APHUG Chapter 13: Urban Patterns 404-437
Name __________________________
Key Issue 1—Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?
Key Issue 2—Where Are People Distributed Within Urban Areas?
Key Issue 3—Why Do Inner Cities face Distinctive Challenges?
Key Issue 4—Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?
Case Study: Two Families in New Jersey
1. In America, there’s a stereotypical relationship between the suburbs and “downtown.” Describe it.
Key Issue 1—Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?
CBD Land Uses
2. Describe the “downtown” CBD. Be sure to mention the role of accessibility.
Retail Services in the CBD
3. Why has the importance of retail services in the CBD declined?
4. Retailers With A High Threshold
(decrease—suburbs increase)
5. Retailers With A High Range
(decrease—suburbs increase)
6. Retailers Serving Downtown
Workers (increase)
Business Services in the CBD
7. Why do professionals, such as attorneys and journalists, still cluster in the center?
8. What is the role of “face-to-face” contact in these professions?
9. How does a central location help businesses who employ workers from a variety of neighborhoods?
Competition for Land in the CBD
10. In NYC, London, and Tokyo, downtown land is extremely expensive. Why?
11. What two distinctive characteristics of the CBD follow from high land cost?
a.
b.
Intensive Land Use
12. Illustrate how the CBD utilizes space vertically, by
building up and down (underground).
13. Describe a typical “underground city.”
Skyscrapers
14. How do skyscrapers contribute to a city’s identity? Explain.
15. What 2 inventions allowed the first skyscrapers to be built in Chicago c. 1880s?
16. How did skyscrapers impact neighboring structures?
17. Why did MDCs need to develop zoning ordinances?
18. Describe the “vertical geography” of skyscrapers:
a.
b.
c.
19. Why is Washington, DC’s skyline different?
Activities Excluded from the CBD
20. What two factors discourage industry and residential dwellings in the CBD?
Lack of Industry in the CBD
21. Where were inner-city factories once located? Why?
22. How have port cities changed over time?
Lack of Residents in CBDs
23. What push and pull factors account for settlement patterns of the wealthy? Describe.
24. What two groups of people have been attracted to the CBD in recent years? Why?
a.
b.
CBDs Outside North America
25. What are often the most prominent structures in CBDs outside the US?
26. Describe how European CBDs look (structures) and explain why.
Here’s a furnished Paris apartment--- see the living room, dining room, and
kitchen???
27. European shopping habits are
different from America. They have
smaller urban dwellings, which
translates to smaller kitchens and
refrigerators. Also, often cars are not
permitted to travel to “downtown”
grocery stores. Why would Europeans
shop more frequently than
Americans?
28.How do European cities meet the needs of people who demand to have space in the CBD?
Key Issue 2—Where Are People Distributed Within Urban Areas? P. 410
Geographers observe patterns of settlement in urban areas based on social characteristics.
Models of Urban Structure
1. What city served as the model for the 3 models? ____________________________
2. What is the nickname for Chicago’s CBD? The __________________________
Concentric Zone Model
1923, Sociologist Burgess identified 5 distinct social groups.
1: CBD:
2: zone of transition:
3: zone of working-class homes:
4: zone of better residences:
5: commuter’s zone:
Sector Model
1939, land economist Hoyt observed that certain
sectors develop due to environmental reasons OR
just by chance. Cities grow in wedges or sectors
outwardly from the CBD.
Where do the wealthy live?
What determines where industry and retail locate?
__________________________
How is the sector model an extension of the concentric zone model?
What role did Lake Michigan play in the theories?
Multiple Nuclei Model
1945, Geographers Harris and Ullman developed the multiple
nuclei theory that states that there are multiple nodes, such as
a port, neighborhood businesses, university, airport, and park.
What is a good example of a compatible node-activity match?
What is an example of an incompatible node-activity match?
