GONE WITH THE WIND: UPGRADING NORTH AFRICA’S
TRADE WIND-INDUCED PHOSPHATE FOOTPRINTS INTO
CARBON-FREE FERTILIZERS
16th World Wind Energy Conference
Malmoe, Sweden
June 12th 2017
Khalid Benhamou
Managing Director - Sahara Wind
Morocco’s
2020 Wind
Capacity:
GW
Morocco’s Operational
Wind
Capacity:2.2
891MW
(1320East
MW /North
under construction)
(Middle
Africa’s largest)
Make
Size (MW) %Share
Vestas
50
2%
Gamesa
10
1%
Gamesa
60
3%
Gamesa
22
1%
Gamesa 140
7%
Gamesa
5
-%
Alstom/GE 102
5%
Siemens
51
3%
Siemens
51
3%
Siemens 301
15%
GE
95 MW
5%
Vestas 120 MW
6%
GE
150 MW
7%
Siemens 200 MW
9%
Siemens 850 MW 42%
TOTAL 2208 MW
Name of Project
Koudia/A. Torres
Lafarge-1
Essaouira
Lafarge-2
Tanger
Cim.Maroc Laayoune
Akhfenir
Haouma
Foum el oued
Tarfaya
Akhfenir
Jbel Khalladi
Taza
Boujdour-Aftissat
ONEE 850MW
Market Shares 2017
Siemens 45%
Gamesa 27%
# WTG
84
12
71
11
165
6
61
22
22
131
56
40
50
87
370
Institutional Framework
Year
IPP Private concession
2000
Private
2005
EPC Public
2007
Law 13-09 Private
2009
EPC Public
2010
Law 13-09 Private
2011
Law 13-09 Private
2013
Law 13-09 Private
2013
Law 13-09 Private
2013
IPP Private concession
2014
Law 13-09 Private
2017
Law 13-09 Private
2017
Public-Private Partnership
2018
Law 13-09 Private
2018
Public-Private Partnership 2017-2020
Market Shares 2020
Siemens 77%
Alstom/GE 22%
GE 16%
Vestas 6%
Vestas 8%
Green jobs/Local contents in Morocco’s
Wind Capacity: A learning curve
Local contents/jobs in operating wind projects:
•Electrical infrastructure (interconnection Wind farm): 7-10% (Largely integrated)
•Civil works, foundations etc. 7-10% (Fully integrated)
•Transport Logistics 8-10% (well integrated, established JV)
•Engineering studies 3-4%
•Towers (steel & steel works):
Tubular: Locally rolled 140 MW Gamesa / 403 MW by Siemens (+latest projects)
•Financial costs 5%: financial institutions (Local + Multilateral donors)
•Operation & Maintenance: 5%
With Morocco’s 850 MW Integrated Wind Energy Program
up to 70% local content can be reached…
Blades 10%: Tangier Siemens factory 100 M€ Invst.
Towers 12%: local Steel boosts local content from 5% to 12%
Potential integration of components on Nacelles:
Synergies with Aeronautics & Automotive industries: cabling, controls, composites…
Beyond Morocco’s Integrated Wind Energy Program
• Currently : 1 GW (787 MW in operation + 200 MW under construction)
• By 2020 : + 1.2 GW (850 MW +150 MW Taza + 200 MW Boujdour/Aftissat)
2.2 GW Total
Accessing the Sahara Trade Winds:
 Wind potential far from load centers 1300 km AC losses/phase: HVDC line needed
 Morocco’s total generating capacity (8261 MW) / Peak load (6050 MW)
 Dispatching wind electricity can be difficult beyond 2.2 GW (4.2GW by 2030)
 A Regional approach is needed:
Sahara Wind Project (5GW+ HVDC line)
RE Law13-09 authorizes self-consumption with surplus exports
EU 3x20 Directive authorizes RE imports from third countries to meet 2020 targets.
