CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS
Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson • Reece
8
Photosynthesis
Lecture Presentations by
Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Overview: The Process That Feeds the Biosphere
 Photosynthesis is the process that converts solar
energy into chemical energy
 Directly or indirectly, photosynthesis nourishes
almost the entire living world
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 Autotrophs sustain themselves without eating
anything derived from other organisms
 Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere,
producing organic molecules from CO2 and other
inorganic molecules
 Almost all plants are photoautotrophs, using
the energy of sunlight to make organic
molecules
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Figure 8.1
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 Heterotrophs obtain their organic material from
other organisms
 Heterotrophs are the consumers of the biosphere
 Almost all heterotrophs, including humans, depend
on photoautotrophs for food and O2
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 Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, certain other
protists, and some prokaryotes
 These organisms feed not only themselves but also
most of the living world
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40 m
Figure 8.2
(d) Cyanobacteria
10 m
(b) Multicellular
alga
(c) Unicellular eukaryotes
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1 m
(a) Plants
(e) Purple sulfur
bacteria
Figure 8.2a
(a) Plants
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Figure 8.2b
(b) Multicellular alga
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10 m
Figure 8.2c
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(c) Unicellular eukaryotes
40 m
Figure 8.2d
(d) Cyanobacteria
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1 m
Figure 8.2e
(e) Purple sulfur
bacteria
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Concept 8.1: Photosynthesis converts light
energy to the chemical energy of food
 The structural organization of photosynthetic cells
includes enzymes and other molecules grouped
together in a membrane
 This organization allows for the chemical reactions
of photosynthesis to proceed efficiently
 Chloroplasts are structurally similar to and likely
evolved from photosynthetic bacteria
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants
 Leaves are the major locations of photosynthesis
 Their green color is from chlorophyll, the green
pigment within chloroplasts
 Chloroplasts are found mainly in cells of the
mesophyll, the interior tissue of the leaf
 Each mesophyll cell contains 30–40 chloroplasts
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
 CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through microscopic
pores called stomata
 The chlorophyll is in the membranes of thylakoids
(connected sacs in the chloroplast); thylakoids may
be stacked in columns called grana
 Chloroplasts also contain stroma, a dense interior
fluid
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.3
Leaf cross section
Chloroplasts
Vein
Mesophyll
Stomata
CO2 O2
Chloroplast
Mesophyll cell
Thylakoid
Granum Thylakoid
Stroma
space
Outer
membrane
Intermembrane
space
Inner membrane
1 m
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20 m
Figure 8.3a
Leaf cross section
Chloroplasts
Vein
Mesophyll
Stomata
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
CO2 O2
Figure 8.3b
Chloroplast
Mesophyll cell
Thylakoid
Granum Thylakoid
Stroma
space
Outer
membrane
Intermembrane
space
Inner membrane
1 m
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20 m
Figure 8.3c
Mesophyll cell
20 m
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.3d
Granum
Stroma
1 m
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Tracking Atoms Through Photosynthesis:
Scientific Inquiry
 Photosynthesis is a complex series of reactions that
can be summarized as the following equation
6 CO2  6 H2O  Light energy  C6H12O6  6 O2
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The Splitting of Water
 Chloroplasts split H2O into hydrogen and oxygen,
incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar
molecules and releasing oxygen as a by-product
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.4
Reactants:
Products:
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6 CO2
C6H12O6
12 H2O
6 H2O
6 O2
Photosynthesis as a Redox Process
 Photosynthesis reverses the direction of electron
flow compared to respiration
 Photosynthesis is a redox process in which H2O is
oxidized and CO2 is reduced
 Photosynthesis is an endergonic process; the energy
boost is provided by light
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Figure 8.UN01
becomes reduced
becomes oxidized
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The Two Stages of Photosynthesis: A Preview
 Photosynthesis consists of the light reactions (the
photo part) and Calvin cycle (the synthesis part)
 The light reactions (in the thylakoids)
 Split H2O
 Release O2
 Reduce the electron acceptor, NADP, to NADPH
 Generate ATP from ADP by adding a phosphate
group, photophosphorylation
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 The Calvin cycle (in the stroma) forms sugar from
CO2, using ATP and NADPH
 The Calvin cycle begins with carbon fixation,
incorporating CO2 into organic molecules
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.5
CO2
H2O
Light
NADP
ADP
 Pi
Light
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
[CH2O]
(sugar)
Figure 8.5-1
H2O
Light
NADP
ADP
 Pi
Light
Reactions
Chloroplast
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.5-2
H2O
Light
NADP
ADP
 Pi
Light
Reactions
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.5-3
H2O
CO2
Light
NADP
ADP
 Pi
Light
Reactions
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Calvin
Cycle
Figure 8.5-4
H2O
CO2
Light
NADP
ADP
 Pi
Light
Reactions
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
[CH2O]
(sugar)
Concept 8.2: The light reactions convert solar
energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
 Chloroplasts are solar-powered chemical factories
 Their thylakoids transform light energy into the
chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
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The Nature of Sunlight
 Light is a form of electromagnetic energy, also called
electromagnetic radiation
 Like other electromagnetic energy, light travels in
rhythmic waves
 Wavelength is the distance between crests of waves
 Wavelength determines the type of electromagnetic
energy
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 The electromagnetic spectrum is the entire range
of electromagnetic energy, or radiation
 Visible light consists of wavelengths (including
those that drive photosynthesis) that produce colors
we can see
 Light also behaves as though it consists of discrete
particles, called photons
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Figure 8.6
10−5 nm 10−3 nm
Gamma
rays
103 nm
1 nm
X-rays
UV
106 nm
Infrared
1m
(109 nm)
Microwaves
103 m
Radio
waves
Visible light
450
380
500
Shorter wavelength
Higher energy
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550
600
650
700
750 nm
Longer wavelength
Lower energy
Photosynthetic Pigments: The Light Receptors
 Pigments are substances that absorb visible light
 Different pigments absorb different wavelengths
 Wavelengths that are not absorbed are reflected or
