The commercialization
journey of Multicam.
Ettienne Cox
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Ettienne Cox ([email protected])
Content
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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CSIR - Where do we fit in
Multicam background
Multicam Commercialization
Current status
Future prospects
CSIR mandate
“The objects of the CSIR are, through
directed and particularly multidisciplinary
research and technological innovation, to
foster, in the national interest and in fields
which in its opinion should receive
preference, industrial and scientific
development, either by itself or in cooperation with principals from the private or
public sectors, and thereby to contribute to
the improvement of the quality of life of
the people of the Republic ...”
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(Scientific Research Council Act 46 of 1988, amended by Act 71 of 1990)
4
CSIR’s Operating Unit Structure
CSIR
Bioscience
Built
Environment
(BE)
Defence,
Peace, Safety
& Security
(DPSS)
Modelling &
Digital Science
(MDS)
Meraka
Materials
Science &
Manufacturing
(MSM)
Natural
Resources &
the
Environment
(NRE)
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National Laser
Centre
(NLC)
Research Groups
a
Competence
Areas
CSIR – Materials Science & Manufacturing Operating Unit
Light Metals
Polymers
&
Composites
Micro Manufacturing
&
Mechatronics
Primary
Processes
Smart polymers
Mechatronics
Clean Energy
Technologies
Powder
Metallurgy
Technologies
Advanced
Casting
Technologies
Encapsulation &
Delivery
MicroManufacturing
Electrochemical
Energy
Technologies
Energy
Materials
Nonwovens &
Composites
Sensor
Science
&
Technology
Nano Centre
(NCNSM)
Guided Wave
Ultrasound
Advanced
Nanocomposite
Materials
Electro-optic
Sensing &
Imaging
Materials for
Device
Applications
Sonar
Characterisn
Facility
Medical
Ultrasound
Research
Implementation
Sensor
Manufacturing
Technology Platforms
Titanium
Ultrasonics
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System
integration
Biocomposites
Aluminium
Energy materials
Smart polymers
Encapsulation & delivery
Micro-manufacturing
Electro-optics
Nanostructured materials
• What is the multicam & how was it conceived?
• CSIR has being doing research into Corona detection for more than 20 years.
• The first paper on day light corona detection was published in August 1997 by WL
Vosloo & R Stolper.
• In 2008 a spinoff company called Uvirco was formed.
• Uvirco supply the CoroCAM range of corona cameras that is
well established in the field and accepted internationally.
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CoroCAM range
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QUVIR
• The current corona camera technology has reached a high level of sensitivity.
• Industry needs a corona camera that is quantified.
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The Eskom / CSIR / Uvirco Story
- The Physics!
How easy is it to detect the Corona UV discharges from a power line?
Spectral Irradiance of the Sun versus Corona UV
/ 104
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Stolper & team chose to work at the 340 & 360 nm lines
The Eskom / CSIR / Uvirco Story
- The first prototypes are developed
• By 1993, a first prototype had been developed and so the “CoroCAM”
range of Corona detection cameras were born
• CoroCAM I was designed for night
time use in order to avoid the solar
UV that would have dominated the
much smaller Corona UV signals
• Updated versions of the
CoroCAM I were sold through
to 2010
• Early clients included power utilities, insulator
11 manufacturers and researchers as far afield as France,
Thailand, Argentina and the USA.
The Eskom / CSIR / Uvirco Story
- The cameras start to evolve
• By 1994, a higher resolution camera had been developed, CoroCAM III
• CoroCAM III was also a night time
camera system
• Updated versions of the
CoroCAM III were sold
through to 2009
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Corona measurement
The current corona cameras counts the number of photons events impacting on its sensor.
108
Two different photon counts from same object.
To replace or not?
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160
Uvirco – A CSIR High Tech Start Up
- Streamlining over time of the night-time product range
Evolution of the night-time, high resolution UV imaging system
CoroCAM I
CoroCAM III
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CoroCAM 6N
(Developed by Uvirco)
Corona measurement
• Corona detection cameras are currently where IR cameras were 20 years ago.
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Corona measurement
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History of infrared detectors
A. ROGALSKI
Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str.,
00–908 Warsaw, Poland
Corona measurement
• Corona camera needs to be calibrated.
An unknown amount
of UV photons will be
created by the corona
Electrical component
with unknown power loss
due to corona
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An unknown amount
of UV photons will
reach the corona
camera
The corona camera must
quantify the corona
Camera calibration – Corona phenomenon
Coronaphenomenon.
after Filter
• Corona is an excitation-ionisation
0.01
0.009
0.008
Relative corona
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
240
245
250
255
260
Wavelength (nm)
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265
270
275
280
Camera calibration – Corona phenomenon
Different viewpoints
Camera designer viewpoint
• Photons
• Photons/sec/m2 or Watts/m2 (Output)
Photon Flux
Photon Flux
Electrical Engineer’s viewpoint
• Volts and Amperes (Input)
• V * I = Watts
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Watts ≠ Watts/m2
The total Watts loss = UV photon energy + audio energy +
RF energy + Other energy
Corona Camera
Camera calibration – Corona photons
The energy of each corona photon is:
ℎ𝑐
𝑄𝜆 =
𝜆
Where
h is Planck’s constant = 6.6252 x 10 -34 (J.s)
c = speed of light = 2.998 x 108 (m/s)
𝜆 = wavelength (m)
The energy for one corona photon (@ 259 nm) is 7.67 x 10-19 J,
this implies that to detect 1 Watt of UV photons hitting the cameras
detector at least 1.3 billion x billion photons per second are required.
