OpenStax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 CHAPTER 10: ROTATIONAL MOTION AND ANGULAR MOMENTUM 10.1 ANGULAR ACCELERATION 1. At its peak, a tornado is 60.0 m in diameter and carries 500 km/h winds. What is its angular velocity in revolutions per second? Solution 500 km 1h 1000 m 138.9 m/s. 1h 3600 s 1 km v 138.9 m/s 4.630 rad/s. r 30.0 m 1 rev 4.630 rad/s. 0.737 rev/s 2 rad 2. Integrated Concepts An ultracentrifuge accelerates from rest to 100,000 rpm in 2.00 2 min. (a) What is its angular acceleration in rad/s ? (b) What is the tangential acceleration of a point 9.50 cm from the axis of rotation? (c) What is the radial 2 acceleration in m/s and multiples of g of this point at full rpm? Solution v 2 rad 1 min 1.047 10 4 rad/s 1 rev 60 s 4 1.047 10 rad/s /t 87.27 rad/s 2 87.3 rad/s 2 120 s 5 (a) 10 rev/min (b) at r (87.27 rad/s 2 )(0.0950 m) 8.29 m/s 2 v 2 r 2 2 r 2 r r (0.0950 m)(1.047 10 4 rad/s) 2 1.042 10 7 m/s 2 1.04 10 7 m/s 2 (c) a 1.042 107 m/s 2 1.06 106 gs 9.80 m/s 2 OpenStax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 3. Integrated Concepts You have a grindstone (a disk) that is 90.0 kg, has a 0.340-m radius, and is turning at 90.0 rpm, and you press a steel axe against it with a radial force of 20.0 N. (a) Assuming the kinetic coefficient of friction between steel and stone is 0.20, calculate the angular acceleration of the grindstone. (b) How many turns will the stone make before coming to rest? Solution (a) f k N (0.20)(20. 0 N) 4.0 N . fR I 1 MR 2 , so that 2 2f 2(4.0 N) 0.261 rad/s 2 0.26 rad/s 2 MR (90.0 kg)(0.340 m) (2 sig. figs due to k ). 90.0 rev 2 rad 1 min 9.425 rad/s. 2 02 2 , so that min rev 60 s 2 2 2 0 (0 rad/s) (9.425 rad/s) 2 2 2(0.261 rad/s 2 ) 1 rev 170.2 rad 27.1 rev 27 rev 2 rad (b) 0 4. Unreasonable Results You are told that a basketball player spins the ball with an angular acceleration of 100 rad/s 2 . (a) What is the ball’s final angular velocity if the ball starts from rest and the acceleration lasts 2.00 s? (b) What is unreasonable about the result? (c) Which premises are unreasonable or inconsistent? Solution (a) Given: 100 rad/s 2 , 0 t t (100 rad/s 2 )(2.00 s) 200 rad/s (b) This is approximately 32 revolutions of the ball each second. This is unreasonably high. (c) It would be difficult for a human being to spin a ball with such a large angular acceleration and especially for this length of time. Thus, the angular acceleration and the time interval are both too large. 10.2 KINEMATICS OF ROTATIONAL MOTION 5. With the aid of a string, a gyroscope is accelerated from rest to 32 rad/s in 0.40 s. (a) What is its angular acceleration in rad/s2? (b) How many revolutions does it go through in the process? OpenStax College Physics Solution Instructor Solutions Manual (a) 0 t 0 t , so that t Chapter 10 32 rad/s 80 rad/s 2 0.40 s 1 1 rev (b) t 2 0.580 rad/s 2 0.40 s 2 6.4 rad 6.4 rad 1.0 rev 2 2π rad 6. Solution Suppose a piece of dust finds itself on a CD. If the spin rate of the CD is 500 rpm, and the piece of dust is 4.3 cm from the center, what is the total distance traveled by the dust in 3 minutes? (Ignore accelerations due to getting the CD rotating.) 0 t 0 rad 2 rad/rev 500 rev/min (3.0min) 3000 rad s r (0.043m)(3000rad) = 405 m 7. A gyroscope slows from an initial rate of 32.0 rad/s at a rate of 0.700 rad/s 2 .(a) How long does it take to come to rest? (b) How many revolutions does it make before stopping? Solution (a) 0 t t 0 0 32 rad/s 45.7 s 0.700 rad/s 2 1 1 2 (b) 0 t t 2 32 rad/s 45.7 s 0.700 rad/s 2 45.7 s 2 2 1 rev 731 rad 116 rev 2π rad 8. During a very quick stop, a car decelerates at 7.00 m/s 2 . (a) What is the angular acceleration of its 0.280-m-radius tires, assuming they do not slip on the pavement? (b) How many revolutions do the tires make before coming to rest, given their initial angular velocity is 95.0 rad/s ? (c) How long does the car take to stop completely? (d) What distance does the car travel in this time? (e) What was the car’s initial velocity? (f) Do the values obtained seem reasonable, considering that this stop happens very