transmitted
 Leaves appear green because chlorophyll reflects
and transmits green light
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Figure 8.7
Light
Reflected
light
Chloroplast
Absorbed
light
Granum
Transmitted
light
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 A spectrophotometer measures a pigment’s ability
to absorb various wavelengths
 This machine sends light through pigments and
measures the fraction of light transmitted at each
wavelength
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Figure 8.8
Technique
White
light
Refracting
prism
Chlorophyll
solution
Photoelectric
tube
Galvanometer
2
1
Slit moves to pass
light of selected
wavelength.
4
Green
light
Blue
light
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3
The high transmittance (low
absorption) reading indicates
that chlorophyll absorbs very
little green light.
The low transmittance (high
absorption) reading indicates
that chlorophyll absorbs most
blue light.
 An absorption spectrum is a graph plotting a
pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength
 The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a suggests
that violet-blue and red light work best for
photosynthesis
 Accessory pigments include chlorophyll b and a
group of pigments called carotenoids
 An action spectrum profiles the relative
effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in
driving a process
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Results
Absorption of light
by chloroplast
pigments
Figure 8.9
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Carotenoids
500
600
Wavelength of light (nm)
400
700
Rate of
photosynthesis
(measured by O2
release)
(a) Absorption spectra
400
(b) Action spectrum
500
600
700
Aerobic bacteria
Filament
of alga
500
400
(c) Engelmann’s experiment
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600
700
Absorption of light
by chloroplast
pigments
Figure 8.9a
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Carotenoids
500
600
Wavelength of light (nm)
(a) Absorption spectra
400
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700
Rate of
photosynthesis
(measured by O2
release)
Figure 8.9b
400
(b) Action spectrum
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500
600
700
Figure 8.9c
Aerobic bacteria
Filament
of alga
500
400
600
(c) Engelmann’s experiment
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700
 The action spectrum of photosynthesis was first
demonstrated in 1883 by Theodor W. Engelmann
 In his experiment, he exposed different segments of
a filamentous alga to different wavelengths
 Areas receiving wavelengths favorable to
photosynthesis produced excess O2
 He used the growth of aerobic bacteria clustered
along the alga as a measure of O2 production
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 Chlorophyll a is the main photosynthetic pigment
 Accessory pigments, such as chlorophyll b, broaden
the spectrum used for photosynthesis
 A slight structural difference between chlorophyll a
and chlorophyll b causes them to absorb slightly
different wavelengths
 Accessory pigments called carotenoids absorb
excessive light that would damage chlorophyll
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Figure 8.10
CH3
CH3 in chlorophyll a
CHO in chlorophyll b
Porphyrin ring:
light-absorbing
“head” of molecule;
note magnesium
atom at center
Hydrocarbon tail:
interacts with hydrophobic
regions of proteins inside
thylakoid membranes of
chloroplasts; H atoms not
shown
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Excitation of Chlorophyll by Light
 When a pigment absorbs light, it goes from a ground
state to an excited state, which is unstable
 When excited electrons fall back to the ground state,
photons are given off, an afterglow called
fluorescence
 If illuminated, an isolated solution of chlorophyll will
fluoresce, giving off light and heat
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.11
−
Energy of electron
e
Excited
state
Heat
Photon
(fluorescence)
Photon
Chlorophyll
molecule
Ground
state
(a) Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule
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(b) Fluorescence
Figure 8.11a
(b) Fluorescence
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A Photosystem: A Reaction-Center Complex
Associated with Light-Harvesting Complexes
 A photosystem consists of a reaction-center
complex (a type of protein complex) surrounded by
light-harvesting complexes
 The light-harvesting complexes (pigment
molecules bound to proteins) transfer the energy of
photons to the reaction center
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Photosystem
STROMA
LightReactionharvesting center
complexes complex
Primary
electron
acceptor
Thylakoid membrane
Photon
e
Transfer
of energy
Special pair of
chlorophyll a
molecules
Pigment
molecules
THYLAKOID SPACE
(INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)
(a) How a photosystem harvests light
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Thylakoid membrane
Figure 8.12
Chlorophyll
Protein
subunits
(b) Structure of a photosystem
STROMA
THYLAKOID
SPACE
Figure 8.12a
Thylakoid membrane
Photon
Photosystem
STROMA
ReactionLightharvesting center
complexes complex
Primary
electron
acceptor
e−
Transfer
of energy
Special pair of
chlorophyll a
molecules
Pigment
molecules
THYLAKOID SPACE
(INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)
(a) How a photosystem harvests light
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Thylakoid membrane
Figure 8.12b
Chlorophyll
Protein
subunits
(b) Structure of a photosystem
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STROMA
THYLAKOID
SPACE
 A primary electron acceptor in the reaction center
accepts excited electrons and is reduced as a result
 Solar-powered transfer of an electron from a
chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron
acceptor is the first step of the light reactions
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 There are two types of photosystems in the thylakoid
membrane
 Photosystem II (PS II) functions first (the numbers
reflect order of discovery) and is best at absorbing a
wavelength of 680 nm
 The reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS II is called
P680
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 Photosystem I (PS I) is best at absorbing a
wavelength of 700 nm
 The reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS I is called
P700
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Linear Electron Flow
 Linear electron flow involves the flow of electrons
through both photosystems to produce ATP and
NADPH using light energy
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 Linear electron flow can be broken down into a series
of steps
1. A photon hits a pigment and its energy is passed
among pigment molecules until it excites P680
2. An excited electron from P680 is transferred to the
primary electron acceptor (we now call it P680)
3. H2O is split by enzymes, and the electrons are
transferred from the hydrogen atoms to P680, thus
reducing it to P680; O2 is released as a by-product
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.UN02
H2 O
CO2
Light
NADP
ADP
Calvin
Cycle
Light
Reactions
ATP
NADPH
O2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
[CH2O] (sugar)
Figure 8.13-1
Primary
acceptor
e−
2
P680
1
Light
Pigment
molecules
Photosystem II
(PS II)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.13-2
Primary
acceptor
2 H H2O

