Exam 1
BC 176
Answer Key
1. A
2. D
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. C
7. D
8. C
9. C
10. A
12. (Oops, this should have been #11).
a)
MONOSACCHARIDE
b)
c)
NUCLEOTIDE
AMINO ACID
11. a) Bone growth in young children relies largely on contributions from the bonegenerating cells, OSTEOBLASTS, while bone remodeling and regulation of
calcium later in life rely on bone-disintegrating cells called OSTEOCLASTS.
b) Bones are connected to each other at joints; unlike the firm fibrous joints of your pelvis,
the synovial joints at your shoulders are hips allow MOVEMENT.
c) Muscles that produce opposing motions are considered ANTAGONISTIC.
d) Your biceps muscle is made up of bundles of fascicles that, in turn, are composed
of MUSCLE FIBERS.
e) A typical contraction of skeletal muscles starts with a signal from a neuron, which
stimulates release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In the final step,
energy from ATP is required to relax and reset myosin.
BC 176- Exam 1- Answer Key- Jan Plan 2013
f) The APPENDICULAR skeleton includes bones of your arms, legs, shoulders, and
hips.
g) The functional unit of compact bone is the OSTEON while that of skeletal muscle
is the SARCOMERE.
12. YOUR AUNT IS PROBABLY MISSING VITAMIN A IN HER DIET.
VITAMIN A IS A FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMIN WITH A KEY ROLE IN VISION. BY
RESTRICTING FAT IN HER DIET, SHE COULD WELL BE UNABLE TO ABSORB
THIS VITAMIN, LEADING TO A DEFICIENCY.
13. a) “What should I eat or drink right before working out?”
AVOID SIMPLE SUGARS AND HIGH GI FOODS SHORTLY BEFORE WORKING
OUT BECAUSE THEY WILL LEAD TO THE REBOUND EFFECT. FRUIT, NUTS,
TRAIL MIX, OR AN APPROPRIATE ENERGY BAR ARE GOOD CHOICES. MAKE
SURE YOU ARE WELL HYDRATED BY DRINKING PLENTY OF WATER.
b) “What should I eat or drink during a workout?”
UNLESS YOUR WORKOUT IS LONGER THAN ABOUT 2 HOURS, YOU
PROBABLY DON’T NEED TO EAT ANYTHING; PLAIN WATER IS SUFFICIENT.
FOR LONG WORKOUTS, SIMPLE SUGARS ARE FINE, BECAUSE THEY ARE
QUICKLY ABSORBED AND USED. FRUIT JUICE WOULD BE GREAT.
c) “What should I eat the rest of the time?”
TO PORTRAY AN OLYMPIC ATHLETE, YOU ARE GOING TO NEED TO BUILD
MUSCLE. MAKE SURE YOU ARE GETTING DAILY SUPPLIES OF THE
ESSENTIAL
AMINO
ACIDS
IN
PROTEIN
SOURCES.
COMBINE
COMPLEMENTARY PLANT SOURCES IF YOU DON’T WANT TO EAT MEAT
(LIKE BEANS AND RICE). CONSUME ENOUGH CALORIES TO MEET YOUR
ENERGY NEEDS, WITH LOTS OF COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES (LIKE WHOLE
GRAINS), FRUITS, AND VEGETABLES TO OBTAIN ESSENTIAL VITAMINS AND
MINERALS. DAIRY IS ADVISED AS A SOURCE OF CALCIUM. COLD WATER
FISH IS AN EXCELLENT SOURCE OF ESSENTIAL FATS, AS ARE OLIVE OIL
AND FLAX SEED OIL.
14. INSULIN SIGNALS CELLS TO TAKE UP SUGAR FROM THE BLOODSTREAM.
POTENTIALLY THIS COULD HELP WITH RECOVERY AFTER EXERCISE.
INSULIN COULD ALSO PROMOTE MORE STORAGE OF SUGAR. BOTH WOULD
MAKE MORE FUEL AVAILABLE DURING EXERCISE. (HOWEVER, AS A
PERFORMANCE ENHANCER, IT IS LIKELY THAT SOME OF INSULIN’S OTHER
EFFECTS ARE MORE IMPORTANT, LIKE TURNING ON THE PRODUCTION OF
CERTAIN KEY PROTEINS. WE DID NOT EXPECT THIS ANSWER.) SIDE
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BC 176- Exam 1- Answer Key- Jan Plan 2013
EFFECTS OF INSULIN WOULD BE THE REBOUND EFFECT, IN WHICH BLOOD
SUGAR WOULD ACTUALLY DROP TO BELOW-NORMAL LEVELS. INSULIN
RESISTANCE COULD ALSO DEVELOP, WHEN CELLS NO LONGER LISTEN TO
THE INSULIN SIGNAL. BOTH WOULD BE PROBLEMATIC.