quickly? Solution (a) at 7.00 m/s 2 25.0 rad/s 2 r 0.280 m 2 02 0 rad/s 2 95.0 rad/s 2 1 rev 181 rad 28.7 rev (b) 2 2 2π rad 2 25.0 rad/s OpenStax College Physics (c) t Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 0 0 95.0 rad/s 3.80 s. 25.0 rad/s 2 (d) x r 0.280 m 181 rad 50.7 m (e) v0 r0 0.280 m 95.0 rad/s 26.6 m/s (f) The car is initial travelling at 59.5 mph (26.6 m/s), so a stopping distance of 166 ft (50.7 m) seems quite reasonable for a panic stop. 9. Everyday application: Suppose a yo-yo has a center shaft that has a 0.250 cm radius and that its string is being pulled. (a) If the string is stationary and the yo-yo accelerates away from it at a rate of 1.50 m/s 2 , what is the angular acceleration of the yo-yo? (b) What is the angular velocity after 0.750 s if it starts from rest? (c) The outside radius of the yo-yo is 3.50 cm. What is the tangential acceleration of a point on its edge? Solution (a) at 1.50 m/s 2 600 rad/s 2 r 0.00250 m (b) 0 t 0 rad/s 600 rad/s 2 0.750 s 450 rad/s (c) a t ar 600 rad/s 2 0.0350 m 21.0 m/s 10.3 DYNAMICS OF ROTATIONAL MOTION: ROTATIONAL INERTIA 10. This problem considers additional aspects of example Calculating the Effect of Mass Distribution on a Merry-Go-Round. (a) How long does it take the father to give the merry-go-round and child an angular velocity of 1.50 rad/s? (b) How many revolutions must he go through to generate this velocity? (c) If he exerts a slowing force of 300 N at a radius of 1.35 m, how long would it take him to stop them? Solution (a) 0 t , t 0 1.50 rad/s 0 rad/s 0.338 s. 4.44 rad/s 2 2 2 (b) 0 2 2 02 1.50 rad/s 2 0 rad/s 2 1 rev 0.253 rad 0.0403 rev 2 2 2π rad 2 4.44 rad/s OpenStax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 net rF I I 0 0 I 0 rad/s 1.50 rad/s 84.38 kg m 2 t 0.313 s 1.35 m 300 N rF (c) 11. Calculate the moment of inertia of a skater given the following information. (a) The 60.0-kg skater is approximated as a cylinder that has a 0.110-m radius. (b) The skater with arms extended is approximately a cylinder that is 52.5 kg, has a 0.110-m radius, and has two 0.900-m-long arms which are 3.75 kg each and extend straight out from the cylinder like rods rotated about their ends. Solution MR 2 60.0 kg 0.110 m 0.363 kg m 2 (a) I 2 2 2 (b) 12. Solution MR 2 52.5 kg 0.110 m I1 0.318 kg m 2 2 2 2 2 Ml 2 2 I2 3.75 kg 0.900 m 2.025 kg m 2 3 3 I I 1 I 2 2.343 kg.m 2 2.34 kg m 2 2 The triceps muscle in the back of the upper arm extends the forearm. This muscle in a professional boxer exerts a force of 2.00 103 N with an effective perpendicular lever arm of 3.00 cm, producing an angular acceleration of the forearm of 120 rad/s 2 . What is the moment of inertia of the boxer’s forearm? I net rF 0.0300 m2.00 103 N 0.500 kg m 2 120 rad/s 2 13. A soccer player extends her lower leg in a kicking motion by exerting a force with the muscle above the knee in the front of her leg. She produces an angular acceleration of 30.00 rad/s 2 and her lower leg has a moment of inertia of 0.750 kg m2 . What is the force exerted by the muscle if its effective perpendicular lever arm is 1.90 cm? Solution net rF I F I 0.750 kg m 2 30.0 rad/s 2 1.18 10 3 N r 0.0190 m OpenStax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 14. Suppose you exert a force of 180 N tangential to a 0.280-m-radius 75.0-kg grindstone (a solid disk). (a)What torque is exerted? (b) What is the angular acceleration assuming negligible opposing friction? (c) What is the angular acceleration if there is an opposing frictional force of 20.0 N exerted 1.50 cm from the axis? Solution (a) RF 0.280 m 180 N 50.4 N m (b) net I net 50.4 N m 17.1 rad/s 2 I 1 275.0 kg 0.280 m2 (c) f rf 0.0150 m 20.0 N 0.300 N m net - f 50.4 N m 0.300 N m 50.1 N m net 50.1 N m 17.0 rad/s 2 2 I 0.575.0 kg 0.280 m 15. Consider the 12.0 kg motorcycle wheel shown in Figure 10.38. Assume it to be approximately an annular ring with an inner radius of 0.280 m and an outer radius of 0.330 m. The motorcycle is on its center stand, so that the wheel can spin freely. (a) If the drive chain exerts a force of 2200 N at a radius of 5.00 cm, what is the angular acceleration of the wheel? (b) What is the tangential acceleration of a point on the outer edge of the tire? (c) How long, starting from rest, does it take to reach an angular velocity of 80.0 rad/s? Solution (a) rF 0.0500 m 2200 N 110 N m 1 ; I M R12 R22 I 2 2 2 I 0.512.0 kg 0.280 m 0.330 m 1.124 kg m 2 110 N m 97.9 rad/s 2 2 1.124 kg m (b) a t R2 97.9 rad/s 2 0.330 m 32.3 m/s (c) 0 t t ( since 0 0) t 80.0 rad/s 0.817 s. 97.9 rad/s 2 OpenStax College Physics 16. Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 Zorch, an archenemy of Superman, decides to slow Earth’s rotation to once per 28.0 h by exerting an opposing force at and parallel to the equator. Superman is not immediately concerned, because he knows Zorch can only exert a force of 4.00 107 N (a little greater than a Saturn V rocket’s thrust). How long must Zorch push with this force to accomplish his goal? (This period gives Superman time to devote to other villains.) Explicitly show how you follow the steps found in ProblemSolving Strategy for Rotational Dynamics. Solution 1 rev 2π rad 1h 7.272 10 5 rad/s, and 24.0 h 1 rev 3600 s 1 rev 2π rad 1h 6.233 10 5 rad/s. 28.0 h 1 rev 3600 s net rF 5F , so that 0 t 2 I 2 Mr / 5 2Mr 0 0 2Mr t 5F 5 2 6.233 10 rad/s 7.272 10 5 rad/s 5.979 10 24 kg 6.376 10 6 m t 5 4.00 10 7 N 0 3.96 1018 s or 1.25 1011 y 17. An automobile engine can produce 200 N·m of torque. Calculate the angular acceleration produced if 95.0% of this torque is applied to the drive shaft, axle, and rear wheels of a car, given the following information. The car is suspended so that the wheels can turn freely. Each wheel acts like a 15.0 kg disk that has a 0.180 m radius. The walls of each tire act like a 2.00-kg annular ring that has inside radius of 0.180 m and outside radius of 0.320 m. The tread of each tire acts like a 10.0-kg hoop of radius 0.330 m. The 14.0-kg axle acts like a rod that has a 2.00-cm radius. The 30.0-kg drive shaft acts like a rod that has a 3.20-cm radius. Solution (a) 200 N m 1 lb 1 ft 147.5 ft lb 148 ft lb 4.448 N 0.3048 m OpenStax College Physics (b) Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 1 2 I 1 2 M 1 R12 15.0 kg 0.180 m 0.486 kg m 2 2 M 2 2 I 2 2 2 R22 R' 22 2.00 kg 0.180 m 0.320 m 0.270 kg m 2 2 I 3 2 M 3 R32 210.0 kg 0.330 m 2.178 kg m 2 2 1 2 M 4 R42 0.514.0 kg 0.0200 m 2.80 10 3 kg m 2 2 1 2 I 5 M 5 R52 0.530.0 kg 0.0320 m 1.54 10 2 kg m 2 2 I I 1 I 2 I 3 I 4 I 5 2.95 kg m 2 I4 95% 0.950 / I 0.950200 N m 18. Solution 2.95 kg m 2 64.4 rad/s 2 Starting with the formula for the moment of inertia of a rod rotated around an axis 2 through one end perpendicular to its length ( I M / 3 ), prove that the moment of inertia of a rod rotated about an axis through its center perpendicular to its length is I M 2 / 12 . You will find the graphics in Figure 10.12 useful in visualizing these rotations. 2 I end I center 1 1 1 1 l m I center I end ml 2 ml 2 ml 2 ml 2 4 3 4 12 2 19. Unreasonable Results A gymnast doing a forward flip lands on the mat and exerts a 500-N·m torque to slow and then reverse her angular velocity. Her initial angular velocity is 10.0 rad/s, and her moment of inertia is 0.050 kg m2 . (a) What time is required for her to exactly reverse her spin? (b) What is unreasonable about the result? (c) Which premises are unreasonable or inconsistent? Solution Given: 500 N m; 0 10.0 rad/s; I 0.050 kg m 2 (a) I 500 N m 10,000 rad/s 2 I 0.050 kg m 2 0 10.0 rad/s 0 t t 0.0010 s 1.0 ms 10,000 rad/s 2 (b) The time interval is too short. (c) The moment of inertia is much too small, by one to two orders of magnitude. A OpenStax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 torque of 500 N m is reasonable. 20. Unreasonable Results An advertisement claims that an 800-kg car is aided by its 20.0-kg flywheel, which can accelerate the car from rest to a speed of 30.0 m/s. The flywheel is a disk with a 0.150-m radius. (a) Calculate the angular velocity the flywheel must have if 95.0% of its rotational energy is used to get the car up to speed. (b) What is unreasonable about the result? (c) Which premise is unreasonable or which premises are inconsistent? Solution Given: M car 800 kg; M fly 20.0 kg; Rfly 0.150 m; v 30.0 m/s 1 2 11 2 2 I M fly Rfly 2 22 1 KE t kinetic energy of car M car v 2 2 0.950KE fly KE t (a) KE fly 11 1 2 2 2 0.950 M fly Rfly M car v 22 2 M car v 2 2 (0.950) (1 / 2) M fly Rfly 1/ 2 1/2 (800 kg)(30.0 m/s) 2 2 (0.950)(0. 