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=gFuEo2ccTPA
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Characteristics of Life
• All living things are made of cells
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DISCOVERY OF THE CELL
• The discovery of the cell became
possible with the development of
the microscope
The Cell Theory
• All living things are made of one or
more cells
• Cells are the basic units of
structure and function in an
organism
• Cells come only from the
reproduction of existing cells
Cell Size and Types
• Cells, the basic units of organisms,
can only be observed under
microscope
• Three Basic types of cells include:
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Bacterial Cell
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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Cells
 Prokaryotes include bacteria &
lack a nucleus or membrane-bound
structures called organelles
Eukaryotes include most other cells
& have a nucleus and membranebound organelles (plants, fungi, &
animals)
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Number of Cells
Organisms may be:
• Unicellular –
composed of one cell
• Multicellularcomposed of many
cells that may
organize
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Multicellular Organisms
• Cells in multicellular organisms
often specialize (take on different
shapes & functions)
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Specialized Animal Cells
Shape – The shape of a cell
varies depending on the
function of the cell
Red blood cells
Nerve cell
Muscle
cells
Cheek cells
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Specialized Plant cells
Guard Cells
Pollen
Xylem cells
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Cell Diversity
• Size – Most cells cannot be seen with the
naked eye. They range from 2 meters long
to .2 micrometers
Longest cell
Neuron = 1.3m
Largest cell= ova
Smallest cell=sperm
Which Cell Type is Larger?
Plant cell > _____________
Animal cell > ___________
bacteria
_________
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Organelles
Very small size
Can only be observed under a
microscope
Have specific functions
Found throughout cytoplasm
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Organelles
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Cell membrane
Surrounding the Cell
Lies immediately
against the cell wall
in plant cells
Made of protein and
phospholipids
Selectively permeable
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Golgi Bodies
• Have a shipping side &
a receiving side
• Receive & modify
proteins (by using
enzymes) made by ER.
• Proteins are used
either inside or
outside of the cell
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Transport
vesicle
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Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Smooth ER lacks
ribosomes & makes
proteins Used in the
cell, manufactures
lipids, gets rid of
poisons
Rough ER has
ribosomes on its
surface & makes
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proteins to EXPORT
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Lysosome
• Contain digestive
enzymes
• Break down food and
worn out cell parts for
cells
• Programmed for cell
death (lyse & release
enzymes to break down
& recycle cell parts)
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Control Organelle
Nucleus
Controls the normal
activities of the cell
Contain the DNA
Bounded by a
nuclear membrane
Contains chromosomes
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Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Makes ribosomes that
make proteins
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Cell Powerhouse
Mitochondrion
( mitochondria )
Rod shape
Site of energy
production
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In Animal Cells:
Mitochondria
Active cells like
muscles have more
mitochondria
Burn sugars to
produce energy ATP
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Cell Wall
Cell wall
Nonliving layer
Gives structure and
shape to plant and
bacterial cells
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Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Contains organelles
to carry out
specific jobs
Examples:
chloroplast &
mitochondrion
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Cytoplasm of a Cell
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance
enclosed by cell
membrane
Provides a medium
for chemical
reactions to take
place
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Plant Cell Organelles
Chloroplast
Contain the green
pigment chlorophyll
Traps sunlight to
make sugars (food)
Process called
photosynthesis
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Plant Cell
Cell wall
Made of cellulose
which forms very
thin fibers
Strong and rigid
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Plant Cell Organelles
Vacuole
Have a large central
vacuole
Stores sugars, proteins,
minerals, wastes, &
pigments
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Different kinds of plant
cells
Onion Epidermal Cells
Guard Cells
root hair
Root Hair Cell
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vacuole
cytoplasm
Animal cell
nucleus
No cell wall or
chloroplast
Stores glycogen
in the cytoplasm
for food energy
mitochondrion
glycogen
granule
cell
membrane
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Different kinds of animal
cells
white blood cell
Amoeba
red blood cell
muscle cell
cheek cells
sperm
nerve cell
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Paramecium
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Similarities between plant
cells and animal cells
Both have a cell membrane
surrounding the cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria
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Differences between plant
cells and animal cells
Animal cells
Plant cells
Relatively
smaller in size
Relatively
larger in size
Irregular shape
Regular shape
No cell wall
Cell wall present
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Differences between Plant
Cells and Animal Cells
Animal cells
Plant cells
Vacuole small or
absent
Large central
vacuole
Glycogen as food
storage
Starch as food
storage
Nucleus at the
Nucleus near cell
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wall
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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Cells
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REVIEW
• Organelle that digests waste/broken cell parts
• Like a highway transports proteins
• Like a post office-packages proteins getting them
ready for transport
• Largest organelle in a plant – used to store things
• Responsible for making ribosomes
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Levels of organization
• Cells are
grouped
together and
work as a
whole to
perform special
functions
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Tissue
• A group of similar cells to
perform a particular function
– Animals : epithelial tissue,
muscular tissue
– Plants : vascular tissue,
mesophyll
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Organ
• Different tissues group together
to carry out specialized functions
– Heart : consists of muscles,
nervous tissue and blood
vessels
– Leaf : consists of epidermis,
mesophyll and vascular tissue
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The Structures of a Leaf
(Plant Organ)
Chloroplast
Palisade
Mesophyll Cell
Spongy Mesophyll
Cell
Air Space
Stoma
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The Structures of a Heart
(Animal Organ)
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System
• Several organs and tissues work together
to carry out a particular set of functions in a
co-ordinated way
– Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory,
circulatory and reproductive systems
– Plant : root and shoot systems
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Human Body Systems
Examples of systems :
 Digestive System
 Respiratory System
 Circulatory System
 Nervous System
 Reproductive System
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Examples of a Human Body System
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Examples of a Human Body System
The Respiratory System
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Examples of a Human Body System
Circulatory System
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Examples of a Human Body System
Nervous System
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Levels of Organization
CELLS
(muscle cells,nerve cells)
TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)
ORGANS (heart, lungs,
stomach)
SYSTEMS (circulatory system)
ORGANISM (human)
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It’s You!
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The Liver
•
•
•
•
The liver is located on the right side of your body beneath the
ribs.
Copyright © 2004 Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way,
Redmond, WA 98052-6399 USA. All rights reserved.
Largest organ
Weighs 3-3.5 lbs
Size of a football
Most important organ;
used to produce and
store biochemicals
• Used to detoxify the
body, removes
bacteria, stores
vitamins
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Diseases
• If the liver is exposed to
toxins for to long it can
become damaged and not
do it’s job
– Cirrhosis – drinking alcohol
– Hepatitis C
– Increased salt intake can
decrease the livers ability to
break down toxins
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Biomedical Engineering
• Can now grow artificial organs for
people who need new livers
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M7e
M3zOffI4
• Engineers need to understand how the
liver works in order to be able to create
new organs or regenerate just a portion
of the liver
– Only need ¼ of the original liver
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Bioengineering Lab
• As our bodies remove waste products and toxins
to keep us healthy hydrogen peroxide is
produced (h2O2).
• An enzyme in our liver breaks down hydrogen
peroxide into water and oxygen which is not
harmful to us.
• When we ingest excess salt the liver cells break
down the hydrogen peroxide less effectively.
• You will be investigating
• this process
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