COP22 is Global implementation of projects (with financing beyond 2020)
Sahara Wind - NATO SfP-982620 / (SfP-984382) frameworks
Potash deposits:
55% of World reserves
(*U.S. Geological Survey 2014)
Phosphate deposits:
75% of World reserves
Atlas Mountains
AUI-ENSAM+EMI
Morocco
(*U.S. Geological Survey 2014)
5~10 GW HVDC line
Université de Nouakchott-USTM
Mauritania
North Atlantic
Trade Winds
Trade Winds Existed for
Millions of years: Geological
Evidence provided by largest
Sedimentary Phosphate deposits
Sea Water
Desalination Plants
Partnerships with
Telecom Operators of
Morocco and Mauritania
Mast Measurements at
70, 50 and 40 meters
height
Al Akhawayn & Nouakchott Universities Green Campuses
Capacity Building through Applied R&D
•
Industrial engineering program on small wind turbines (ENSAM)
•
Wind turbines connected to Universities electric grid (AUI & UNkt):
•
30 kW-Alkaline Electrolyser system integrated into the grid
•
48 cylinder pressurized hydrogen storage
•
Excess Wind-electricity stored as hydrogen & converted into electricity (through
stationary fuel cell) for grid back-up/Telecom power supply…
Inwi Telecom
GSM Mast tower
Electrolyzer Room
Wind Turbines (x3)
Maroc Telecom
GSM Mast tower
Integrating the Sahara Trade Wind Resource to North-Africa’s Major
Phosphates/Fertilizer (& Iron-Ore/Steel) Industries
Local Grid
Industrial End-Uses
Phosphoric Acid
H3PO4
380v-125kV Local Grid
Distribution
Monitoring
System
Reverse Osmosis
Sea Water Desalination
Iron ore/Steel
O2
Cl2
NaOH
Ammonia NH3
500~800 kV HVDC Bus
Regional Transfer
/Surplus Export
Electrolysis
Alkaline/PEM
Chlor-Alkali
Hydrogen
Storage
Grid Stabilization
Backup
Processing of Phosphates (Morocco)
World Market shares: Phosphate Rock 33%, Phosphoric Acid 47%, Fertilizers 20%
Processing of Iron-Ore (Mauritania)
16 MTons (Actual) 40 MTons by 2025, large Reserves
NATO Science for Peace SfP-982620
Integrated Electrolysis End-User Market Application
Wind speed: Measured through NATO SfP-982620/(984382)
Wind-Electrolysis for Electricity, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Steel
Case Study: SNIM foundry (SAFA company)
Nouadhibou Installed Capacity: Diesels (15+18)+4.5 MW Wind
SAFA power needs: Electric Arc Furnaces: 3 MW + Oxygen
plant + Induction Ovens : 2 MW
Objectives for Pilot Project:
• Wind Turbine(s)
• Alkaline Electrolyser
• Hydrogen, Oxygen storage
• FC, ICE-generator (backup power)
SAFA (2 000 t/yr) supplies local needs for
construction iron, cast-iron spares, fishing industry, etc.
Scalable & gradual high efficient process
SSAB, LKAB and Vattenfall initiative to replace blast furnaces
with wind-electricity hydrogen for CO2 free steel production
Potential perspectives: 16~40 Mtons iron-ore annual exports
processed into CO2 free steel products
Morocco’s Phosphate Industry
• 75% World Reserves, 33 % of Morocco’s Total exports
• OCP Group is World’s largest exporter of:
• Phosphate rock: 33 Mt (35% Market share, 50 Mt/yr by 2025)
• Phosphoric Acid : 4.8 Mt (52% Market share, 10 Mt/yr by 2025)
• Fertilizer exports: 5.3 Mt (20% Market share, 10 Mt/yr by 2025)
Sulfur & Ammonia imports needed for upgraded Fertilizers production
(Sulfuric Acid wet-process to produce Phosphoric Acid)
Endogenous Phosphoric Acid & Ammonia production (Electricity-intensive):
1- Thermal (furnace electro-thermal) dry-process Phosphoric Acid
2- Electrolysis
- Alkaline Electrolysis Ammonia: Hydrogen + Nitrogen from air (78% N2)
- ChlorAlkali Electrolysis Phosphoric Acid (Hcl Wet-process)+ Ammonia
with co-generated H2 + Nitrogen from air
=> Integrated fertilizer industry (Phosphate rock+ Wind + Water & Salt)
Enhanced resource transformation efficiency
Price stability & Sustainability
Renewable H2 storage (fertilizer feedstock+ energy & mobility carrier)
Hydrogen in the Economy: Ammonia
50%: Ammonia NH3 (140 Mt/yr)
75% Fertilizer industry
Hydrogen (60 Mt/yr)
Source: 5% Electrolysis
(IPHE) 95% Hydrocarbon Reforming
50%: Petroleum hydro-cracking
• Ammonia
consumes 2% of World's energy (mostly from fossil fuels)
•Fertilizer industries critical to world food security: Captive & integrated (70% near
phosphates deposits)
• 2050: World Population 9.2 billion people (=>20% less arable land per capita!)
