 Behaviors
that are:
◦ Maladaptive- destructive to oneself/others
◦ Unjustifiable- without a rational basis
◦ Disturbing- troublesome to other people
◦ Atypical- so different that a “norm” is violated
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Ancient times: Demonic possession!
◦ Treatment Torture
 Execution
 Prayer
 Magic
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18th Century- Philippe Pinel
 Worked to eliminate brutality
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Medical Model
◦ Mental diseases have
physical causes that
can be diagnosed on
the basis of their
treatable symptoms
and cured through
therapy.
◦ Nature vs. Nurture?
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Bio-Psycho-Social Model
◦ Assumes that biological,
psychological and
sociocultural factors
combine and interact to
produce psychological
disorders.
 Genetic predisposition
 Nature vs. Nurture?
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Classified according to:
◦ Description of the disorder
◦ Predict the future course of the disorder
◦ Treat the disorder appropriately
◦ Provide a springboard for research
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DSM-IV-TR (diagnostic and
statistical manual of mental
disorders 4th edition)
 Categories of mental disorders
 Descriptions
 DSM III dropped homosexuality,
manic depressive (bipolar),
passive-aggressive, and
neurosis
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Drawback and advantages
of labeling?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder
◦ Persistent, unexplained feelings of apprehension and
tenseness.
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Panic Disorder
◦ Sudden bouts of intense, unexplained panic
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Phobia
◦ Disruptive, irrational fears of objects or situations
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
◦ Unwanted, repetitive thoughts and actions
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
◦ Characterized by reliving a severely upsetting event in
unwanted recurring memories or dreams.
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Hematophobia
Nyctophobia
Claustrophobia
Spermophobia
Musophobia
Ophidiophobia
Arachnophobia
Aerophobia
Agoraphobia
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Sciophobia
Dendrophobia
Acrophobia
Decidophobia
Hippophobia
Kleptophobia
Necrophobia
Nudophobia
Pyrophobia
Somniphobia
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OCD and treatment
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Panic Attacks
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ADD/ADHD
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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◦ Inattention, distractibility, restlessness
◦ Ritalin/Adderall (stimulant)
◦ 1/3 cases continue to adulthood
Autistic Disorder
Failure to develop normal patterns of emotional
responses, communication & social interactions.

◦ Diagnosed before 3
◦ Echolalia: symptom in which person echoes what
has just been said.
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Autism
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Broken away from your sense of self, memories,
thoughts and feelings.
Dissociative Amnesia: Traumatic events
seem to disappear from memory.
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Fugue: Forgetting current life
and starting a new one elsewhere.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder: Person divides
self into separate personalities that can act
independently. (Multiple Personalities)
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Physical Problems occur for
psychological reasons.
Conversion Disorder:
psychological trauma changed to
symbolic physical dysfunction
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Paralysis, blindness, sensitivity to pain
Hypochondriasis: overly
concerned about health, minor
physical complaint is seen as
major illness.
A.
B.
Antisocial Personality- no conscience and in
constant conflict with the law. (sociopath)
Borderline Personality- instability of emotions,
self-image, behavior and relationships.
Dependency, manipulative, self-destructive
behavior. (usually clingy relationships)
 What
caused your depression?
 How did you handle it?
 Are certain times more likely to
leave you depressed…
◦ During your day?
◦ During your week?
◦ During your month?
◦ During your year?
Why?...
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A mood disorder in which a person feels sad.
Lack of dopamine and an imbalance of
serotonin.
Either neurotransmitters are not being sent or
the receptor site is blocked.
Dysfunctional frontal lobe
Can occur naturally or due to environmental
factors
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Major Depressive Disorder: severe depression;
must have 5/9 symptoms for 2 or more weeks:
Depresses mood
No interest in activities
Sleeping a lot
Change in weight
Decreased level of activity
Fatigue
Worthlessness or inappropriate guilt
Lack of concentration
Suicidal thoughts
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Bipolar Disorder: manic
episodes alternating with episodes
of depression;
Manic: racing thoughts,
easily distracted, no sleep, highly active
Depressed: depressed mood, little interest, fatigue,
don’t want to get our of bed.
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Cognitive therapy
Think logically
Behavior therapy
Except condition and learn to behave a
certain way
Medication
Create a balance of neurotransmitters or
hormones
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Most frightening and misunderstood disorder
It is a family of related disorders
Disorganized and delusional thinking
Disturbed perceptions
Inappropriate emotions and behaviors
NOT split personality, breaking away from reality
1% of the population
Men and women
Develops in late adolescence
or early adulthood
Symptoms:
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Delusions of Grandeur: More important than you really are
Delusions of persecution: People are out to get you
Delusions of sin or guilt: Being responsible for misfortunes
Delusions of influence: Being controlled by outside forces
Hallucinations: Auditory, Visual and Tactile
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4 Types of Schizophrenia
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Catatonic: disturbance of movement; no speaking; no moving
Paranoid: persecution feelings or suspiciousness
Disorganized: bizarre behavior “gone mad”
Undifferentiated: “catch all category”
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