5)(20.0 kg)(0.150 m) 1835 rad/s 1.84 10 3 rad/s 292 rev/s 17,500 rpm (b) This angular velocity is very high for a disk of this size and mass. The radial acceleration at the edge of the disk is > 50,000 gs. (c) Flywheel mass and radius should both be much greater, allowing for a lower spin rate (angular velocity). OpenStax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 10.4 ROTATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY: WORK AND ENERGY REVISITED 21. This problem considers energy and work aspects of Example 10.7—use data from that example as needed. (a) Calculate the rotational kinetic energy in the merry-go-round plus child when they have an angular velocity of 20.0 rpm. (b) Using energy considerations, find the number of revolutions the father will have to push to achieve this angular velocity starting from rest. (c) Again, using energy considerations, calculate the force the father must exert to stop the merry-go-round in two revolutions. Solution 20.0 rev/min (a) KE rot 1 min 2π rad 2.09 rad/s 60 s 1 rev 1 2 2 I 0.5 84.38 kg m 2 2.09 rad/s 185 J 2 (b) W W KE 185J 375N m 1 rev 0.493 rad 0.493 rad 0.0785 rev 2π rad (c) W rF F W r 185J 9.81 N 1.50 m4π rad 22. What is the final velocity of a hoop that rolls without slipping down a 5.00-m-high hill, starting from rest? Solution PE grav KE trans KE rot mgh v2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 mv I mv mR 2 2 mv 2 mv 2 2 2 2 2 2 R 2 mgh mv 2 gh v 2 v gh 9.80 m/s 2 5.00 m 23. 12 7.00 m/s (a) Calculate the rotational kinetic energy of Earth on its axis. (b) What is the rotational kinetic energy of Earth in its orbit around the Sun? OpenStax College Physics Solution (a) Instructor Solutions Manual (b) KE rot Solution 1 2 1 I 1.338 10 47 kg m 2 1.991 10 7 rad/s 2 2 2 2.65 10 33 J A baseball pitcher throws the ball in a motion where there is rotation of the forearm about the elbow joint as well as other movements. If the linear velocity of the ball relative to the elbow joint is 20.0 m/s at a distance of 0.480 m from the joint and the moment of inertia of the forearm is 0.500 kg m2 , what is the rotational kinetic energy of the forearm? 2 KE rot Solution M 2 12.0 kg 0.280 m 2 0.330 m 2 1.124 kg m 2 R1 R22 2 2 1 1 2 I 2 1.124 kg m 2 120 rad/s 8.09 10 3 J 2 2 I Solution 26. Calculate the rotational kinetic energy in the motorcycle wheel (Figure 10.38) if its angular velocity is 120 rad/s. KE rot 25. 2 2 I MRE2 0.4 5.98 10 24 kg 6.38 10 6 m 9.736 10 37 kg m 2 5 1 rev 1h 2π rad 7.272 10 5 rad/s 24 h 3600 s 1 rev 2 1 2 KE I 0.5 9.736 10 37 kg m 2 7.272 10 5 rad/s 2.57 10 29 J 2 24. Chapter 10 1 1 v 1 I 2 I 0.500 kg m 2 2 2 r 2 2 20.0 m/s 434 J 0.480 m While punting a football, a kicker rotates his leg about the hip joint. The moment of inertia of the leg is 3.75 kg m2 and its rotational kinetic energy is 175 J. (a) What is the angular velocity of the leg? (b) What is the velocity of tip of the punter’s shoe if it is 1.05 m from the hip joint? (c) Explain how the football can be given a velocity greater than the tip of the shoe (necessary for a decent kick distance). (a) 2KE rot 2175 J 9.66 rad/s I 3.75 kg m 2 (b) v r 1.05 m9.66 rad/s 10.1 m/s OpenStax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 (c) The tip of the shoe kicks, or collides with, the football. This collision conserves momentum, not velocity. Since the football’s mass is much smaller than the leg of the kicker, the football’s speed after the collision is greater than that of the tip of the shoe. 27. A bus contains a 1500 kg flywheel (a disk that has a 0.600 m radius) and has a total mass of 10,000 kg. (a) Calculate the angular velocity the flywheel must have to contain enough energy to take the bus from rest to a speed of 20.0 m/s, assuming 90.0% of the rotational kinetic energy can be transformed into translational energy. (b) How high a hill can the bus climb with this stored energy and still have a speed of 3.00 m/s at the top of the hill? Explicitly show how you follow the steps in the Problem-Solving Strategy for Rotational Energy. Solution 90.0%KE rot KE trans so that (0.900) 1 I 2 1 Mv 2 . 