1
 2 O2 3
e−
2
e−
1
e−
P680
Light
Pigment
molecules
Photosystem II
(PS II)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.13-3
Primary
acceptor
2 H H2O

1
 2 O2 3
−
e
2
4 Electron
transport
chain
Pq
Cytochrome
complex
Pc
e−
1
e−
P680
5
Light
ATP
Pigment
molecules
Photosystem II
(PS II)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.13-4
Primary
acceptor
2 H H2O

1
 2 O2 3
e−
2
4 Electron
transport
chain
e−
Pq
Cytochrome
complex
Pc
e−
1
e−
Primary
acceptor
P680
P700
5
Light
Light
6
ATP
Pigment
molecules
Photosystem II
(PS II)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Photosystem I
(PS I)
Figure 8.13-5
Primary
acceptor

2 H H2O

1
 2 O2 3
e−
2
4 Electron
transport
chain
1
e−
Cytochrome
complex
8
e−
NADP
reductase
Pc
P680
Fd
e−
Pq
e−
e−
Primary
acceptor
7 Electron
transport
chain
P700
5
Light
Light
6
ATP
Pigment
molecules
Photosystem II
(PS II)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Photosystem I
(PS I)
NADP
 H
NADPH
4. Each electron “falls” down an electron transport
chain from the primary electron acceptor of PS II
to PS I
5. Energy released by the fall drives the creation of a
proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane;
diffusion of H (protons) across the membrane drives
ATP synthesis
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
6. In PS I (like PS II), transferred light energy excites
P700, causing it to lose an electron to an electron
acceptor (we now call it P700)

P700 accepts an electron passed down from PS II
via the electron transport chain
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7. Excited electrons “fall” down an electron transport
chain from the primary electron acceptor of PS I to
the protein ferredoxin (Fd)
8. The electrons are transferred to NADP, reducing it
to NADPH, and become available for the reactions
of the Calvin cycle

