3
80
40
0
0.6
0.8
160
D C R ( m g C md )
-1
120
-3
40
-1
50
D IP ( µM )
160
D C R ( m g C md
80
0.4
100
12
)
)
-1
-3
D C R ( m g C md
120
C hl. a ( µg L )
150
D IN ( µM )
160
0.2
200
0
C hl. a ( µg L )
0.0
R =0.4791
P<0.0001
-1
-3
-3
G P ( m g C md
-3
G P ( m g C md
250
R =0.4154
P<0.0001
-1
200
250
)
R =0.2680
P=0.0076
-1
)
250
80
40
0
0
2
4
6
D IN ( µM )
8
10
12
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
D IP ( µM )
1.6
2.0
GP / DCR ( Ratio )
6
A1
B1
B3
B5
C1
4
2
Ratio = 1
0
Mar-02
Jul-02
Dec-02
Time ( month )
Mar-03
圖 4-50、研究期間高屏海域 GP/DCR Ratio 於各站位之分佈圖