Cognitive Radio
Technology
Second Edition
Bruce A. Fette
Editor
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
Contents
Preface
xiii
Acknowledgments
xvii
Chapter 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
Chapter 2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
Chapter 3
3.1
3.2
3.3
History and Background of Cognitive Radio
Technology
Bruce A. Fette
The Vision of Cognitive Radio
History and Background Leading to Cognitive Radio
A Brief History of Software Denned Radio
Basic SDR
Cognitive Radio
Spectrum Management
US Government Roles in Cognitive Radio
How Smart Is Useful?
Organization of This Book
Communications Policy and Spectrum Management
Paul Kolodzy
Introduction
Cognitive Radio Technology Enablers
New Opportunities in Spectrum Access
Policy Challenges for Cognitive Radios
Telecommunications Policy and Technology Impact on
Regulation
Global Policy Interest in Cognitive Radios
Summary
The Software-Defined Radio as a Platform
for Cognitive Radio
Max Robert, Bruce A. Fette
Introduction
Hardware Architecture
Software Architecture
l
1
1
3
6
13
16
21
22
23
27
27
28
30
39
48
54
61
65
65
67
79
vi
Contents
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
Chapter 4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
Chapter 5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
Chapter 6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
Chapter 7
7.1
7.2
SDR Development and Design
Applications
Development
Cognitive Waveform Development
Summary
82
94
97
99
102
Cognitive Radio: The Technologies Required
105
John Poison
Introduction
Radio Flexibility and Capability
Aware, Adaptive, and Cognitive Radios
Comparison of Radio Capabilities and Properties
Available Technologies for Cognitive Radios
Funding and Research in Cognitive Radios
Timeline for Cognitive Radios
Update of CR-Specific Technologies
Summary
105
105
Ill
114
115
123
133
135
138
Spectrum Awareness and Access Considerations
143
Preston
Marshall
Dynamic Spectrum Awareness and Access Objectives
Prior Work in Spectrum Awareness and Access
Some End-to-End DSA Example Implementations
Dynamic Spectrum Awareness
Front-End Linearity Management
Dynamic Spectrum Access Objectives
Spectral Footprint Management Objectives
Implications on Network-Level Decision Making
Summary
143
144
146
147
161
176
186
188
191
Cognitive Policy Engines
195
Robert J. Wellington
The Promise of Policy Management for Radios
Background and Definitions
Spectrum Policy
Antecedents for Cognitive Policy Management
Policy Engine Architectures for Radio
Integration of Policy Engines into Cognitive Radio
The Future of Cognitive Policy Management
Summary
195
195
197
199
205
210
216
219
Cognitive Techniques: Physical and Link Layers
223
Thomas W. Rondeau, Charles W. Bosttan
Introduction
Optimizing PHY and Link Layers for Multiple Objectives
Under Current Channel Conditions
223
224
Contents
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
Chapter 8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
Chapter 9
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
Chapter 10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
Defining the Cognitive Radio
Developing Radio Controls (Knobs) and Performance
Measures (Meters)
Multiobjective Decision-Making Theory and Its Application
to Cognitive Radio
The Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm for Cognitive
Radios
Advanced Genetic Algorithm Techniques
Need for a Higher-Layer Intelligence
How the Intelligent Computers Operate
Summary
Cognitive Techniques: Position Awareness
John Poison, Bruce A. Fette
Introduction
Radio Geolocation and Time Services
Network Localization
Additional Geolocation Approaches
Network-Based Approaches
Boundary Decisions
Example of Cellular Phone 911 Geolocation for First
Responders
Interfaces to Other Cognitive Technologies
Summary
Cognitive Techniques: Three Types of Network
Awareness
Jonathan M. Smith
Introduction
Applications and their Requirements
Network Awareness: Protocols
Situation-Aware Protocols in Edge Network Technologies
Network Awareness: Node Capabilities and Cooperation
A Distributed System of Radios—The Radio Team
Network Awareness: Node Location and Cognition for
Self-Placement
Summary
Cognitive Services for the User
Joseph P. Campbell, William M. Campbell, Alan V. McCree,
Scott M. Lewandowski,
Clifford J. Weinstein
Introduction
Speech and Language Processing
Concierge Services
Summary
vii
225
226
232
240
252
256
258
260
265
265
266
270
272
281
281
285
286
287
289
289
289
291
295
297
298
300
302
305
305
306
320
322
viii
Contents
Chapter 11
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
Chapter 12
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
Chapter 13
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
Chapter 14
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
Network Support: The Radio Environment Map
Youping Zhao, Bin Le and Jeffrey H. Reed
Introduction
REM: The Vehicle for Providing Network Support to CRs
Obtaining Cognition with REM: A Systematic Top-Down
Approach
High-Level System Design of REM
Network Support Scenarios and Applications
Example Applications of REM to Cognitive Wireless
Networks
Summary and Open Issues
Cognitive Research: Knowledge Representation
and Learning
Vincent J.
