Three Rivers Human Biology
Exam
Study guide
Stages of Mitosis
•
•
•
•
P- prophase
M- metaphase
A- anaphase
T- telophase
Which
stages
are
these?
Types of Tissues
• 1. Epithelial
• 2. Connective
• 3. Muscle
• 4. Nervous
Skin
Layers:
a. Epidermis= outer layer, contains melanocytes
b. Dermis= under epidermis; contains receptors and hair follicles
Burns
a. 1st degree- epidermis
b. 2nd degree- epidermis + upper dermis
Skeletal System
• Tendons- join bone to muscle
• Ligaments- join bone to bone
• Types of cartilage:
a. hyaline= nose, ends of bones
b. fibrocartilage= intervertebral discs
Muscular System
sarcomere= contractile unit
Z line= where 2 sarcomers meet or
overlap
Myofilaments:
a. actin (thin)
b. myosin (thick, middle)
• Origin= attached to stationary bone
• Insertion= attached to movable bone
Types of Muscle
Cardiac= involuntary, striated
(striped)
Skeletal= voluntary, striated
Smooth= involuntary, no striations
Nervous System
Motor neuron
Muscle
neurotransmitter=
acetycholine
Opens sodium gates
Nerve
Impulse
(action
potential)
The Ear
The Eye
Cardiovascular System
Blood
Types of Blood cells:
1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
2. Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Function
pick up and deliver O2 and CO2
destroy bacteria, viruses(antigens),
phagocytosis
3. Thrombocytes (platelets)
blood clotting
_____________________________________________________
Plasma-
contains water, albumin, globulins, urea, fibrinogen
______________________________________
Characteristics of blood1. pH= 7.35-7.45
2. 5-6 L
3. temp.= 100.4
Blood Vessels
Arteries- arterioles capillaries venules veins
“Lub-dub”= sounds of valves closing
(AV valves) (Semilunar valves)
deoxygenated
oxygenated
The Heart
Cardiac muscle= myocardium- cardiac muscle
involuntary ,striated muscle, with intercalated discs
Path that blood follows thru heart
Vena cavae--- right atrium—tricuspid valve—right ventricle—
pulmonary semilunar valve--- pulmonary arteries---lungs
---pulmonary veins---left atrium----mitral valve---left ventricle--aortic semilunar valve---aorta---body
Electrical Conduction System
EKG (ECG)
P wave= atrial contraction
QRS= ventricular contraction
T wave= ventricular relaxation
Pacemaker of heart= SA node
Cardiac Cycle
Digestive System
Amylase,
mucin
Stores
bile
Absorbs
nutrients
thru villi
Respiratory System
Urinary System
Parts of the
Nephron
Parts of the Lymphatic System
1. Lymph vessels
2. lymph
3. lymph nodes
4. lymph organs- spleen, tonsils, thymus gland
5. Cells:
a. macrophages- phagocytes
b. lymphocytes
1. B cells- from bone marrow
2. T cells- from thymus gland
Lymphatic
Organs
Female Reproductive System
Differences between the Cardiovascular and the
Lymphatic System
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
1. Heart is the pump
1. No pump
2. Vessels carry blood away and to
the heart
2. Vessels only carry fluid back to
the heart
3. Bacteria, viruses, and debris cannot
enter blood vessels
3. Bacteria, viruses, and debris
enter lymph vessels
Male Reproductive System