2 2 Let M be the mass of the bus and m be the mass of the flywheel. Mv 2 , and since the flywheel is a disc : 0.900 1 1 Mv 2 I mr 2 mr 2 2 2 2 0.900 (a) I 2 210,000 kg 20.0 m/s 2 2Mv 2 0.900mr 2 0.9001500 kg 0.600 m 2 12 128 rad/s 1 1 (b) KE trans PE' grav KE' trans so that (0.900) I 2 Mgh' Mv ' 2 , 2 2 1 1 or (0.900) mr 2 2 Mgh' Mv ' 2 , so that 4 2 h' 0.900 mr 2 2 Mv ' 2 0.900mr 2 2 2Mv ' 2 4Mg 2g 4Mg 0.9001500 kg 0.600 m 128.3 rad/s h' 210,000 kg 3.00 m/s 19.9 m 410,000 kg 9.80 m/s 2 2 28. 2 2 A ball with an initial velocity of 8.00 m/s rolls up a hill without slipping. Treating the ball as a spherical shell, calculate the vertical height it reaches. (b) Repeat the calculation for the same ball if it slides up the hill without rolling. OpenStax College Physics Solution Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 KEi PEf or, more specifically, KE rot PE grav 2 (a) 1 I 2 mgh 1 2 mr 2 2 mgh 1 r 2 v 2 2 2 3 3 r 1 v 1 8.00 m/s h 2.18 m 2 3 g 3 9.80 m/s gh 2 2 (b) Here the initial KE is KE trans . 8.00 m/s 3.27 m 1 2 mv mgh h v 2 2 g 2 2 9.80 m/s 2 2 29. While exercising in a fitness center, a man lies face down on a bench and lifts a weight with one lower leg by contacting the muscles in the back of the upper leg. (a) Find the angular acceleration produced given the mass lifted is 10.0 kg at a distance of 28.0 cm from the knee joint, the moment of inertia of the lower leg is 0.900 kg m2 , the muscle force is 1500 N, and its effective perpendicular lever arm is 3.00 cm. (b) How much work is done if the leg rotates through an angle of 20.0 with a constant force exerted by the muscle? Solution (a) net RFM rmg I I leg mr 2 0.0300 m 1500 N 0.280 m 10.0 kg 9.80 m/s 2 10.4 rad/s 2 2 0.900 kg m 2 10.0 kg 0.280 m (b) net W 1 2 1 2 1 1 I I 0 I 2 02 I 2 2 2 2 2 2π rad 2 0.900 kg m 2 10.0 kg 0.280 m 10.4 rad/s 2 20.0 6.11 J 360 30. To develop muscle tone, a woman lifts a 2.00-kg weight held in her hand. She uses her biceps muscle to flex the lower arm through an angle of 60.0 . (a) What is the angular acceleration if the weight is 24.0 cm from the elbow joint, her forearm has a moment of inertia of 0.250 kg m2 , and the muscle force is 750 N at an effective perpendicular lever arm of 2.00 cm? (b) How much work does she do? OpenStax College Physics Solution Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 (a) Assuming her arm starts extended vertically downward, we can calculate the initial angular acceleration. Given : 60 2π rad 1.047 rad, 360 FM r net so that 2 I m w rw I m w rw2 750 N 0.0200 m 2 0.250 kg m 2 2.00 kg 0.240 m 41.07 rad/s 2 41.1 rad/s 2 (b) net W net FM r 750 N0.0200 m1.047 rad 15.7 J 31. Solution Consider two cylinders that start down identical inclines from rest except that one is frictionless. Thus one cylinder rolls without slipping, while the other slides frictionlessly without rolling. They both travel a short distance at the bottom and then start up another incline. (a) Show that they both reach the same height on the other incline, and that this height is equal to their original height. (b) Find the ratio of the time the rolling cylinder takes to reach the height on the second incline to the time the sliding cylinder takes to reach the height on the second incline. (c) Explain why the time for the rolling motion is greater than that for the sliding motion. (a) d x h h 2 1 x r Assuming no energy is lost due to friction and other dissipative forces, then by conservation of energy: Ei Ef or mghi mghf , so that hi hf Since both cylinders start from the same hi , they both reach the same hf . (b) Assuming that the time spent travelling across the bottom is negligible, then the ratio of the times for the entire trip will just be the ratio of the times it takes to get down the first incline. For the sliding cylinder: OpenStax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 1 2 mv v1 2 gh 2 d d t1 v1 2 gh mgh For the rolling cylinder: mgh t2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 v2 3 2 mv I mv mr 2 mv v 2 2 2 2 22 4 r d v2 t2 t1 d 4 gh / 3 4 gh 3 3 d , so that 2 2 gh 3 1.22 2 (c) The rolling cylinder takes longer because some of the initial potential energy is converted into rotational energy, which therefore decreases the linear speed (by conservation of energy). 