Student Name : __________________________
Class Pattern : ___________
Human Systems Student
Research Booklet
MARKS
Cell Specialization & Organization
_____ /40
The Digestive System
_____ /86
The Respiratory System
_____ /54
The Circulatory System
_____ /47
The Excretory System
_____ /48
The Nervous System
_____ /32
_________________________________________
Total
_____ /307
_____ %
Cell Specialization and Organization
For this section, please read following pages out of the two
different textbooks… the Science Focus 8 Textbook Pages 138 144, The Science in Action 8 Textbook Pages 120 – 123. Use these
two sources to help you answer the following questions.
Total out of
/40
1.
In the space provided below, draw a simple 5 step diagram as to how a cell reproduces and
multiplies.
2.
Although multicellular organisms like you grow from a single cell that divides repeatedly, their
cells are not all the same. Like the instruments in an orchestra, different cells have different
appearances and perform different jobs. Cells that are different from other cells are said to be?
_____________________________
3.
Please use the Science in Action 8 Textbook to fill in the blanks below,
/3
/1
__________________________ means that the ______________ of a multicellular organism
must work _______________________ to support their own lives, as well as the life of the
/4
______________________ individual. For example, the _________________ that make up
the ____________________ of your liver, relay on other _______________ systems to
______________________ them with oxygen and nutrients.
4.
Read over the last paragraph on page 138 and the first paragraph on page 139 in the Science
Focus 8 Textbook. Do as the textbook asks and try to classify each of the pictures on page 139 as
a Blood, Nerve, Muscle, Bone or Skin cell.
A __________________
B ___________________
C __________________
/5
D _____________________
E _____________________
%
5.
In the Science Focus 8 Textbook on page 140, it lists 5 different advantages that multicellular
organisms have over single celled organisms. Please list the five advantages below using
complete sentences and descriptions.
1–
2–
3–
/5
4–
5–
6.
As more and more cells are added to form a living organism like a bear or whale, the level of
complexity of cell arrangement is classified into different levels of organization. Please create a
simple 5 step flow chart showing the different levels of organization.
7.
On page 122 in the Science in Action 8 Textbook and on page 141 in the Science Focus 8
Textbook, it outlines the four main types of tissue that make up you. List the four different types
of tissue and give a brief description of each.
/5
1 _________________________
/8
2 _________________________
3 _________________________
4 _________________________
8.
Read up on ORGANS on Page 142 in the Science Focus 8 Textbook and then come up with a
definition as to what an “organ” is.
9.
a) What is the next level of organization after organs? _______________________________
/2
/1
b) Plants are made up two main “systems”. What are they and what is main role of each in the
survival of the plant?
1/4
2-
10. Below is a diagram that shows how cells build on one and other to form the different levels of
organization. What is the last level on this diagram that is missing and given that the “heart” is
the organ in the second last level of organization, what would the name of the last be?
/2
The Digestive System
For this section, please read following pages out of the two
different textbooks… the Science Focus 8 Textbook Pages 146 149, The Science in Action 8 Textbook Pages 127 – 131. Use these
two sources to help you answer the following questions.
1.
Total out of
/86
Use the paragraph at the top of page 127 in the Science in Action 8 Textbook to fill in the blanks
below.
Living organisms require ____________________ to survive. Like other animals, you obtain
energy from different sources such as _______________________ (sugars & starches),
____________________ (fats and oils) and ______________________. But before your cells can
/5
use any of these energy sources for fuel, they must be _____________________ by your
____________________ system. Your digestive system is in charge of ____________________
down the ________________ you eat into parts __________________ enough to be used by
your ______________________.
2.
There are two main types of digestion… what are they and what do they involve?
1 ___________________________
/4
2 ___________________________
3.
The digestive system is actually a long tube within the body that allows food and nutrients to pass
through it. Starting with the mouth, outline the order/path of organs that food travels through as
it passes through your digestive system?
Mouth
/5
__________________
___________________
_____________________
________________
_____________________
%
4.
The diagram below shows all of the parts of the mouth which is the first part of the digestive
track. Label each of the parts in the diagram and follow up with a short description as to what
each one does as well as whether it helps with chemical or mechanical digestion.
A _____________________
B _____________________
A
C ______________________
/10
D ______________________
B
C
D
E
E ______________________
5.