• Climate Change Effects & Biofuels exacerbates situation
As 90% of Phosphates used as fertilizers: transformation of largest reserves is key to
global sustainability.
Global Sustainability Considerations
China’s Phosphate industry (80 Mt/yr, Phosphoric Acid 15.0 Mt/yr):
• Integrated fertilizer industry for domestic use (80% export tariffs imposed)
• Hydroelectric power supplied inexpensive power to phosphoric acid plants for many decades:
• Largest thermal phosphorus production capacity.
• China produces and consumes one-third of the world’s Ammonia.
• Majority of new Ammonia capacity to come on-line in China (for internal consumption)
• China adds 20+ GW of Wind Capacity per year; 50% of world market (37GW in 2015), this
comes with non-negligible grid stability and balancing issues.
• Wind energy favorably predisposed for Phosphates & fertilizer industries.
Morocco’s Phosphate industry (33 Mt/yr, Phosphoric Acid 4.8 Mt/yr)
Extraordinary scale of the region’s phosphate (and iron-ore) resources enables local firming of
the trade winds in operational balancing of the Sahara Wind project’s GW size HVDC line.
SIEMENS Green all electric ammonia synthesis trial technology plant (near Oxford, UK)
IEA study: Producing ammonia and fertilizers new opportunities from renewables (16/05/2017)
H2 @ Below 2$/kg with 4000 FLH with 785 MW Wind Capacity & 735 MW electrolysers coupled
to a 500 000 t/y Ammonia plant.
50 MW Foum El Oued Wind Farm
Sahara Wind Project Fueling a 100% Renewable Energy transition
Gas Tanks
Natural
Gas
Automotive Industries
Water, Phosphates/Fertilizers,
Iron-Ore/Steel Processing …
Gas Pipeline - Network
Electrolysis
Combined Cycle
Power Plant
Underground Cavern
Transmission
Grid
Sahara Wind Farm
Hydrogen
Electric Power
Sahara Wind 1500 km HVDC Line
Sahara Wind - HVDC Transmission Architecture 5 GW - bipole 1
(Point to Point classical HVDC configuration)
Sahara Wind
Farm Areas
(1250 MW)
To local Networks
(Desalination, Mineral
Processing…)
Rectifier
12 pulse
bridge
Inverter
12 pulse
bridge
F
To local
Networks
(North African
Urban Load
Centers)
F
+500 kV
Metallic
return
Area1
Surplus
Exchanges
EU-Grid
(ENTSOE)
SVC
- 500 kV
Area2
F
SVC
To local Network
(Smaller Urban Load
Centers)
F
To local
Networks
(North African
Urban Load
Centers)
ENTSOE
Grid Map
of
North Africa &
Europe
Integration of
the Sahara
Wind Project’s
5~10 GW
HVDC line
into European
Synchronized
Grid
Sahara Wind
5~10 GW HVDC Line
North Atlantic Trade Winds over Sahara
Source: EU funded TradeWind Project, (WP2.4; Characteristic Wind Speed Time
Series - Document Number: 11914/BT/01C)
The Sahara Wind Project (5GW+ HVDC line)
RD&D is a Prerequisite for Optimal Deployment of the Sahara Wind Project
Sahara Wind Phase 1: 400-500 MW on existing grid / Extensions through HVDC lines
HVDC Technology:
• Limited losses –long distance (3% over 1500 Km ±500kV for 5000 MW)
• 140 GW of HVDC in 145 Projects worldwide. China 25 multi-GW projects (HVDC is
40% of new 300 GW grid capacity), USA, India, Brazil…
North African electricity markets are in full growth/expansion (6~8%/yr.)
Wind catchment area:
-Quality: Average wind speed: 10 m/s+ (trade
winds) , 55+% Capacity Factor
-Size of Area: Saharan coast is 2000 km+
Morocco, Mauritania & Senegal
Potential Wind Energy 500 GW+ (~ 1000 TWh)
-Proximity: 1500 km from European Union power
market (~3000 TWh/yr)
5~10 GW HVDC
Atlantic
Trade Winds
1994~1997: 50 kW Wind-Diesel Test site in Tiniguir/Dakhla
Thank you!
www.saharawind.com