32. What is the moment of inertia of an object that rolls without slipping down a 2.00-mhigh incline starting from rest, and has a final velocity of 6.00 m/s? Express the moment of inertia as a multiple of MR 2 , where M is the mass of the object and R is its radius. Solution PE grav KE' trans KE' rot Mgh 1 1 Mv 2 I 2 2 2 2 Mgh (1 / 2) Mv 2 2M gh 1 v 2 2 2 MR gh (1 / 2v ) 2 2 2 v2 (9.80 m/s 2 )(2.00 m) (0.5)(6.00 m/s) 2 I 2 MR 2 (6.00 m/s) 2 I 2 1.60 m/s 2 4 2 MR MR 2 or 0.0889 MR 2 2 36.0 m/s 45 2 33. Suppose a 200-kg motorcycle has two wheels like the one described in Problem 10.15 and is heading toward a hill at a speed of 30.0 m/s. (a) How high can it coast up the hill, if you neglect friction? (b) How much energy is lost to friction if the motorcycle only gains an altitude of 35.0 m before coming to rest? OpenStax College Physics Solution (a) Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 PE f KE i PE' grav KE trans KE rot Mgh h v2 M 1 I 1 1 Mv 2 2 I 2 Mv 2 I 2 v 2 2 2 2 2 R2 2 R2 v2 M I 2 Mg 2 R2 (30.0 m/s) 2 1.124 kg m 2 100 kg 2 0.330 m 2 (200 kg)(9.80 m/s ) 50.66 m 50.7 m (b) E Mgh (200 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )(15.66 m) 3.07 10 4 J 34. In softball, the pitcher throws with the arm fully extended (straight at the elbow). In a fast pitch the ball leaves the hand with a speed of 139 km/h. (a) Find the rotational kinetic energy of the pitcher’s arm given its moment of inertia is 0.720 kg m 2 and the ball leaves the hand at a distance of 0.600 m from the pivot at the shoulder. (b) What force did the muscles exert to cause the arm to rotate if their effective perpendicular lever arm is 4.00 cm and the ball is 0.156 kg? Solution (a) KE 1 I 2 1 I v rot 2 2 r 2 2 1 2 25.0 m/s (0.720 kg m 2 0.156 kg 0.600 m ) 674 J 2 0.600 m (b) Assume the ball starts horizontally behind the pitcher and is released at the bottom of the swing. Approximate the arm to be a thin rod, so that: Ml 2 3I 3(0.720 kg m 2 ) I M 2 6.00 kg, then 3 l (0.600 m) 2 net W net ( ) Fr KE rot (mgh MgH ), so that l KE rot (ml M ) g 2 F r 674 J (0.650 kg)(0.600 m) (6.00kg)(0 .300 m) (9.80 m/s 2 ) F (0.0400 m)( /2 rad) 1.04 10 4 N OpenStax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 10.5 ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND ITS CONSERVATION 36. (a) Calculate the angular momentum of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun. (b) Compare this angular momentum with the angular momentum of Earth on its axis. Solution (a) I MR 2 , Lorb I MR 2 2 rad (5.979 10 24 kg)(1.496 1011 m) 2 7 3.16 10 (b) 40 2 2.66 10 kg m /s s 2MR 2 , 5 2 2 2 rad MR 2 (5.979 10 24 kg)(6.376 10 6 m) 2 5 5 24 3600 s 7.07 10 33 kg m 2 /s I Lorb The angular momentum of the earth in its orbit around the sun is 3.76 106 times larger than the angular momentum of the earth around its axis. 37. (a) What is the angular momentum of the Moon in its orbit around Earth? (b) How does this angular momentum compare with the angular momentum of the Moon on its axis? Remember that the Moon keeps one side toward Earth at all times. (c) Discuss whether the values found in parts (a) and (b) seem consistent with the fact that tidal effects with Earth have caused the Moon to rotate with one side always facing Earth. Solution 2 (a) Lorb I Mr 2 rad (7.35 10 22 kg)(3.84 10 8 m) 2 2.89 10 34 kg m 2 /s 6 2.36 10 s 2 2 (b) Lorb MR 5 2 rad 0.4(7.35 10 22 kg)(1.74 10 6 m) 2 2.37 10 29 kg m 2 /s 6 2.36 10 s The orbital angular momentum is 1.22 10 5 times larger than the rotational angular momentum for the Moon. OpenStax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 (c) Since the tidal effects with Earth have caused the Moon to rotate with one side always facing Earth, its period of rotation is the same as its period of orbit. Therefore, the rotation angular momentum is smaller by a factor of approximately (102 ) 2 , which is consistent with the results of parts (a) and (b). 