CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the Future: CHP, Heat Pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels
Huw Blackwell
HOARE LEA
Sustainability
7th September 2011
Glen House
200 - 208
Tottenham
Court Road
London
W1T 7PL
Tel: +44 (0)20 7890 2500
Fax: +44 (0)20 7436 8466
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 1
Presentation Contents
1. THE PAPERS INTENT
2. FACTS AND ASSUMPTIONS
3. CHP AND HEAT PUMPS
4. FUTURE HEATING FUEL
5. CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER WORK
7. HL Code Level 5 Case Study
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 2
1. THE PAPER’S INTENT
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 3
This paper’s intent
oBased on industry experience
oAimed at non-technical and technical individuals
oLooks to the future – crystal ball gazing
• Where to best utilise differing engineering systems and infrastructure to their greatest
advantage?
• How to maximise the use of limited energy resources?
• How national, regional, or local regulation may be modified to best encourage the
development of a low carbon future without standing in the way of innovative engineering
practice
oSummarises systems in the round – including losses
oTries to uses real world examples that exist instead of theory
oThrows up more questions (research topics?) then answers…
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 4
Some Quotes…
Gas fired CHP is just a transition technology
The big challenge is decarbonising the grid
Heat pumps are the future for building heating
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 5
2. FACTS AND ASSUMPTIONS
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 6
UK Power Generation?
o Combined Cycle Gas Turbine power stations have the greatest electrical
efficiency – Typically 47% in UK
o 5-7% electricity lost in national transmission
o Embedded electrical generation assumed a 5% loss in transmission
o Gas transmission – nationally 7.5% lost or consumed distributing this
o CHP Typically 35% electrically efficient, 40 % thermally efficient
o Bulk fuel (e.g. coal) generally moved by rail or shipping
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 7
Danish District Heating Distribution?
Pumping Losses
0.2
Pumping Energy as a % of CHP Electrical Output
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0
September 2011
50
100
150
District Heat System Supply (GWh)
CIBSE Technical Symposium
200
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
250
300
Page 8
Danish District Heating Distribution?
District Heating System Losses
100%
90%
80%
System losses
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0
September 2011
50
100
150
200
250
District Heat System Supply (GWh)
CIBSE Technical Symposium
300
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
350
400
Page 9
Danish District Heating Distribution?
o 5-50% system loss – approximately 20% average assumed
o 1-3% CHP electrical output goes on District Heating Pumping
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 10
3. CHP AND HEAT PUMPS
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 11
CHP or Heat Pumps?
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 12
CHP or Heat Pumps?
7% reduction in electrical
efficiency from heat reclamation
80 %
Avedøre
100 %
Heat
CCGT in CHP
mode
Generator
42 %
50 % Heat
58 %
System Totals:
100 % Fuel In
50% Heat
42% Electricity
8 % Heat Losses
43 %
Heat In
43 % Additional energy
transferred by heat pump from
another heat source
Heat Pump
(COP 7)
Consuming
~7% of
electricity
Avedøre
100 %
CCGT
~7%
Generator
49 %
51 %
50 %
Heat
42 %
42 %
System Totals:
100 % Fuel In
50% Heat
~42% Electricity
51 % Heat Losses
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 13
CHP or Heat Pumps?
Electrically efficient and
thermally efficient CHP
required, embedded near high
heat loads. District heating loss
important in delivering carbon
savings.
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
COP of 2.6 to 7
required to better the
best CHP Systems
(including District
heating losses…)
UK field trials mid
range performance
ASHP COP 2.0
GSHP COP 2.4
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 14
4. FUTURE HEATING FUEL
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 15
When the gas goes…
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 16
When the gas goes…
oBiodiesel?
oBulk Biomass?
oGasification?
oAnaerobic Digestion?
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 17
When the gas goes…
oBiodiesel?
oBulk Biomass?
oGasification?
oAnaerobic Digestion?
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 18
When the gas goes…
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 19
Decarbonising the gas grid
100 %
Gasifier
92.5 %
Gas fired
reciprocating CHP
Transmission
Generator
32 %
60 %
30.5 %
29 % Heat
36 % Heat
24
7.5 % Gas distribution
Losses
24 % Heat Losses
20% District
Heating
Transmission
loss (~7%
system loss)
Potentially
>5% Electrical
Transmission
loss (~2%
system loss)
System Totals:
100 % Fuel In
40% Heat
~33% Electricity
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 20
5. CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER
WORK
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 21
Conclusions
oCHP is not always appropriate, policy guidelines stating a national minimum
electrical efficiency or heat to power ratio are suggested
oHeat pumps are not always appropriate, policy guidelines stating a national
minimum COP linked to UK power generation or CHP efficiency are suggested
oLinking CHP with gasification or Anaerobic digestion is not appropriate, we
need to decouple CHP and decarbonising the gas grid
oDistrict heating should be promoted where sufficient heat densities make this
feasible. CHP is not always appropriate to serve district heating.
oNational guidelines or policy on district heating standards is required to
prevent high losses and poor performing systems.
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 22
The Future?...
oThe analysis would indicate that the best use of biomass is transformation into
a gas replacement fuel to allow the efficient generation of electricity from biomass.
oGas conversion would be best undertaken at a regional level.
oGas transportation would be via the national gas grid.
oCHP and district heating would be best undertaken within the urban
environment.
oCCGT remains the most efficient electrical generation system and most efficient
CHP system.
oIncreasing the scale of all these systems makes the best use of this limited fuel
source.
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 23
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Questions?
Huw Blackwell
September 2011
CIBSE Technical Symposium
Looking to the future: CHP, Heat pumps and
the best use of natural gas and biomass fuels.
Page 24