Unit 4- Biochemistry, Energy, & Enzymes
4a- Chemistry + Carbon Compounds
Name:_________________
Chemistry Review
 What makes an atom stable?
___________________________________________________________________
 What can an atom do to become stable?
___________________________________________________________________
 Two types of chemical bonds:
o ________________________________________________________________
o _____________________________________________________________________________________
 Bonds between atoms are __________________________ causing substances to _________________________
as different molecules during______________________________.
o Essential functions of a ____________ involve chemical
_____________ that take place between many different
_____________________________
 All of the chemical reactions within a cell are
referred to as the ___________________________.
Building Blocks of Cells
 All _________________ are composed of ___________________________
o ____________________________________________________________
The Role of Carbon
 A carbon atom has ____________________________________________________________________________
 Carbon can form __________________ with as many as _______________________________________
o Can also bond with other carbon atoms to form a ____________________________________________
o Allows carbon to form
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
Large Carbon Molecules
 Most organic molecules are made of ____________________ (______________) that bond to form __________
________________________________
o _________ is ____________ in the bonds that _________ these units together
o The _________________________________ varies with
the type of _______________________
 Polymer:______________________________________________
o Units may be _____________ or structurally
______________
 Example: Starches are complex carbohydrates formed by long
chains of simple sugars, like glucose.
o Monomer=___________________
Polymer=___________________________
Molecules of Life
 There are four types of organic molecules necessary for life.
o _______________________
o _______________________
o _______________________
o _______________________
Carbohydrate Structure
 Contain: ________________________________________________________
 Structures:
o Monosaccharides – ______________________________________
 Ex: _____________________
o Disaccharides – ________________
 Ex:______________________
o Polysaccharides – ______________________________________
 Ex:____________________________________________
Role of Carbohydrates
 In Plants:
o Carbohydrates are _____________________during the process of _______________________
o The plants then:
 Use them as_____________________________
 ___________________________
 In Animals:
o Consumed as __________________________________________________________
o When complex carbohydrates are consumed, _________________ breaks the bonds between the larger
carbohydrate molecules so that individual ________________________ can be absorbed into the
bloodstream through the walls of the intestines.
 The bloodstream carries the simple sugars to ________________________________________
 Once inside the cells, they are used as fuel in the process of ____________________________
releasing energy that is stored as ______________.
o If an organism has a ____________________________________________ than needed for its energy
requirements, the extra energy is converted to ____________________________________________
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Functions of Carbohydrates
 ___________________________________________
o _____________ in cells is the primary ______________________________________________________
 ___________________________________________
o ____________________in the liver of animals.
o Starch in the structures of _________________
 __________________________________________
o _________________forms_______________________________
 Also an important source of ___________ for animals to stimulate the _____________________
 The _____________ that make up carbohydrates serve as ___________________ for the synthesis of other
small ______________________, such as amino acids & ______________________
Lipids
 Contain: ___________________________________________________
 Include _____________________________________________________
_______________________________
 A _________________________ is a lipid made up of a
_______________________________________________________
 The high number of ______________________________________
_______________________________________________________
___________ _____________
_
Role of Lipids
 Fats
o Important to organisms for ____________ when carbohydrates are _____________, but when there is
_________________ of food, stored fat _______________________.
o Functions:
 Providing _______________________________
 _______________________________________
 _______________________________________
o Fats are _________________________________________

Phospholipids
o _____________________________________________________

Steroids
o Can serve as __________________ necessary for the
production of some _____________, some ______________,
and _____________________