____________________________________
/1
6.
/7
To the right is a diagram that shows how food is
pushed through the digestive track. What is the
scientific name of this process?
Using the Science in Action 8 Textbook, please label all of the following organs on the diagram
below.
7.
Using the Science in Action 8 Textbook and reading pages 128 -130 in detail, write a detailed
description as to what each of the organs within the digestive system does. Include whether the
part helps with “Chemical” or “Mechanical” digestion, if it produces any enzymes, and if/what
type of nutrient is broken down at that stage (i.e. proteins, fats/lipids, or sugar/starches) or if it
just helps in transporting the food. Finally, explain where nutrient absorption takes place and
how. (3 marks for each description)
Mouth -
Salivary Glands -
Epiglottis –
Esophagus –
Stomach –
Liver –
Gallbladder –
Pancreas –
Small Intestine –
Large Intestine –
8.
What are Microvilli and how do they work?
9.
On page 149 of the Science Focus 8 Textbook you will find 2.31 of a villus. Draw out that diagram
and explain where villi are found and how they connect the digestive system to the circulatory
system.
/3
/3
10. Imagine you have just eaten a cheese burger. In point form (at least 10 points), describe the path
of the cheese burger through your digestive system and the mechanical and chemical digestion
that occurs to the food as it is broken down.
/20
11. For each of the terms below, explain the relationship that exists.
a) Digestion & Enzymes
/6
b) Nutrients & Villi
c) Digestion & Peristalsis
12. Explain how the small intestine, which fits into a fairly small space in the body, manages to have
such a large surface area to help it absorb food nutrients.
/2
The Respiratory System
For this section, please read following pages out of the two
different textbooks… the Science Focus 8 Textbook Pages 146 149, The Science in Action 8 Textbook Pages 132 – 134. Use these
two sources to help you answer the following questions.
1.
Total out of
/54
Use the paragraph at the top of page 133 in the Science in Action 8 Textbook to fill in the blanks
below.
______________________ is the process your ____________________ system uses to move
_________________ in and out of your _____________________. Breathing occurs because of
your _________________ and __________________ muscles. When you __________________,
/9
these muscles ____________________, pulling your ribs _____________, and your diaphragm
_____________________. This increases the size of your _________________ and
_____________________. When you __________________, these muscles _________________:
your ribs go ____________________ and your diaphragm goes __________________. This
_____________________ the size of your chest and lungs, ____________________ air out.
2.
/6
Please fill out the diagram below related to breathing.
%
3.
Use figure 2.27 in the Science Focus 8 Textbook to complete the diagram below. You will be
responsible for knowing all of these parts on a quiz.
4.
Please use the following list of parts to show the order in which oxygen comes from the
atmosphere and diffuses into our blood: Mouth, Alveolus, Trachea, Larynx, Bronchi, Bronchioles,
Capillaries, Blood.
/7
Mouth  _____________  _______________  ________________
/6
Blood  ______________  _______________  ________________ 
5.
Read page 134 in the Science in Action 8 Textbook. The special epithelial tissue in the alveoli and
the blood capillaries that surround them is only cell layer thick. Why is this case and what natural
process does this speed up?
6.
Please use your Science in Action 8 Textbook to help you fill in the blanks below.
/2
The ___________ in the alveoli has a ____________ concentration of _____________ and a
____________ concentration of ____________________ The blood in the __________________
surrounding the alveoli has a _________________ concentration of ______________________
and a high concentration of _______________________. So ________________ naturally
/7
__________________ from the alveoli into the capillaries, and __________________________
naturally ______________________ in the other ___________________.
7.
Use figure 3.13 in the Science in Action 8 Textbook to fill out the diagram below regarding gas
exchange between the alveoli in the lungs and the blood that flows through the capillaries.
/7
8.
/10
Use figures 2.30a and 2.30b in the Science Focus 8 Textbook to help you fill out the diagrams
below. These diagrams show in a little more detail, how CO2 and O2 both flow into and out of the
lungs and blood stream. You will need to know how this occurs in detail for the quiz.
The Circulatory System
For this section, please read following pages out of the two
different textbooks… the Science Focus 8 Textbook Pages 146 149, The Science in Action 8 Textbook Pages 135 – 137. Use these
two sources to help you answer the following questions.
1.
