언어학개론
서강대학교 영미어문
이성범
Martin Luther
“말에 모든 것이 있다.”
Martin Heidegger
“언어는 존재의 집”
• 언어는 육신, 존재는 영혼, 존재로서의
영혼이 거하는 육신이 바로 언어이다.
• 언어에 의해 비로소 존재가 인식되고,
자연과 인간 관계가 맺어지고,
인간의 세계가 만들어진다.
• 인간은 언어로 질서화된 세계에서
살고 있다.
—Letter on Humanism, 1947
The Word Became Flesh
• In the beginning was the Word, and
the Word was with God, and the
Word was God. 2He was with God in
the beginning. 3Through him all
things were made; without him
nothing was made that has been
made. (John 1:1-3)
Confucius
“不知言無以知人也” (논어)
“이 세상의 갈등과 불화는
모든 것이 제 이름대로
불리지 못하는 데 있다.”
언어의 역할은…
• 개인의 생각과 감정을 표현하고,
• 사유와 추론, 탐구의 기초가 되며,
• 정보와 의견 교환을 통해 사회 통합을
가능케 하고,
• 문화를 건설하고 유지하며,
• 세상의 진리를 밝히는 도구이다.
Ronald Reagan
The Great Communicator
George W. Bush
언어와 문제 해결
• 문화인의 태도: “인간의 모든 문제는
언어로 표상되고 환원될 수 있다.”
• 언어에 대한 연구가 모든 문제 해결에
가장 핵심적인 기초를 이룬다.
• 그럼에도 불구하고 언어는 당연한 것으
로 여기는 경향이 있다.
언어 vs. 호흡
• 육체적 생존을 위해서 호흡이 필요한 것
처럼 정신적 생존을 위해서는 언어가 필
수적이다.
• 호흡도 당연하게 보이는 것이지만 연구
가 필요하듯, 언어도 당연하게 보이지만
연구가 필요하다.
IPPM
11
Definitions of Language
• Language is a conventionalized system
of communication that allows us to
represent thoughts by means of sounds.
• Language is a system of individual
psychological development in an
intersubjective context.
Ferdinand de Saussure
• "Language can also be compared with a
sheet of paper: thought is the front and the
sound the back; one cannot cut the front
without cutting the back at the same time;
likewise in language, one can neither
divide sound from thought nor thought
from sound."
(Ferdinand de Saussure, Course in General
Linguistics, 1916)
Benjamin Lee Whorf
• "Language shapes the way we think,
and determines what we can think
about."
(Benjamin Lee Whorf, Language,
Thought, and Reality, 1964)
Noam Chomsky
• “Language is a set of sentences,
each finite in length and constructed
out of a finite set of elements”
(Chomsky 1957:13).
• “Language is the core property that
basically defines human beings.”
(conversation with Ali G
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=syg87gaMWOE )
What is linguistics?
• Linguistics is the study of language –
not just particular languages, but the
system of human communication.
Study of Language
The Interdisciplinary Nature of
Modern Linguistics
Questions
•
•
•
•
•
What is language?
How is it organized?
How is it analyzed?
How are its units discovered?
Where is language stored and
processed in the brain?
• How is it learned?
• What do all langs have in common?
• What do these properties show us
about human cognition?
• How did language originate?
• What does it have in common with
animal communication? How is it
different?
• How many distinct families of langs
are there in the 6000 or so known
langs today?
• What original language(s) did they
come from? How have they changed
over time?
• What does dialectal and social variation show us about the use of lang?
• How has this diversity affected issues
of social, political, and educational
policy?
• What is the relationship between lang
and culture? Language and thought?