JOB SATISFACTION OF THE ESTATE WORKERS
A Study of Loolecondure Estate, Hewaheta
Anusha M. Nugaliyadda
Reg. No. 04/5303
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Sri Lankan Tea Industry
 1867 Commercial Tea Cultivation in Loolecondure Estate,
Hewaheta
 Workers for tea plantations migrated from South India
 From 1867 to 1972 - All Tea Plantations were managed
by Private Companies
 1972 -
460 Tea Plantations - JEDB and SLSPC
 1992 - 23 Private Companies
40 Estates JEDB and SLSPC
(Sri Lanka Tea Board Annual Report 2009,2010; PHDH Kandy Record Books; Loolecondure
2 Estate, Hewaheta Record Books; S. Kdituwakku and H.M.S.Priyanath,2007 )
Labor Force of Tea Industry
 Figures Indicate Declining Trend of Tea Industry after 1960 both
Production and labor;
Total Labor Force
1960
500,000
(Surplus)
2009
211,000
(Deficit)
 Average 5% drop every year and will be worse in years to come
 Sri Lankan Tea Production is heavily based on labor which
leads labor is the most important factor affect productivity
 Labor Productivity in Tea Industry is declining over the past
decades and recorded very lower ranks in world labor
productivity tables
3
(Central Bank- Economic and Social Statistics Report of Sri Lanka – 2010; Kodituwakku & Priyanath ,
2001; Wickramasinghe & Cameron, 2003; N.C.Wickramasinghe,2008)
Labor Shortage in Tea Industry
 Labor shortage is becoming the major threat to the Tea
Industry;
Disturb day to day operations
Low Production
Reduce the quality of Tea
Increase - Cost of Tea
Decrease – Profitability of the Industry
 Job Satisfaction is one of the reasons for labor shortage
Workers not encouraging their children to work as Estate
Labors
Younger Generation find jobs outside the Estate
Estate work force is less than 30% of the Total Residents
(Loolecondure Estate, Hewaheta Record Books; Kodituwakku & Priyanath,2001; Wickremasinghe, 2008;
4 M.M.M.Aheeyar, 2005; Central Bank- Economic and Social Statistics Report of Sri Lanka – 2010)
Research Questions
1. What
is the overall level of
Satisfaction of Plantation Workers?
2. What
Job
are the main factors affecting
Plantation Worker’s Job Satisfaction?
5
Research Objectives
1. Measure overall Job Satisfaction level of
the Plantation Workers
2. Identify
the main factors affecting
Plantation Worker’s Job Satisfaction
6
Literature Review
 Job Satisfaction is an attitudinal variable that can be used
to indicate whether someone likes his/her job or not
(Spector,1997)
 Factors affect Job Satisfaction (Glisson & Durick, 1988; Jex,
2002)
Individual Characteristics
2. Job Characteristics (Hackman
1.
and
Oldham’s
Job
Characteristics Model: 1976)
3.
Organizational
Characteristics
(Festinger’s Social
Comparison Theory, 1954; Jex’s Social information processing
Theory, 2002)
(Syptak, Marsland & Ulmer, 1999, Robbins and Decenzo, 2004, Hong Lu, Aloson & Barriaball, 2006)
7
Hertzberg’s Two Factor Theory
Motivational Factors
Achievement
Recognition
Work Itself
Responsibilities
Advancement
Growth
Extremely
Satisfied
8
Hygiene Factors
Supervision
Company Policy
Relationship with Supervisor
Working Conditions
Salary
Relationship with peers
Personal Life
Relationship with employees
Status
Security
Neutral
(Herzberg’, 1968; Source: Robbins & Decenzo, 2004)
Extremely
Dissatisfied
Importance of Job Satisfaction
 Employee Attitude
Behavior
Job
Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction
Work Hard/Less
Personal life
 Consequences of Job Dissatisfaction (Farrell, 1983: Exit-voiceloyalty-neglect framework)
1. Low Performance
2. Poor Attendance
3. Less Loyalty
4. Neglect
5. Turnover
(Syptak, Marsland & Ulmer, 1999; Robbins and Decenzo, 2004; Hong Lu, Aloson & Barriaball, 2006; Alsaeed, 2010)
9
Conceptual Framework
1. Demographic Factors
2. Job Related Factors
Responsibility
Achievements
Recognition
Job Security
Status
3. Organizational Factors
10
Targets
Supervision
Salary
Promotion
Interpersonal Relationships
Working Conditions
Non Financial Benefits
Retirement Benefits
JOB SATISFACTION/
DISSATISFACTION
METHODS
Study Site
Loolecodure Tea Plantation, Hewaheta, Nuwara Eliya
 Workers are from the Generation of first set of Plantation
Workers
 Largest government owned Tea Plantation (JEDB)
 Exposed to the urban area is less due to the location and
original Tea Plantation Culture exists
11
Methods Contd.