Which model would you say describes Virginia Beach?_____________________________ Draw VB below (in this
model’s style and label specific zones/neighborhoods/industries/trans/nodes)
Geographic Applications of the Models
1. How are these models useful?
2. How does the US Census Bureau divide urban areas?
3. What do critics say about the 3 models?
4. Why might it be useful to combine concepts from each of the three models when analyzing urban patterns?
Applying CZM
Applying Sector Model
Applying Multiple Nuclei
Putting all 3 models
together…
Applying the Models Outside North America
European Cities—like a dendrite (refer to the map of Paris a few pages back)
5. Where do the wealthy live?
a.
b.
6. How did the Industrial Revolution reinforce settlement patterns of
the wealthy in the SW sector?
7. How did electricity segregate the rich from the poor in downtown
residences?
8. Where do poor people live now? Why?
9. In what ways do European suburbs differ from American suburbs?
Less Developed Countries
10. How did European colonialism influence where rich/poor live in LDCs?
Precolonial Cities
11. Cities were often laid out surrounding a _________________________ core; the _________________________, or
marketplace, served as the commercial ($) core, and gov’t buildings and the homes of the wealthy surrounded them.
12. Draw and label the commercial hierarchy (concentric pattern). Start by drawing a mosque in the center.
13. Describe the migration patterns of the Aztec, founders of Mexico City.
14. What was the node of activity for the Aztecs?
Describe how they were linked to the mainland.
Colonial Cities
15. Why did Europeans expand existing cities when then colonized new lands?
16. What dictated how Latin American cities were constructed?
17. How did the new Latin American cities compare to the older European cities?
18. What is the significance of Mexico City’s Zocalo?
How did the Spanish expand outwardly from it?
19. Identify the colonial power and how they planned the following cities:
a. Fez, Morocco
b. New Delhi, India
c. Saigon, Vietnam
Cities Since Independence
20. How have LDC cities changed since independence?
21. Describe how Latin American cities are laid out.
22. What served as Emperor Maximilian’s guide for planning Mexico City?
23. What is the “spine,” or elite sector?
24. What physical factors influenced settlement patterns of the wealthy?
25. Describe Rio’s settlement patterns.
Market Segmentation: You Are Where You Live p. 416
Squatter Settlements
26. Why do people live in squatter settlements?
27. Provide names and corresponding regions for squatter settlements.
28. What are some of the services lacking in squatter settlements?
29. Describe the evolution of a squatter settlement.
Key Issue 3—Why Do Inner Cities Face Challenges?
1. Between what two settlement areas do geographers note the greatest disparity?
Inner-City Physical Issues
2. What are the 2 options for addressing deteriorating housing?
a.
b.
Process of Deterioration
3. What can serve as a push factor to middle-class residents?
4. Describe the process of filtering.
5. Why do landlords abandon buildings? List the tenant and government factors.
Redlining
6. How does the government intervene where redlining occurs?
Urban Renewal
7. Identify the pros of urban renewal
Identify the cons of urban renewal
Public Housing
7. Describe how public housing works in the US.
8. How do the US and UK compare with public housing?
9. Describe the public housing constructed during the 1950s and 1960s.
10. What programs does the US implement currently.
11. What is the trend in GB with public housing?
Renovated Housing
12. Who is usually attracted to renovated housing?
13. Describe gentrification. (Town Center is a great example locally.)
14. What is the impact on ethnic patterns?
15. How do city planners incentivize gentrification?
Inner-City Social issues
Underclass
16. Describe the cycle of economic and social problems experienced by America’s underclass.
17. How is the gap between inner city skills and employer requirements widening?
18. What is the approximate homeless population in the US? ____ million
19. Approximately 40% of the homeless population is _______________ and 60% is made up of ____________________
and ___________________________.
Culture of Poverty
20. Describe the culture of poverty.
21. How do crime and drugs fit into the culture of poverty?
22. How do compass directions relate to socio-economic status?
Inner-City Economic Issues
Eroding Tax Base
23. In general, the poor inner-city residents require ________________ __________________, but they pay little taxes
in order to support such programs. Cities have 2 choices to bridge the gap.
Reduce Services
Raise Tax Revenues
24. How else can inner-city fiscal ($) problems be alleviated?
Impact of the Recession
25. How did inner-city real estate effect the recession of 2008?
26. How were lenders at fault for the collapse in the housing market?
27. What happens when people cannot repay loans?
28. In addition to people getting behind on mortgage payments, house prices have _______________________.
Key Issue 4—Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?
