Four-step approach (3):
Select adaptaton measures
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Imprint
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The four-step approach:
the basic adaptation planning process
 The systematic process deals with all questions
relevant for planning adaptation
 Going one step at a time avoids mental blocks
due to the over-complex challenge
Four steps
1.
2.
3.
4.
Assess Vulnerability
Identify adaptation options
Select adaptation measures
Develop an M&E framework
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Rationale
Objective
 Third step of planning adaptation
 The adaptation strategy should be
made up of complementary elements and ensure
a. an effective reduction of climate change risks, and
b. coherence with the priorities and practical constraints
of a given situation.
 At this stage you therefore evaluate alternative adaptation options and
come up with a set of deliberately chosen adaptation measures.
Importance
 Decision point for action
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Criteria-guided decision making
Reasons for criteria-guided decision making
 Transparency (Why was this specific option selected?)
 Accountability (e.g. prepares for M&E)
…
 The way criteria are selected and employed
influences the final result!
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Possible criteria
The OECD guidance suggests the following criteria
 Effectiveness
 Costs
 Feasibility
Other criteria





political and social acceptance
urgency
biodiversity friendliness
no regrets
alignment with funding requirements
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Exercise (1)
Context
 Continue work in adaptation advisory group of State Water Authority
(SWA)
 your working group
 Limited funds need to be channelled to strategic investments
to improve water management under climate change.
 The adaptation advisory group is now asked to suggest
a selection of the most relevant adaptation options:
 effectively reduce climate change risks
 make use of climate change opportunities
 remain within scope of SWA
Exhibits
 Box on possible selection criteria
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Exercise (2)
Your task
 Use Matrix 9:
 In column I fill in adaptation options from Module 4 column I
 In columns L, M, N, O, P
- discuss the selection criteria and develop a meaningful set
- consider each option (I) using the criteria,
and score them by using ++ / + / 0 / - / --
 In column Q evaluate the options
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Exercise (3)
Results
 (please specify)
Logistics
 Case work*
 Presentation of results (please specify how)*
 Reflection*
*Please use your own examples here.
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Example for M3 – M5
Context
 Polokwane, capital of Limpopo Province in north-eastern South Africa,
has insufficient water to meet its needs
 Economy and population of Polokwane are growing,
especially with growing agriculture and mining sectors
 Limpopo and Olifants Rivers require minimum flow levels
to protect biodiversity and tourism
Source: USAID 2008, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM428.pdf
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Baseline water programs
 South Africa government’s Department of Water Affairs and
Forests (DWAF) planning to divert water from Olifants Basin
to support Polokwane
 Ongoing USAID support for investments and programs
to reduce water demand and improve water use efficiency
 The Urban Institute also funded to assess Polokwane water
infrastructure needs over 10 years
Source: USAID 2008, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM428.pdf
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Adaptation strategies considered
 Demand management: water sharing agreements, water trading,
water market, water valuation, water use policy at local level, and
enhance groundwater recharge
 Improved technology: reservoir operation, flood plain management,
infrastructure design, hydro-climate monitoring
 Improved policy and education: district demand management,
reallocation of water rights (rural-urban), education campaigns to
improve water use habits, cooperative governance, legislation to
improve water use efficiency, enforcement of water rights and use
policies
Source: USAID 2008, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM428.pdf
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Analysis conducted
Climate and demand change by 2050
 Water demand to triple due to increasing population
 Temps increase, with rainfall projections showing -30% to a slight
increase
Impacts
 A 10% reduction in precipitation + temperature changes
 50% decrease in runoff, and similar decrease in water availability
 If runoff increased, existing dam infrastructure
would not be capable of capturing higher yields
Source: USAID 2008, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM428.pdf
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Prioritise measures
Example – Polokwane, South Africa (USAID)
Option
Effectiveness
Water conservation,
demand management
High
+
Low
+
High
+
High
Level of service/future
High
+
Low
+
High
+
Low
Medium
Recycling urban water
Medium
High
High
+
Medium
Medium
Reallocation of dam yield Medium
High
High
Medium
High
Conjunctive use
Low
Low
Expand well fields
Low
Low
Build new dam
High
Harvest rainwater
Low
+
Cost
Technical
feasibility
+
+
High
Low
High
High
High
+
High
Social & culSpeed
tural Feasibility
+
+
+
+
+
High
High
+
+
+
Medium
High
+
High
+
Medium
High
+
Low
+
High
+
Source: USAID 2008, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM428.pdf
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Selected strategy
 Reducing water demand with a combination of technological
improvements (reducing leaks and water pressure in supply
system) and policy to improve water use efficiency
 Water recycling could be increased, and water
could be reallocated to meet urban needs if needed
 Little interest in costly projects such as additional dams
that might be unnecessary depending on future conditions
Source: USAID 2008, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM428.pdf
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Results
 Project led to fusion of the national and local water infrastructure
planning projects
 Increased government interest in demand management approaches
 DWAF added a chapter on climate change
to Olifants Management Report
 Report is used by regional and national government, provides planning
analysis for next 50 years
Source: USAID 2008, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM428.pdf
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