Total out of
/47
Use the paragraph at the top of page 135 in the Science in Action 8 Textbook to fill in the blanks
below.
One of the _______________________ system’s jobs is to ___________________ the
_____________________ absorbed by your _________________________ systems to each
______________ in your body. The circulatory system, then, is your body’s
/5
_________________________ network. Besides ___________________, your circulatory system
must also _____________________ oxygen to your cells and _____________________
________________ products.
2.
What is the most important organ within your circulatory system? _______________________
/1
Label the diagram below out of the Science in Action 8 Textbook and use it to help you answer
question 3
/3
3.
There are three types of connective tissue involved in the transportation of blood throughout our
circulatory system. What are the three structures called and what is the blood “doing” in terms
of the gasses and nutrients/wastes carried in the blood in each of the three structures?
Tissue 1 _________________________
Tissue 2 _________________________
%
Tissue 3 _________________________
/6
4.
Please look to page 137 in the Science in Action 8 Textbook to help you fill in the blanks below.
The ______________________ that carry blood _______________ from your _______________
/4
to all the parts of the your __________________ are called __________________. Blood is
_________________ from your _________________ to the heart in _____________________.
5.
In the diagram below, the heart is shown as “two pumps within one”. Please fill in that diagram
and use it to answer the following questions.
/5
a) Where does the right ventricle, send the blood too & where does the left ventricle send the
blood too?
Right –
/2
Left -
b) Briefly explain the cycle the blood goes through in terms of what it is picking up and dropping
off (i.e. O2, CO2, nutrients and wastes) and which half of the heart the blood is passing
through in between each step (start at the right half of the heart in your explanation)
/6
6.
The connective tissue that links the arteries to the veins and is where most nutrient, waste and
gas exchange takes place are called the… ___________________________
7.
Using the diagram below, for any solid arrow with a letter attached, please fill out the table with
the structure and function for each part of the heart. For any dashed arrow, please fill out the
table by briefly describing where the blood is the coming from /going too.
/1
b
B
c
a
A
C
D
d
E
Structure of the Heart
Function of that Structure
A
B
C
D
/14
E
Where is the blood coming from/going too?
a
b
c
d
The Excretory System
For this section, please read following pages out of the two
different textbooks… the Science Focus 8 Textbook Pages 146 149, The Science in Action 8 Textbook Pages 141 – 145 . Use
these two sources to help you answer the following questions.
1.
Total out of
/48
Use the paragraph at the top of page 141 in the Science in Action 8 Textbook to fill in the blanks
below.
The body _____________________ a number of different types of _________________. These
___________________ are ___________________, and , if not _______________________ from
/6
the body, can cause you serious _________________. The job of waste removal, (also known as)
_______________________, is done by the ________________________ system. The interesting
thing about the ________________________ system is that it involves _____________________
from other systems. So different ____________________ systems interact to get rid of
_________________.
2.
On page 151 of the Science Focus 8 Textbook, it mentions that getting food and oxygen is only
half of the equation for good health. What is the other half? Also, what are the key organs in
“the other half”?
3.
a) If you have read through the pages in the Science in Action 8 Textbook, it talked about waste
products produced by your cells. When your cells break down proteins, they form a very toxic
compound called?
/2
________________________________
b) Which organ (that also plays a role in the digestive system) helps in dealing with the toxic by
product mentioned in the previous question?
/4
________________________________
c) What is the name of the less harmful substance that it is converted into?
________________________________
d) Where is the less harmful substance released into?
________________________________
%
4.
Use the paragraph on page142 if the Science in Action 8 Textbook to help you fill in the blanks
below.
The _______________________ are about 10 cm long. They are the main __________________
of ________________________; they act as ________________________ to the blood, straining
out unwanted __________________, _________________, and other ____________________,
and they produce _______________________. Every drop of your blood is __________________
/10
about ___________ times per day by the ___________________. Even though about _________
of blood pass through the _________________ each day, you produce only about ___________
of _________________. The amount of __________________ you produce also depends on how
much water you drink. The ____________________ keep the proper amount of _____________
in your blood. If there is too ___________ water, they ______________ lots of water and so they
produce a lot of ____________________.
5.
Below is a diagram of the kidney, as well as the specialized filtering device contained within the
kidney. Please label the diagram below.
/8
6.
