Category
Building blocks of
the cell (monomer)
Larger units of the
cell (polymers)
Carbohydrates
monosaccharide
(simple sugar)
polysaccharide
(complex sugar)
Proteins
amino acids
polypeptide
Lipids
Fatty acids,
Glycerol
Lipid
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotide
Nucleic acid
Organic Molecules
6 protons
6 electrons
• Carbon = building block of
organic molecules
• Carbon is unique
– Unstable: 2nd level not full
– Will bond up to four times
1
1
4
2
2
3
Organic Molecules
• Carbon = building block of
organic molecules
• Carbon is unique
– Unstable: 2nd level not full
– Will bond up to four times
• Monomer: Small carbon
molecules
– Ex: Amino acid
• Polymer: chain of linked
monomers
– Ex: Protein
monomer
monomer
monomer
monomer
monomer
Polymer
monomer
monomer
monomer
monomer
monomer
Organic Molecules
• Carbon = building block of
organic molecules
• Carbon is unique
– Unstable: 2nd level not full
– Will bond up to four times
• Monomer: Small carbon
molecules
– Ex: Amino acid
• Polymer: chain of linked
monomers
– Ex: Protein
Amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acid
Protein
Amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acid
Organic Molecules
• Carbon = building block of
organic molecules
• Carbon is unique
– Unstable: 2nd level not full
– Will bond up to four times
• Monomer: Small carbon
molecules
– Ex: Amino acid
• Polymer: chain of linked
monomers
– Ex: Protein
Simple sugar
Simple sugar
Simple sugar
Simple sugar
Simple sugar
Simple sugar
Simple sugar
Simple sugar
Simple sugar
Simple sugar
Complex
sugar
Organic Molecules
• Carbon = building block of
organic molecules
• Carbon is unique
– Unstable: 2nd level not full
– Will bond up to four times
• Monomer: Small carbon
molecules
– Ex: Amino acid
• Polymer: chain of linked
monomers
– Ex: Protein
nucleotide
nucleotide
nucleotide
nucleotide
nucleotide
nucleotide
nucleotide
nucleotide
nucleotide
nucleotide
Nucleic
acid
Is Carbon stable with
4 electrons in its outer
layer?
Is Hydrogen stable
with 1 electron in its
layer?
H
Stable
H
H C H
H
1 dash = 2 electrons
H
Stable
So what do atoms do
when they are
unstable?
They bond. This is the
molecule methane, CH4.
Stable
H
Stable
H
Problem: Drawing dot
diagrams is time
consuming. Try this
instead!
The Same Thing…
F
FF C FF
F
1 dash = 2 electrons
Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable
How many
electrons?
Single
bonds
1 Dash = 2 electrons
Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable
How many
electrons?
Single
bonds
Very
complex
1 Dash = 2 electrons
Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable
How many
electrons?
Single
bonds
Very
complex
Double
bonds
1 Dash = 2 electrons
Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable
How many
electrons?
Single
bonds
Very
complex
Double
bonds
Triple
bonds
1 Dash = 2 electrons
Carbon creates 4 bonds to be stable
How many
electrons?
Single
bonds
Very
complex
Double
bonds
Triple
bonds
1 Dash = 2 electrons
Ring
structures
Carbohydrates
monosaccharide
monosaccharide
monosaccharide
monosaccharide
monosaccharide
Glucose
(C6H12O6)
Polysaccharide
monosaccharide
monosaccharide
monosaccharide
monosaccharide
monosaccharide
Fructose (C6H12O6)
• Readily available food source
• C1: H2: O1 ratio
– Ex: Glucose = C6 H12 O6
• Monomer: Monosaccharides
– Simple sugars
– Bond to form complex sugars
• Polymer: Polysaccharide
– Complex sugars
Carbohydrates
• Readily available food source
• C1: H2: O1 ratio
– Ex: Glucose = C6 H12 O6
• Monomer: Monosaccharides
How do the monosaccharides
bond together?
Dehydration synthesis
Monosaccharide 1
HO
– Simple sugars
– Bond to form complex sugars
• Polymer: Polysaccharide
– Complex sugars
Monosaccharide 3
Monosaccharide 2
H
OH
O2O
HO
HO
2O
OH
HO
OH
Carbohydrate Polymers: Polysaccharide
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
• Polysaccharides: Long chain of monosaccharides
• Ex: Starch: excess plant sugar converted & stored
Carbohydrate Polymers: Polysaccharide
About 30,000 glucose
monomers make up
glycogen
• Polysaccharides: Long chain of monosaccharides
• Ex: Starch: excess plant sugar converted & stored
• Ex: Glycogen: animal starch stored in liver & muscles
Carbohydrate Polymers: Polysaccharide
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
•
•
•
•
Polysaccharides: Long chain of monosaccharides
Ex: Starch: excess plant sugar converted & stored
Ex: Glycogen: animal starch stored in liver & muscles
Ex: Cellulose: used in plants to make cell walls
Kobe Kuiz
1) How many electrons does Carbon have in the 1st energy
level? 2nd energy level?
2) Which type of organic molecule is most commonly used
as energy for cells?
3) If a carbohydrate has 8 carbon atoms, how many oxygen
and hydrogen atoms will it most likely contain?
4) What are the monomers of carbohydrates called?
5) What are the polymers of carbohydrates called?
6) Which polymer is stored by animals?
7) Which polymer is stored by plants?