Waxes
o Lipids that form _____________________________________
_____________________________
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Proteins
 Proteins are molecules composed of _________________________________________
o Contain:______________________________________________________________________________
 __________different amino acids
o ________amino acids are _______________________________________________
o Humans need to _______________ the other ______ amino acids from sources such as _____________
______________________.
 Failure to obtain enough of even 1 of the 10 essential amino acids results in ________________
of the body’s ___________________
Protein Structure
 Two amino acids bond to form a ______________________
o This __________________________ is called a
____________________________
 Polypeptide:
______________________________________
 Proteins are composed of one or more polypeptides.
o The _____________________________
determines the proteins ____________
_______________________
 _____________ different proteins in the
human body
Role of Proteins
 Proteins are the major _____________________________________ material of body cells
o Because of the variety of ___________ and structures of protein molecules, proteins have a wide variety
of _________________
o Involved in almost every
____________________
in the ______________
____________
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
Functions:
o Structural Proteins-_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
o Transport Proteins-_____________________________________________________________________
 Example:__________________ transports _______________from the lungs to the other parts of
the body to be used by cells in cellular respiration
o
o
o
Hormone Proteins- ____________________________________________________________________
 Example:__________________ regulates the amount of _____________ in the blood.
Contractile Proteins- ________________________________________________
 Example: proteins in the ___________________ which help control ____________________
Enzymatic Proteins- ____________________________________________________________________
 Example: __________________________ break down food in the digestive tract
Nucleic Acids
 Nucleic Acids__________________________________________________
 Nucleotides contain: _________________________________________________________________________
 Nucleotides are made up of 3 parts:
o _____________________
o _____________________
o _____________________
Function of Nucleic Acids
 _________________________________
o __________ – ________________________________________________
o __________ – ________________________________________________________
Calorie Comparison
 Energy stored in organic molecules determines the _________________________
 _______________have the greatest _________________________________ over carbohydrates and proteins
 Calorie Comparisons:
o Proteins
_____calories per gram
o Lipids
_____ calories per gram
o Carbohydrates _____ calories per gram
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Unit 4- Biochemistry, Energy, & Enzymes
4b- Energy, Enzymes, & ATP
Chemical Reactions
 A chemical reaction ___________________________________________________________________________
2H2 + O2 ------> 2H2O
_____________ ________________
 Energy is ______________________________ when chemical bonds are broken & _______________________
_______________________________
o Exergonic reactions ________________________________________
o Endergonic reactions __________________________________________________________________
 For most chemical reactions to begin, ____________ must be added to the reactants.
o Activation energy: _______________________________________________________________
 Biochemical reactions allow organisms to:
– ___________________
-- ___________________
– ___________________
-- ___________________
 Certain conditions can affect the rate at which a chemical reaction will occur.
o ___________________ – gaining or losing heat energy
o ___________________ – most organisms need to be kept in a ________________ of acidity for
reactions to occur
 Buffers within an organism ________________________________________________________
 A _________ change in pH can _________________________________________
o Catalysts- ____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
 Catalysts are not _________________ or ___________________ in a reaction. They can be used
_________________________
 Enzymes- ___________________________________________
Enzyme Functions
 Help with ___________________
 Help with __________________________
o Ex:_________________________
 Help with _________________________
o Ex:________________________________
Energy and Enzymes
 Enzymes are made up of ____________________
 Essential for the ________________________________________________
 Enzymes _______________________________________ that otherwise would occur too slowly at the body’s
_______________________
o Reactions are able to occur at lower temperatures.
Enzyme Names
 Enzymes will often end in the suffix –_________
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


The beginning of the name often tells you the __________________ of the enzyme
Substrate: _______________________________________________________________________
Examples:
o Amylase breaks down _____________ (a component of_______________)
o Lactase breaks down ______________ (a sugar in _____________________)
 Lactose intolerant people __________ the enzyme lactase
Induced Fit Model of Enzyme Action
 Enzyme reactions depend on a _________________________ between
the enzyme & the substrate.
o Fit like a ____________________________
 Substrate fits at the __________________________
o _______________________
 Enzyme _______________ & ___________________________________
so ________________ can become ______________________
 Products _____________________________
 Enzyme is back to its ____________________________________________________________
Factors that Affect Enzyme Activity
 ___________________________
o Each type of enzyme has a ___________________________ at
which it works best.
o ________________________________________as the
environment reaches that ideal temperature.
o Activity_____________ outside of that range.

•
_____________
o Enzymes have a specific ____________________
_______________________________
At extreme an temperature or pH, an enzyme can __________________
(change ___________ and become _____________________)

_________________________________
o If the amount of ___________________________________, the rate of
reaction will _____________ if the enzyme concentration
__________________
o Reaction rate will ______________ if it runs out of substrate

_________________________________
o If the amount of ____________ stays the same, the rate of reaction will
____________ if the substrate concentration ___________________
o Reaction rate will _________________ when all of the enzymes are
_____________________
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ATP



ATP stands for _________________________________________
ATP is the molecule that ___________________ that can be used ______________________________________
ATP could be used for many things:
o __________________________
o __________________________
o __________________________
o __________________________
ATP Structure
 ATP is made up of three parts:
o _______________________
o _______________________
o _________________________________________________________________
ATP  ADP
 ATP releases energy by ___________________________________________________ and becoming _________
 adenosine______phosphate becomes adenosine ______phosphate
 When it transfers a ________________________________________________________
 This energy drives the cell’s ____________________.
 ________can later bind with another __________________________________________________
 To supply cells with energy, the high energy ATP bond is ________. _______is formed and _________ is released.
ATP  ADP + Phosphate + Energy

Energy is ______________________________ by reattaching a phosphate group to ________ forming
___________ to be used later.
ADP + Phosphate + Energy  ATP

__________energy is used to ___________________________________________________________________
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