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LIGHTHOUSE –
Maritime Energy Efficiency
Professor Karin Andersson
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CHALLENGES TO SHIPPING
INTERNATIONALLY
• The international community has committed to work together to “prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”;
• The Copenhagen Accord and Cancun Agreements define a warming of 2°C as the
appropriate threshold between acceptable and dangerous climate change;
• 141 global nations (representing ~90% of total global emissions) have either signed
or expressed their intention to be listed as agreeing to the Copenhagen Accord;
SHIPPING SECTOR
• The IMO has announced that the shipping industry “will make its fair and
proportionate contribution” to meet internationally agreed levels of mitigation;
• The ICS reiterates how the industry’s mitigation “must be proportionate to shipping’s
share of global emissions”;
• The ICS and IMO argue for there to be a “special global regime for shipping”
whereby it be subject to regulation as if it were a sovereign nation;
•
The ICS declare that mitigation from the sovereign nation of shipping will “be
at least as ambitious” as those agreed under the UNFCCC.
Anderson, K, Bowes, A, Carbon Management (2012) 3(6) ,615–628
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IN RELATION TO GHG SCENARIOS
5.1 Maritime CO2 emissions are projected to increase significantly in the coming
decades. ……..Further action on efficiency and emissions can mitigate the emissions
growth, although all scenarios but one project emissions in 2050 to be higher than
in 2012.
5.3 Emissions projections demonstrate that improvements in efficiency are important
in mitigating emissions increase. However, even modelled improvements with the
greatest energy savings could not yield a downward trend. ……changes in the fuel mix
have a limited impact on GHG emissions, assuming that fossil fuels remain dominant.
Smith, T et al, REDUCTION OF GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS. Third IMO GHG study 2014.
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Smith, T et al, REDUCTION OF GHG EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS. Third IMO GHG study 2014.
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STRATEGIES FOR GHG EMISSION REDUCTION
•
Saving fuel/energy
– Energy efficiency technology
– Energy management
– Route planning
– Logistics
– Ecodriving
– Waste heat recovery
– ...
•
Change of fuel
– Renewable fuel
• Biofuels
• CO2 based fuels/Electrofuels
– Electricity
– Nuclear
•
Technology change
– Other engine type – gas turbines,
electrical, fuel cell
– Combustion technology
• Combustion chamber and fuel
mix control
– Wind propulsion
– Ship/hull design
– Propeller design
– …..
•
“End of pipe solutions”
– CCR?
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Technical measures to increase energy efficiency, adapted from Fabet et al. (2011)
Thus:
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
• Is a large area with many possibilities that contribute to less GHG
although
• Energy efficiency cannot solve the GHG challenge alone – fuel
change is also needed
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LIGHTHOUSE ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAMME
“The main goal is to
contribute to
groundbreaking changes
in the way ships are
designed, procured and
operated in the Swedish
maritime sector.”
Better
practice
Assessment
methods
Innovative
measures
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MARITIME ENERGY EFFICIENCY AS A RESEARCH FIELD,
some examples of areas in progress or easy to start
• Energy efficiency measures
–
–
–
–
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Air cavity systems
Light-weight
(Propellers)
Waste heat recovery
Hull performance
• Energy efficiency in practice
– Energy management practice and
systems
– Crew involvement/motivation
– Operational performance
monitoring
• Models and assessment tools
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Energy-exergy analysis
Hull-propeller interaction
Machine-propeller interaction
Routing models
Ship-wave interaction
Generic system models
Chartering decision-making
Design for operational profile
• Policy and regulation
– EEDI, SEEMP, MRV etc. (IMO
and EU) – evaluation, roles in
regulation work
– Energy efficiency indicators
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Some areas where research is lacking:
Systems aspects
• Systems engineering perspective
• Multicriteria assessment/Environmental assessments/LCA (not only carbon
footprint)
Interdisciplinary and case studies
• Field/case studies – Technical as well as attitudes etc
• Inter disciplinary studies – engineering vs environmental, social science etc
• Human behaviour and acceptance of energy efficiency
Management and stakeholders
• Shipping as a part of logistics chain
• Contract structures
• Involvement of cargo owners and consumers
Regulatory framework
• Making policies and regulations vs reserach
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POSSIBLE COMING PROJECTS?
• Performance monitoring
– Sensors, measurement accuracy/errors, modelling, data treatment and statistics
– Need for decision support for operation on land and on board
• Better modelling of operation and prediction of performance. For
example for decision support in contracts
• WHR (ORC) related to different operational profiles, “slow
steaming”, change of profile
• Ship design and purchase – how is an energy efficient ship
designed, ordered, built, financed?
• Fouling related to resistance – biological knowledge related to
resistance and removal of fouling
• Education – for operation and design of energy efficient ships -
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