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Camera calibration – The source
• What calibration source to use?
• Electrical source
i. DC/AC?
ii. Point shape?
iii. Environmental conditions?
• Blackbody instrument
i. Radiates consistent power
ii. Radiance can be precisely calculated
Point to Plane discharge
Blackbody
Given the above, the CSIR has decided for its
own calibration purposes, to use a blackbody
instrument to calibrate the cameras.
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Camera calibration – Using a Blackbody
The power (radiance) of a blackbody of temperature T
radiates according to Planck’s distribution law:
𝐿𝜆 𝑇 =
2𝑐 2 ℎ
1
𝜆5
𝑒 𝑐2 𝜆𝑇 −1
(Watts / m2.µm.sr)
Or in photon flux:
𝑀𝜆 𝑇 =
2𝜋𝑐
1
𝜆4 𝑒 ℎ𝑐 𝜆𝑘𝑇 − 1
(photons/s.m2.sr)
Where
h is Planck’s constant = 6.6252 x 10 -34 (J.s)
c = speed of light = 2.998 x 108 (m/s)
𝜆 = wavelength (m)
ℎ𝑐
𝑐2 = = 1.4388 x 104 µm-K
𝑘
𝑇 = temperature in Kelvin
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Using a Blackbody the exact radiance power
(Watts or Photon/s) can be calculated.
Camera calibration – Set-up
To do calibration of a corona camera the
following must be known:
• Blackbody temperature.
• Blackbody aperture.
• Camera Distance.
Blackbody
aperture
• Camera aperture.
Blackbody
• Camera filtering.
• Camera gain.
(T)
radiant flux (φ)
• Detector efficiency.
Camera
aperture
irradiance (Ep)
Distance (R)
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𝐸𝑝 =
𝜙
𝜋𝑅2
Camera calibration
Blackbody emittance * Optical transmission * atmospheric transmission
* Detector efficiency
Blackbody
Atmospheric transmission
Optical transmission
Detector efficiency.
M [W/cm^2/nm]
90
7E-17
80
6E-17
70
5E-17
50
4E-17
40
3E-17
30
2E-17
20
1E-17
10
0
0
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
Wavelength [nm]
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270
275
280
285
W/cm^2/nm
60
q/s/cm^2/nm
•
•
•
•
M [q/s/cm^2/nm]
@10000C
Camera calibration
Actual measurements with Corona
camera using
a Blackbody
Calibration
findings:
• The application of a blackbody source is a scientific and consistent method for
the calibration of corona cameras.
• It is a calibration method that can be repeated in a laboratory anywhere in the
world.
• The blackbody calibration source could also be used on any corona camera
manufactured, with commercially available test equipment and yield the same
calibration result.
• The scientific calibration of a corona camera by means of a blackbody
instrument enables the camera to measure the exact power radiance of a
corona source.
Blackbody
Temp (˚C)
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950
960
970
980
990
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060
1070
1080
1090
1100
1110
1120
1130
1140
1150
1160
1170
1180
1190
1200
Irradiance
2
(W/cm )
2.73E-18
3.87E-18
5.46E-18
7.66E-18
1.07E-17
1.48E-17
2.05E-17
2.82E-17
3.85E-17
5.25E-17
7.10E-17
9.59E-17
1.29E-16
1.72E-16
2.30E-16
3.04E-16
4.02E-16
5.29E-16
6.94E-16
9.06E-16
1.18E-15
1.53E-15
1.97E-15
2.54E-15
3.26E-15
4.17E-15
Photons
counts/s
0
1
3
6
10
16
75
283
1158
2558
4125
Summarised Conclusion
• The quantification and calibration of corona cameras will
assist the industry.
• Using a blackbody is a scientific and consistent method of
calibration.
• There is an urgent need to develop a corona
interpretation field guideline that will assist the industry
to make diagnostic maintenance decisions.
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Impact of QUVIR
• The quantification and calibration of corona cameras will
assist the industry.
• There is an urgent need to develop a corona
interpretation field guideline that will assist the industry
to make diagnostic maintenance decisions.
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Multicam Commercialization
• The struggles of commercialization.
• Technology Innovation Agency (TIA) role.
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Multicam Current status
• The XDM (experimental development model)
• The ADM (advanced development model)
• The EDM (engineering development model)
• The PPM ( pre-production model)
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Multicam Future Prospects
• Expert System (Software, PLM….)
• UAV, Robots……
• AR
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Thank you.
Acknowledgements: CSIR
TIA
ESKOM
Uvirco
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Ettienne Cox ([email protected])