This process also removes an H from the stroma
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
 The energy changes of electrons during linear
flow can be represented in a mechanical analogy
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Figure 8.14
Mill
makes
ATP
Photosystem II
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NADPH
Photosystem I
A Comparison of Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts
and Mitochondria
 Chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP by
chemiosmosis but use different sources of energy
 Mitochondria transfer chemical energy from food to
ATP; chloroplasts transform light energy into the
chemical energy of ATP
 Spatial organization of chemiosmosis differs
between chloroplasts and mitochondria but also
shows similarities
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 In mitochondria, protons are pumped to the
intermembrane space and drive ATP synthesis
as they diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix
 In chloroplasts, protons are pumped into the
thylakoid space and drive ATP synthesis as they
diffuse back into the stroma
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.15
CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE
MITOCHONDRION
STRUCTURE
Intermembrane
space
Inner
membrane
H
Diffusion
Electron
transport
chain
Thylakoid
space
Thylakoid
membrane
ATP
synthase
Matrix
Key

Higher [H ]
Lower [H]
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Stroma
ADP  P i

H
ATP
Figure 8.15a
CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE
MITOCHONDRION
STRUCTURE
Intermembrane
space
Inner
membrane
H
Diffusion
Electron
transport
chain
Thylakoid
space
Thylakoid
membrane
ATP
synthase
Matrix
Key

Higher [H ]
Lower [H]
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Stroma
ADP  P
i

H
ATP
 ATP and NADPH are produced on the side facing
the stroma, where the Calvin cycle takes place
 In summary, light reactions generate ATP and
increase the potential energy of electrons by moving
them from H2O to NADPH
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.UN02
H2 O
CO2
Light
NADP
ADP
Calvin
Cycle
Light
Reactions
ATP
NADPH
O2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
[CH2O] (sugar)
Figure 8.16
Photosystem II
4 H
Light
Cytochrome
complex
Light
NADP
reductase
Photosystem I
3
Fd
Pq
H2O
e−
1
THYLAKOID SPACE
(high H concentration)
e−
NADPH
Pc
2
12
O2
2 H
NADP  H
4 H
To
Calvin
Cycle
STROMA
(low H concentration)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Thylakoid
membrane
ATP
synthase
ADP

P H
i
ATP
Figure 8.16a
Photosystem II
4 H
Light
Cytochrome
complex
Photosystem I
Light
Fd
Pq
−
H2O
e
1
THYLAKOID SPACE
(high H concentration)
STROMA
(low H concentration)
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
e−
Pc
2
1
2
O2
2 H
Thylakoid
membrane
4 H
ATP
synthase
ADP

P H
i
ATP
Figure 8.16b
Cytochrome
complex
NADP
reductase
Photosystem I
Light
3
NADP  H
Fd
NADPH
Pc
2
4 H
THYLAKOID SPACE
(high H concentration)
To
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
synthase
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
ADP

P H
i
STROMA
(low H concentration)