38. Suppose you start an antique car by exerting a force of 300 N on its crank for 0.250 s. What angular momentum is given to the engine if the handle of the crank is 0.300 m from the pivot and the force is exerted to create maximum torque the entire time? Solution L t rFt. Since L0 0, L L, and L (0.300 m)(300 N)(0.250 s) 22.5 kg m 2 /s 39. Solution A playground merry-go-round has a mass of 120 kg and a radius of 1.80 m and it is rotating with an angular velocity of 0.500 rev/s. What is its angular velocity after a 22.0-kg child gets onto it by grabbing its outer edge? The child is initially at rest. L L' I I ' ' I ' I I c , where I c mr 2 ' I I I' I Ic 120 kg (1 / 2) Mr 2 M (0.500 rev/s) 2 (1 / 2)( M 2m)r 164 kg M 2m ' 0.366 rev/s 2.30 rad/s 40. Three children are riding on the edge of a merry-go-round that is 100 kg, has a 1.60m radius, and is spinning at 20.0 rpm. The children have masses of 22.0, 28.0, and 33.0 kg. If the child who has a mass of 28.0 kg moves to the center of the merry-goround, what is the new angular velocity in rpm? OpenStax College Physics Solution Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 I I ' ' I ' I' I I M I c , where I c m1 m2 m3 r 2 M M I m1 m2 m3 r 2 and I ' m1 m3 r 2 2 2 ( M / 2 m1 m2 m3 ) ' ( M / 2 m1 m3 ) (50.0 kg 22.0 kg 28.0 kg 33.0 kg) (20.0 rpm) 25.3 rpm (50.0 kg 22.0 kg 33.0 kg) 41. (a) Calculate the angular momentum of an ice skater spinning at 6.00 rev/s given his moment of inertia is 0.400 kg m2 . (b) He reduces his rate of spin (his angular velocity) by extending his arms and increasing his moment of inertia. Find the value of his moment of inertia if his angular velocity decreases to 1.25 rev/s. (c) Suppose instead he keeps his arms in and allows friction of the ice to slow him to 3.00 rev/s. What average torque was exerted if this takes 15.0 s? Solution 2 rad 2 (a) L I (0.400 kg m 2 ) 6.00 rev/s 15.1 kg m /s rev (b) L L' , so that I I ' ' I ' I (0.400 kg m 2 )(6.00 rev/s) 1.92 kg m 2 ' 1.25 rev/s 0 (c) I I t 3.00 rev/s 6.00 rev/s 2 rad (0.400 kg m 2 ) 0.503 N m 15.0 s rev 10.6 COLLISIONS OF EXTENDED BODIES IN TWO DIMENSIONS 43. Solution Repeat Example 10.15 in which the disk strikes and adheres to the stick 0.100 m from the nail. (a) I ' mr 2 MR 2 (0.0500 kg)(0.100 m) 2 (0.667 kg)(1.20 m) 2 0.961 kg m 2 3 OpenStax College Physics ' Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 mvr (0.0500 kg)(30.0 m/s)(0.100 m) 0.156 rad/s I' 0.961 kg m 2 (b) KE 22.5 J 1 1 KE' I ' 2' (0.961 kg m 2 )(0.156 rad/s) 2 1.17 10 2 J 2 2 (c) p 1.50 kg m/s M M R ' mr R ' , so that : 2 2 p ' (0.0500 kg)(0.100 m) (1.00 kg)(1.20 m) (0.156 rad/s) 0.188 kg m/s p ' mr ' 44. Repeat Example 10.15 in which the disk originally spins clockwise at 1000 rpm and has a radius of 1.50 cm. Solution (a) As in Example 10.15, angular momentum is conserved, but here the initial angular momentum includes the spin of the disk. Thus, Lafter L1 L2 , where L1 is the angular momentum of the incoming disk and L2 is the angular momentum of the disk spinning on its axis. L1 mvR (0.0500 kg)(30.0 m/s)(1.20 m) 1.80 kg m 2 /s 1 2 rad 1 min L2 I mr 2 (1000 rev/min) 2 1 rev 60 s 0.5(0.0500 kg)(1.50 10 2 m) 2 (104.72 rad/s) 5.89 10 4 kg m 2 /s Thus, Lafter 1.800589 kg m 2 /s I' ω' We know I ' from Example 10.15 to be 1.032 kg m2 ; thus ' Lafter 1.800589 kg m 2 /s 1.74 rad/s I' 1.032 kg m 2 (b) The total initial kinetic energy is 1 1 1 11 KE linear KE rotational mv 2 I 2 mv 2 mr 2 2 2 2 2 22 1 1 0.0500 kg (30.0 m/s) 2 (0.0500 kg)(1.50 10 2 m) 2 (104.72 rad/s) 2 22.5 J 2 4 The final kinetic energy is OpenStax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 KE' (1 / 2) I ' ' 2 0.5(1.032 kg m 2 )(1.7448 rad/s) 2 1.57 J (c) The linear momentum before the collision is the same as in Example 10.15: p mv (0.0500 kg)(30.0 m/s) 1.50 kg m/s After the collision (as shown in Example 10.15): M p' m r ' (1.050 kg)(1.20 m)(1.7448 rad/s) 2.20 kg m/s 2 One implication of this problem is that, although the disk is spinning rapidly on its axis, its angular momentum and energy have little effect because they are relatively small. 