Population
Divisions of
Loolecondure
Estate
Total Workers
Male
Female
Total
1. Naranhinne
46
38%
74
62%
120
2. Loolecondure
63
48%
69
52%
132
3. WalOya
44
44%
57
56%
101
4. Lower Goonawe
54
44%
69
56%
123
5. Upper Goonawe
57
54%
48
46%
105
Total
264
45%
317
55%
581
12
Methods Contd.
Sample Selection Method
Sampling Method
 Step 1 : Stratified Sampling based on ;
• Division of the Estate
• Gender
 Step 2: Random Sampling in each Strata
 Total Sample Size - 120
13
Methods Contd.
Sample
Division
Sample
Respondents
Nonrespondents
Total
Male
Female
1. Naranhinne
30
5
25
10
15
2. Loolecondure
33
6
27
13
14
3. WalOya
25
4
21
9
12
4. Lower Goonawe
31
6
25
11
14
5. Upper Goonawe
26
4
22
12
10
145
25%
25
120
21%
55
65
Total
14
Demographic Data of the Sample
15
VARIABLE
CATEGORY
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
1. Gender
Female
66
55%
2. Age
18-25
9
7.5%
36-45
46
38.3%
3. Marital Status
Married
115
95.8%
4. Education
Never gone to School
29
24.2%
G 1-3
35
29.2%
5. Yrs of Experience
16 – 25 Yrs
49
40.8%
6. Individual Income
Below Rs. 5,000
87
72.5%
7. Family Income
Rs. 5,001 – 7,500
66
55%
8. Dependents
5
50
41.7%
9. Generation
Migrants
98
81.7%
10. Member of TU
Member
120
100%
Data Analysis Tools
Data Analysis Tool
Objective
Factor Analysis
As a data reduction tool and found a smaller
model of questionnaire
Descriptive Statistics
Frequency Test
Cross Tabulation
Analyze demographic data
Measure Statistical differences of Overall
Job Satisfaction Level with relates to the
demographic variables
Cronbatch’s Alpha
Measure reliability of the Factors
Mean Analysis
Measure Overall Job Satisfaction Level
Regression Analysis
Ordinal Logit Model
To identify factors affect Job Satisfaction
16
Data Collection Methods
Study 1 – Focus Group Discussions (Qualitative Data)
 Focus Interviews - 06
 Composition : Mgt Staff -02, Clerical Staff -02, Kanganis -02
 Focus Group Discussions – 02
 Composition : Group I – 10 Male ; Group II – 8 Female
 06 Open Ended Questions;
1. How do you feel your job?
2. What are the present satisfactions and dissatisfactions
17
3.
4.
5.
6.
with your job?
How do you see your job needs changing?
What are the major frustrations in your job?
What will you need from your job in next 05 years?
Do you have any other advice for me?
Study 2 – Survey (Quantitative Data)
 Data Collection Method – Questionnaire - Structured Questions ,
Tamil
 Rating Scale – Likert Scale :1 - Strongly Disagree
5 - Strongly Agree
 Questionnaire – 05 Factors, 31 Questions
Job Related
Supervision
Promotions
Targets and Interpersonal Relationships
Salary and Retirement Benefits
 Pre-Testing of the Questionnaire : Ensure Validity and Reliability
Rating Scale:1-5 or 1-3
(Tan Teck Hon & Amna Waheed,’Hertzberg’s Motivation- Hygiene Theory and Job Satisfaction in the
18 Malaysian Retail Sector;Asian Academy of Management Journal, Vol.16, No.1 73-94, January 2011)