ATP
Concept 8.3: The Calvin cycle uses the chemical
energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to
sugar
 The Calvin cycle, like the citric acid cycle,
regenerates its starting material after molecules
enter and leave the cycle
 Unlike the citric acid cycle, the Calvin cycle is
anabolic
 It builds sugar from smaller molecules by using ATP
and the reducing power of electrons carried by
NADPH
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 Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a
sugar named glyceraldehyde 3-phospate (G3P)
 For net synthesis of one G3P, the cycle must take
place three times, fixing three molecules of CO2
 The Calvin cycle has three phases
 Carbon fixation
 Reduction
 Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor
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 Phase 1, carbon fixation, involves the incorporation
of the CO2 molecules into ribulose bisphosphate
(RuBP) using the enzyme rubisco
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.UN03
H2O
CO2
Light
NADP
ADP
Calvin
Cycle
Light
Reactions
ATP
NADPH
O2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
[CH2O] (sugar)
Figure 8.17-1
Input 3
as 3 CO2
Phase 1: Carbon fixation
Rubisco
3 P
3 P
P
RuBP
6
P
3-Phosphoglycerate
Calvin
Cycle
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
P
Figure 8.17-2
Input 3
as 3 CO2
Phase 1: Carbon fixation
Rubisco
3 P
3 P
P
P
6
P
3-Phosphoglycerate
RuBP
6
ATP
6 ADP
Calvin
Cycle
6 P
P
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
6 NADPH
6 NADP
6 Pi
6
P
G3P
1
P
G3P
Output
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Phase 2:
Reduction
Glucose and
other organic
compounds
Figure 8.17-3
Input 3
as 3 CO2
Phase 1: Carbon fixation
Rubisco
3 P
3 P
P
P
6
P
3-Phosphoglycerate
RuBP
6
ATP
6 ADP
Calvin
Cycle
3 ADP
3
ATP
6 P
P
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
6 NADPH
Phase 3:
Regeneration
of RuBP
6 NADP
6 Pi
P
5
G3P
6
P
G3P
1
P
G3P
Output
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Phase 2:
Reduction
Glucose and
other organic
compounds
 Phase 2, reduction, involves the reduction and
phosphorylation of 3-phosphoglycerate to G3P
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Phase 3, regeneration, involves the rearrangement
of G3P to regenerate the initial CO2 receptor, RuBP
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Evolution of Alternative Mechanisms of Carbon
Fixation in Hot, Arid Climates
 Adaptation to dehydration is a problem for land
plants, sometimes requiring trade-offs with other
metabolic processes, especially photosynthesis
 On hot, dry days, plants close stomata, which
conserves H2O but also limits photosynthesis
 The closing of stomata reduces access to CO2 and
causes O2 to build up
 These conditions favor an apparently wasteful
process called photorespiration
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 In most plants (C3 plants), initial fixation of CO2,
via rubisco, forms a three-carbon compound (3phosphoglycerate)
 In photorespiration, rubisco adds O2 instead of
CO2 in the Calvin cycle, producing a two-carbon
compound
 Photorespiration decreases photosynthetic output by
consuming ATP, O2, and organic fuel and releasing
CO2 without producing any ATP or sugar
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Photorespiration may be an evolutionary relic
because rubisco first evolved at a time when the
atmosphere had far less O2 and more CO2
 Photorespiration limits damaging products of light
reactions that build up in the absence of the Calvin
cycle
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
C4 Plants
 C4 plants minimize the cost of photorespiration by
incorporating CO2 into a four-carbon compound
 An enzyme in the mesophyll cells has a high affinity
for CO2 and can fix carbon even when CO2
concentrations are low
 These four-carbon compounds are exported to
bundle-sheath cells, where they release CO2 that is
then used in the Calvin cycle
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Figure 8.18
Pineapple
Sugarcane
1
CO2
CO2
C4
Mesophyll Organic
cell
acid
CO2 2
Bundlesheath
cell
CAM
Night
CO2 2
Calvin
Cycle
Calvin
Cycle
Sugar
Sugar
(a) Spatial separation of steps
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Organic
acid
1
Day
(b) Temporal separation of steps
Figure 8.18a
Sugarcane
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Figure 8.18b
Pineapple
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Figure 8.18c
1
CO2
CO2
C4
Mesophyll
cell
Organic
acid
CO2 2
Bundlesheath
cell
CAM
Night
CO2 2
Calvin
Cycle
Calvin
Cycle
Sugar
Sugar
(a) Spatial separation of steps
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Organic
acid
1
Day
(b) Temporal separation of steps
CAM Plants
 Some plants, including succulents, use crassulacean
acid metabolism (CAM) to fix carbon
 CAM plants open their stomata at night,
incorporating CO2 into organic acids
 Stomata close during the day, and CO2 is released
from organic acids and used in the Calvin cycle
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The Importance of Photosynthesis: A Review
 The energy entering chloroplasts as sunlight gets
stored as chemical energy in organic compounds
 Sugar made in the chloroplasts supplies chemical
energy and carbon skeletons to synthesize the
organic molecules of cells
 Plants store excess sugar as starch in the
chloroplasts and in structures such as roots, tubers,
seeds, and fruits
 In addition to food production, photosynthesis
produces the O2 in our atmosphere
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Figure 8.19
H2O
Light
CO2
NADP
ADP
 P
i
Light
Reactions:
Photosystem II
Electron transport chain
Photosystem I
Electron transport chain
RuBP 3-Phosphpglycerate
Calvin
Cycle
ATP
NADPH
G3P
Starch
(storage)
Chloroplast
O2
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Sucrose (export)
Figure 8.UN04
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Figure 8.UN05
Primary
acceptor
Primary
acceptor
H2O
O2
Fd
Pq
NADP
reductase
Cytochrome
complex
Pc
ATP
Photosystem II
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Photosystem I
NADP
 H
NADPH
Figure 8.UN06
3 CO2
Carbon fixation
3  5C
6  3C
Calvin
Cycle
Regeneration of
CO2 acceptor
5  3C
Reduction
1 G3P (3C)
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Figure 8.UN07
pH 4
pH 7
pH 4
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pH 8