45. Twin skaters approach one another as shown in Figure 10.39 and lock hands. (a) Calculate their final angular velocity, given each had an initial speed of 2.50 m/s relative to the ice. Each has a mass of 70.0 kg, and each has a center of mass located 0.800 m from their locked hands. You may approximate their moments of inertia to be that of point masses at this radius. (b) Compare the initial kinetic energy and final kinetic energy. Solution (a) L 2mvr I , so that 2mvr 2mvr v 2.50 m/s 3.125 rad/s 3.13 rad/s I 2mr 2 r 0.800 m 1 (b) KE 2 mv 2 mv 2 (70.0 kg)(2.50 m/s) 2 437.5 J 438 J 2 2 KE' 1 1 v I ' ' 2 (2mr 2 ) mv 2 437.5 J 438 J. 2 2 r They are the same. 46. Suppose a 0.250-kg ball is thrown at 15.0 m/s to a motionless person standing on ice who catches it with an outstretched arm as shown in Figure 10.40. (a) Calculate the final linear velocity of the person, given his mass is 70.0 kg. (b) What is his angular velocity if each arm is 5.00 kg? You may treat his arms as uniform rods (each has a length of 0.900 m) and the rest of his body as a uniform cylinder of radius 0.180 m. Neglect the effect of the ball on his center of mass so that his center of mass remains in his geometrical center. (c) Compare the initial and final total kinetic energies. OpenStax College Physics Solution Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 (a) Linear momentum is conserved: mv (m M )vcm vcm mv (0.250 kg)(15.0 m/s) 5.338 10 2 m/s 5.34 10 2 m/s mM 0.250 kg 70.0 kg ml 2 (5.00 kg)(0.900 m) 2 1.35 kg m 2 3 3 1 I body Mr 2 0.5(60.0 kg)(0.180 m) 2 0.972 kg m 2 2 I 2(1.35 kg m 2 ) 0.972 kg m 2 3.672 kg m 2 (b) I arm Angular momentum is conserved in the CM frame: v' 15.0 m/s 5.338 10 2 m/s 14.95 m/s mv' r I (0.250 kg)(14.95 m/s)(0.900 m) 0.916 rad/s 3.672 kg m 2 L mv' r I 1 2 mv 0.5(0.250 kg)(15.0 m/s) 2 28.125 J 28.1 J 2 1 1 2 KE' (m M )vcm I 2 2 2 1 1 (70.25 kg)(5.338 10 2 m/s) 2 (3.672 kg m 2 )(0.916 rad/s) 2 1.64 J 2 2 (c) KE The final KE is much less than the initial KE due to inelastic nature of the collision, i.e. catching the ball. 47. Repeat Example 10.15 in which the stick is free to have translational motion as well as rotational motion. Solution Linear momentum is conserved: mv (m M )vcm vcm mv (0.0500 kg)(30.0 m/s)/(2.05 0 kg) 0.7317 m/s mM (a) Angular momentum is conserved in the CM frame: OpenStax College Physics Instructor Solutions Manual Chapter 10 v' 30 m/s 0.7317 m/s 29.268 m/s ' mv' r (0.0500 kg)(29.268 m/s)(1.20 m) 1.7016 rad/s 1.70 rad/s I' 1.032 kg m 2 (b) KE 22.5 J 1 1 2 KE' (m M )v cm I ' '2 2 2 KE' 0.5(2.050 kg)(0.7317 m/s) 2 0.5(1.032 kg m 2 )(1.7016 rad/s) 2 2.04 J (c) p p' mv (0.0500 kg)(30.0 m/s) 1.50 kg m/s 10.7 GYROSCOPIC EFFECTS: VECTOR ASPECTS OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM 48. Integrated Concepts The axis of Earth makes a 23.5 angle with a direction perpendicular to the plane of Earth’s orbit. As shown in Figure 10.41, this axis precesses, making one complete rotation in 25,780 y. (a) Calculate the change in angular momentum in half this time. (b) What is the average torque producing this change in angular momentum? (c) If this torque were created by a single force (it is not) acting at the most effective point on the equator, what would its magnitude be? Solution (a) L 2L sin 23.5 The value of L can be obtained from Example 10.11: L 7.07 10 33 kg m 2 /s . L 2(7.07 10 kg m 2 /s)sin23.5 5.64 10 33 kg m 2 /s 33 (b) 25,780 y 25,780 y 3.16 10 7 s 8.15 1011 s 1y 1 of this time 4.07 1011 s 2 L 5.64 10 33 kg m 2 /s 1.38 10 22 N m t 4.07 1011 s (c) RF F R 1.38 10 22 N m 2.17 1015 N 6.38 10 6 m This file is copyright 2016, Rice University. All Rights Reserved.
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