Skill
What is ability?
• “Abilities are enduring characteristics which
underlie a person’s potential to acquire skill in
one sport or another” (Sharp)
• 1) Abilities are innate – inherited from our
parents
• 2) Enduring – remain stable over time, some
development can occur due to training.
• 3) Ability underpins skill – various abilities
combine, which allow movement to occur.
Examples of Abilities
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Strength
Balance
Agility
Co-ordination
Stamina
• Outline the abilities required for a skill within your chosen
sport?
• If the performer does not have the innate abilities
required for a particular skill, they will never achieve
excellence.
Fleishman’s classification of
abilities
Abilities
Gross Motor Abilities
or Physical Proficiency
abilities – Those that
involve movement and
often linked to fitness
Perceptual motor abilities –
Those that involve processing
information and implementing the
movement.
Fleishman’s (1964) classification of abilities
1. Gross Motor Abilities
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2.
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A series of underlying characteristics that contribute to
moving a limb or limbs successfully.
Innate inherited traits
Every skill would require the combination of two or
more of these abilities
Perceptual Motor Abilities
Related to the process of receiving, recognising,
selecting and organising information that we receive
from our senses.
What is skill?
• What is the difference between skill and ability?
• Skill is “The learned ability to bring about
predetermined results with maximum certainty,
often with the minimum outlay of time or energy
or both” (Knapp)
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1) skills are learned
2) skills have an end goal.
3) this goal is achieved with consistency.
4) minimal energy and time to accomplish.
Examples of skills
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Running
Throwing
Jumping
Catching
• What specific skills are relevant to your sport?
• What makes one performance more highly
skilled than another?
Different types of Skill…..
To perform a skill we must ……
1. Receive information from the
environment
2. Understand the information we have
received.
3. Select and use the correct physical
response.
4. This all takes a very short amount of
time!
Different types of skill
• Cognitive skill – The use of the brain to reason and
problem solve as a result of learning and experience.
• Perceptual skill - selecting, interpreting and making
sense of the information from our senses.
• Motor skill – Skills that involve physical movement.
• Psycho-motor skill – A combination of the perceptual and
motor skills. Interpretation of environmental stimuli and
the execution of movement.
Example
A tennis player waiting to return serve
1.
Watching opponent – foot position, body shape, arm action e.t.c.
Perceptual
2.
Make a prediction about where the ball is going to go – Cognitive
3.
As they serve you begin to move to play the return – Motor.
4.
You decide which shot you are going to play – Cognitive
5.
You get into the correct position and perform a back hand to win
the point – Psycho-motor.
Activity
•
For your chosen activity, identify when each type of skill would be
used during a personal performance.
Classification of skills
•
The process of classifying skills is commonly based on the use of
a continuum or sliding scale.
1.
Open/Closed Continuum
This is based on the influence of the environment
OPEN
soccer
soccer
goal save pass
tennis
stroke
tennis
serve
springboard
dive
CLOSED
shot
putt
2. Gross/Fine Continuum
This is based on the amount of muscular movement and the precision
required during the execution of the skill.
GROSS
weight
lifting
javelin
throw
Basketball
lay up
cricket
stroke
golf
putt
ten pin
bowling
FINE
darts/
snooker
3. Self paced/externally paced continuum
This is based on the amount of control the performer has over the
execution and timing of the movement.
EXTERNALLY-PACED
yachting
tennis
receiving serve
soccer
game
Gymnastics
tennis
serve
SELF-PACED
weight
lifting
4. Discrete/Serial/Continuous Continuum
This is based on the relationship between the sub routines and
identification of the beginning and end of a movement.
DISCRETE
weight
lifting
A Somersault
SERIAL
javelin
throw
Triple jump
CONTINUOUS
Swimming running
What is the relationship between
skill and ability?
•
In order to perform any skill, we require specific abilities to execute the
movement effectively.
• Abilities are skill specific.
Case Study
Rowing World Class Start and Potential Programme
It has a remit is to identify future Olympic Athletes.
- Size and Shape
- Power
- Muscular Strength
-
Muscular Endurance
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Heather Stanning learnt to row at the University. She won Gold at the
U23 World Championships and is the current Silver Senior medal
winner.
Homework
1. Complete worksheets 103,104,105 + 107
2. Write up the practical lesson using the
four classification continuums. Add
another two skills on each continuum
making sure you are able to justify your
answer.