Kovarikjr.
Introduction
Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
Machine Learning
Implementation Considerations
Summary
The Role of Ontologies in Cognitive Radios
Mieczyslaw M. Kokar, David Brady,
Kenneth
Baclawski
Overview of Ontology-Based Radios
Knowledge-Intense Characteristics of Cognitive Radios
Ontologies and Their Roles in Cognitive Radio
A Layered Ontology and Reference Model
Examples
Open Research Issues
Summary
Cognitive Radio Architecture
Joseph Mitola HI
Introduction
CRA-I: Functions, Components, and Design Rules
CRA-II: The Cognition Cycle
CRA-III: The Inference Hierarchy
CRA-IV: Architecture Maps
CRA-V: Building the CRA on SDR Architectures
Cognition Architecture Research Topics
Industrial-Strength CR Design Rules
Summary and Future Directions
325
325
326
330
338
352
355
363
367
367
371
382
393
395
401
401
401
406
412
418
423
426
429
429
431
448
453
461
467
478
478
480
Contents
Chapter 15
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
Chapter 16
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
Chapter 17
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
Chapter 18
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5
Chapter 19
19.1
19.2
19.3
Cognitive Radio Performance Analysis
James О. Neel, Jeffrey H. Reed, Allen B. MacKenzie
Introduction
The Analysis Problem
Traditional Engineering Analysis Techniques
Applying Game Theory to the Analysis Problem
Relevant Game Models
Summary
Cognitive Radio in Multiple-Antenna Systems
Jae Moung Kim, Sung Hwan Sohn, Ning Han,
Seungwon Choi, Cbiyoung Ahn, Gyeonghua
Hong, Yusuk Yun
Introduction
Multiple-Antenna Techniques
Cognitive Capability in an MA System
Application to neXt-Generation Wireless Communications
Summary
Cognitive Radio Policy Language and Policy Engine
Grit Denker, Daniel Elenius, David Wilkins
Introduction
Benefits of a Policy-Based Approach
NeXt-Generation Spectrum Policy Architecture
Policy Language and Engine Design
SRI Spectrum Policy Language
SRI Policy Engine
SRI Policy Engine Demonstration
Lessons Learned and Future Work
Summary
Spectrum Sensing Based on Spectral Correlation
Chad M. Spooner, Richard R Nicholls
Introduction
The Statistical Nature of Communication Signals
Spectrum Sensing Based on Spectral Correlation
Application to Modern Communication Signals
Summary
Rendezvous in Cognitive Radio Networks
Luiz A. DaSilva, Ryan W. Thomas
Introduction
The Use of Control Channels
Blind Rendezvous
ix
483
483
485
491
502
511
529
535
535
536
541
553
555
557
557
559
561
563
567
573
582
588
590
593
593
604
613
616
629
635
635
637
638
x
Contents
19.4
19.5
Chapter 20
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.6
20.7
20.8
Link Maintenance and the Effect of Primary Users
Summary
643
644
Spectrum-Consumption Models
John A. Stine
Introduction
Reconciling DSA and Spectrum Management
The Location-Based Method to Specify RF Spectrum
Rights
Optimized Data Structures for the LBSR
Constructing Rights
Applications
Future Research and Work
Summary
645
Chapter 21
Protocols for Adaptation in Cognitive Radio
Michael B. Pursley, Thomas С Royster IV
21.1
Introduction
21.2
Modulation
21.3
Error-Control Codes
21.4
Performance Measures for a Code-Modulation Library
21.5
Special Subsets of the Code-Modulation Library
21.6
Receiver Statistics
21.7
Initial Power Adjustment
21.8
Adaptive Transmission
21.9
Protocol Throughput Performance for Dynamic Channels
21.10 Summary
Chapter 22
22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4
Chapter 23
23.1
23.2
23.3
23.4
23.5
23.6
23.7
Cognitive Networking
Ryan W. Thomas, Lutz A. DaSilva
Introduction
Current CN Research
Research Holes and Future Directions
Summary
The Role of IEEE Standardization in Next-Generation
Radio and Dynamic Spectrum Access Developments
Ralph Martinez, Donya He
Introduction
Definitions and Terminology
Overview of the IEEE Standards Activities
IEEE 802 Cognitive Radio-Related Activities
IEEE SCC41: Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks
Potential for New Products and Systems
Summary
645
646
653
669
676
682
685
686
689
689
690
691
692
696
698
699
710
712
718
723
723
727
736
739
743
743
747
749
751
760
772
774
Contents
Chapter 24
24.1
24.2
24.3
The Really Hard Problems
Bruce A. Fette
Introduction
Discussion and Summary of CR Technologies
Services Offered to Wireless Networks Through Infrastructure
xi
777
777
777
784
Glossary
791
Index
803