15. a) Body Mass Index= 128/(2)2 = 32
THIS IS ON THE HIGH END (CONSIDERED OBESE). THIS VALUE SUGGESTS
THAT HE MIGHT BE OVERWEIGHT, WHICH WOULD STRESS HIS KNEES. IF
THE CLIENT IS VERY MUSCULAR OR HAS A LARGE FRAME, IT MIGHT NOT BE
A PROBLEM. THE BEST ANSWERS POINTED OUT THAT THE BMI ALONE IS
NOT A NECESSARILY A PREDICTOR OF OBESITY.
b) THIS HIGH RESTING HEART RATE SUGGESTS THAT HE IS NOT VERY FIT.
HE NEEDS SOME CARDIO TRAINING.
c) THIS LOW VALUE IS IN LINE WITH HIS RESTING HEART RATE. HE NEEDS
SOME CARDIO TRAINING!
d) YOUR CLIENT IS NOT VERY FLEXIBLE, WHICH IS LIKELY TO DECREASE HIS
MOBILITY. HE NEEDS TO STRETCH AND COULD TRY YOGA. IF HE IS TRULY
OBESE, WEIGHT LOSS WOULD ALSO HELP WITH MOBILITY.
e) Describe one additional test that you would like to perform on this client before you
make your final assessment.
ANSWERS WILL VARY, COULD INCLUDE DETERMINING HIS LACTATE
THRESHOLD (POSSIBLY THROUGH A CONCONI TEST) OR ASSESSING HIS
MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE. SINCE HIS KNEE IS THE
PROBLEM, ASSESSING LEG STRENGTH IS PROBABLY THE BEST ANSWER. IT
IS QUITE POSSIBLE THAT HE WRECKED HIS KNEE BECAUSE OF WEAKNESS
IN THE INFRASTRUCTURE AROUND IT. (JUMP MAT TEST IF HE IS PHYSICALLY
ABLE.)
16. YOUR FRIEND HAS ATHLETIC ENERGY DEFICIT. HE IS NOT CONSUMING
ENOUGH CALORIES IN HIS DIET TO MEET HIS ENERGY DEMANDS. HIS
MUSCLES ARE BREAKING DOWN DURING EXERCISE TO USE THE AMINO
ACIDS AS FUEL (HIS LIVER NEEDS TO PROCESS THE WASTE AMMONIA AND
IS HAVING DIFFICULTY KEEPING UP). HE NEEDS TO EAT MORE CALORIES
AND NEEDS TO CONSUME ALL OF THE ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS TO
REBUILD PROTEINS.
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BC 176- Exam 1- Answer Key- Jan Plan 2013
17. THE NUMBER OF FIBERS IN A MUSCLE CAN'T CHANGE, BUT THE
CHARACTER OF THE FIBERS CAN CHANGE WITH TRAINING. NADAL LIKELY
HAS EFFICIENT TYPE IIA AND IIB FIBERS THAT SUPPORT POWERFUL FAST
LEG MOVEMENTS OVER LONGER PERIODS OF TIME (E.G., SEVERAL SETS
OF TENNIS). THESE FIBERS CAN BE AUGMENTED WITH MORE
SARCOMERES (AND FILAMENTS). LOTS OF MITOCHONDRIA PROVIDE THE
AEROBIC ENDURANCE, AND TYPE 1 FIBERS ARE ALSO SUPPORTING. HIS
NEIGHBOR LIKELY HAS SMALLER FIBERS, WITH FEWER MITOCHONDRIA,
AND TYPE 1 FIBERS ARE PROBABLY DOMINATING THE CHARACTER OF
THE SAMPLE. HE DOESN'T NEED STRONG, POWERFUL MUSCLES SO THE
TYPE II FIBERS ARE PRESENT BUT PROBABLY NOT VERY EFFICIENT.
18. a) VERONICA HAS PROBABLY BEEN OVERTRAINING AND UNDEREATING
TO TRY TO IMPROVE HER RUNNING. HER BODY IS PROBABLY TAKING
CALCIUM FROM HER BONES, RESULTING IN OSTEOPOROSIS. SHE MAY
ALSO NOT HAVE HAD MUCH CALCIUM GROWING UP, OR DONE MUCH
RESISTANCE EXERCISE TO ENHANCE OSTEOBLAST ACTIVITY. BOTTOM
LINE IS THAT HER OSTEOCLASTS ARE BEATING OUT HER OSTEOBLASTS.
b) VERONICA COULD HAVE DONE LESS VIGOROUS TRAINING, CROSSTRAINED, EATEN PLENTY OF CALCIUM-RICH FOODS, TAKEN CALCIUM
SUPPLEMENTS, HAD REGULAR DOCTOR VISITS WITH CLOSE ATTENTION
TO BONE DENSITY, MONITORED CALORIES CONSUMED TO MATCH HER
EXPENDITURE, MONITORED/MAINTAINED A HEALTHY BMI....(AMONG
OTHER THINGS--BE SURE ITEMS COVER CALCIUM INTAKE, CALORIES,
TRAINING)
c) NO, AS WITH THE CASE STUDY IN CLASS, VERONICA CAN BUILD HER
BONE DENSITY BY EATING PLENTY OF CALORIES, TAKING IN CALCIUM
WITH HER DIET AND/OR AS SUPPLEMENTS, MODERATE HER TRAINING,
INCLUDE RESISTANCE TRAINING, ETC.
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