Using the Science in Action 8 Textbook as a guide. Briefly describe how urine is formed starting
with the blood and where it travels to. Be sure to include the name of the key “units” involved in
filtering the blood in your answer.
/5
7.
Using the Science in Action 8 textbook as a guide. Please fill in the blanks below regarding the
rest of your excretory system.
__________________ are long _________________ that connect the ________________ to the
__________________. The _________________ is a sac covered in _________________ tissue.
/7
As the _________________ enters the ____________________, the ________________ expands.
The bladder can store about _______ of _________________. When it is full, the bladder
muscles ________________ and push the _______________ out through the _______________.
8.
Please label the diagram below out lining the organs and tissue involved in the removal of urine
from the body.
/3
9.
a) One last tissue that aids in the removal of salt from your blood stream is?
_____________________________
b) You skin contains thousands of these just below the surface?
/3
_____________________________
c) In addition to keeping you cool when you are overheating, what else do the “items” in the
previous question help you do?
_______________________________________________________________________
The Nervous System
For this section, please read following pages out of the two
different textbooks… the Science Focus 8 Textbook Pages 151 153, The Science in Action 8 Textbook Pages 146 – 151. Use these
two sources to help you answer the following questions.
1.
Total out of
/32
To the left is a diagram representing the nerves that
travel thorough our body. What two parts of the
human body make up the Central Nervous System?
/2
1 ____________________________________
2 ____________________________________
2.
In the space below, draw a nerve cell and label the 4 main parts of the cell. On the diagram,
please indicate which way the nerve impulse moves through the cell by adding a clearly labeled
arrow below your drawing. Also, where do you think the “terminal branch” would be located?
3.
While drawing your nerve cell above, you should have noticed something unique about the shape
of the cell (in that the cell is not the basic round shape). Please describe the shape of the cell in
one word, and then explain why nerve cells have this specific shape.
/7
One word description of the shape - _________________________________
/3
Why does it have that shape
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4.
To the right is a diagram of a “reflex arc”. Please
explain in three simple steps, what is happening in the
diagram. Be sure to use the proper terminology in
your explanation. Also, please label the 4 different
structures within the diagram
STEP 1
STEP 2
/5
STEP 3
STEP 4
STEP 5
5.
What is the point of having a “reflex arch”… why isn’t the brain involved in a reflex movement?
6.
Fill in the blanks below using the following terms AUTONOMIC, SOMATIC, MOTOR, SENSORY,
VOLUNTARY, UNCONSCIOUSLY, and PERIPHERAL x 2
/2
The nerves within the ____________________________ nervous system can be divided into
two different categories. The ______________________________ nerves receive stimuli for
the environment and carry that message to the brain. The __________________________
/4
nerves carry signals from the brain to the different tissues within the body. The
_________________________ nervous systems can be broken up into two systems again. The
___________________________ nervous system controls body functions that are
_____________________________ manipulated by the brain such as heart beat or pupil size.
The _______________________ nervous system gives you ________________________ control
over your movements and muscle groups.
/4
7.
Based on what you have read and learned… match the following parts of the Nervous System on
the left to the correct description on the right.
Axon ________
Dendrites ________
A This is the set of nerves that deliver nerve
impulses to parts of the body sub-consciously
(without you actually thinking about it). They
control things like breathing and your heart
beating.
B The Brain and Spinal Cord make up this part of
the nervous system.
Cell Body ________
Autonomic Nervous System _______
Somatic Nervous System ________
C The neurons that carry messages from the spinal
cord to the muscles to invoke a movement or
response are called…
D This is the part of the neuron that contains the
nucleus and is where all of the metabolic
processes for the cell occur.
E
This is the long part of the neuron that carries
the message over a distance… it makes up
ground when transmitting a never impulse.
F
These are the neurons that pick up a stimulus
and transport that message to the spinal cord.
/9
Motor Nerves ________
Sensory Nerves ________
G This includes all of the neurons and nerves that
you control with your mind. When you “think”
it, these nerves cause that action to occur.
Central Nervous System ________
H All of the neurons outside of the Brain and the
Spinal Cord make up this part of the nervous
system.
Peripheral Nervous System ________
I
This is the part of the neuron that picks up a
nerve impulse or stimulus. It receives the
message and then passes it on to the Axon.