In 1950, _______% of Americans lived in suburbs, 40% in ____________________ and 40% in ___________________; in
2000 _________% live in suburbs, ________% in cities, and _________% in small towns and rural areas.
Urban Expansion
Annexation
1. Under what circumstances is land annexed?
2. Why are cities today less likely to annex more land?
Defining Urban Settlements
City:
Urbanized Area:
Metropolitan Area:
Local Government Fragmentation
3. What types of problems are created by fragmented government?
4. What are the two kinds of metropolitan-wide governments? Identify and describe.
a.
b.
Overlapping Metropolitan Areas
5. Describe “Boswash.”
6. Identify 3 other Megalopoli.
7. The “core” cities, such as Philly, retain individual character while the “periphery” settlements may overlap MSAs.
Provide an example of this geographic phenomenon.
The Peripheral Model
8. According to Harris, ______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________.
9. Describe an edge city.
10. List 3 examples of specialized nodes.
Density Gradient
11. Illustrate the principle of the density gradient and how it works as one travels out of a city.
12. What are the 2 changes that have affected the density gradient?
a.
b.
Cost of Suburban Sprawl
13. What causes sprawl?
14. What are undesirable traits of urban sprawl?
15. How is urban sprawl contained in Europe? Explain.
16. Describe smart growth in the US.
Suburban Segregation
17. Why are people pulled to the American suburbs?
18. How is the modern residential suburb segregated?
a.
b.
Residential Segregation
19. Describe the relationship between zoning laws and segregation.
20. How do suburbs keep low-income residents out?
Suburbanization of Businesses
Suburbanization of Retailing
21. Why have retail services moved from the CBD to suburbs?
22. Describe the spatial considerations for constructing a shopping mall.
Suburbanization of Factories and Offices
23. Why have factories and offices moved from the CBD to suburbs?
Transportation and Suburbanization
24. How have transportation improvements influenced suburbanization? Explain.
Motor Vehicles
25. How have motor vehicles influenced suburbanization?
Intelligent Transportation Systems p. 432
Public Transit
26. Why do people who work in the CBD rely on public transportation?
Advantages of Public Transit
27. What’s so great about public transportation? Explain.
Public Transit in the US
28. Why does the US have poor public transportation compared to Europe?
29. What is rapid transit? How is this a success?
30. How is public transit in the US caught in a vicious circle?
1. What types of activities are generally NOT found in
CBDs?
a. retailers with high range
b. manufacturing industries
c. retailers with high thresholds
d. face-to-face business services
2. The concentric zone model sees the city structured in a
series of :
a. nodes
c. rings
b. wedges
d. regions
3. The 3 urban models all agree on one thing:
a. 5 major zones in a city
b. most people tend to live near others who have the same
characteristics
c. cities and suburbs make up a functional region
d. the models apply to cities all over the world
4. Where the the poor generally live in European cities?
a. in basements and attics of inner city buildings
b. in housing projects in the inner city
c. in single family homes in the suburbs
d. in housing projects in the suburbs
5. What was a common feature for cities in LDCs during
the colonial period?
a. standardized plans
c. concentric patterns
b. squatter settlements
d. religious hierarchies
6. Drawing lines on a map to identify areas in which banks
refuse to loan money is known as
a. gentrification
c. urban renewal
b. filtering
d. redlining
7. When a city faces an eroding tax base, it can:
a. increase services
c. use federal funds to offset losses
b. raise tax revenues d. none of these
8. What definition of an urban settlement is most useful
for gathering statistical data about the functional region?
a. city
b. MSA
c. megalopolis
d. urbanized area
9. How are North American Suburbs segregated?
a. according to land use
b. by social class
c. by zoning ordinance
d. all of the above
10. What is the exception to the downward trend in public
transportation?
a. rapid transit
c. automobiles
b. busses
d. high-speed rails
Fold this down while you’re quizzing yourself B, C, B, D, A, D, B, B, D, A