6 CO2
C2H12O6
+
=
+
6 H20
6O2
How to Calculate the
Temperature of a
Radiantly Heated Colored Ball
( Like our Earth )
And other essential science exposing
The Willful Stupidity of the Global Statist
War against the Building Block of Life
( with the Scientific Method as collateral damage )
Law of Sustainability: If it's not economically sustainable, it's not sustainable.
John R Christy
( Bob Armstrong ; [email protected] )
Utter Stagnation :
Symptom of NonScience
“Any field of study that has the word science in it probably isn’t.”
Ken Iverson , from Arthur Whitney , Memories of Ken
In the time a non-politicized branch of Applied Physics has increased
chip size from mega to giga , there has been no quantitative progress
on the accuracy of our understanding of Mean Planetary Temperature
There is a disconnect of in-paradigm career science from the most
fundamental classical computations
Abandoned Experimental
Method
Garbage in ; Gospel out .
Computer Models
If it were Science there would be
1 model instead of 30 ( now 73 )
Willie Soon
Howard Hayden
Utter Stagnation
“ More seriously, let me put this in perspective with the most boring graph I have ever
plotted in my life. Below is the likely range of climate sensitivity as a function of time. As
you can see, with the exception of AR4 with its slightly smaller range mentioned above, the likely
range of climate sensitivity did not change since the Charney report in 1979. In other words,
after perhaps billions of dollars invested in climate research over more than three
decades, our ability to answer the most important question in climate has not improved a
single bit! “
sciencebits.com/AR5-FirstImpressions ;
Nir Shaviv ; 2013-10-02
12
AR4, 2007
10
4
2
TAR, 2001
6
SAR, 1995
8
AR5, 2013
Claimed Confidence
Extremely Likely (>95%)
Very Likely (>90%)
Likely (>66%)
FAR, 1990
IPCC Overestimate (Tmod - Tact) (ºC)
IPCC Confidence Grows as
Models Diverge from Data
0
email < Howard (Cork) Hayden ; www.valeslake.com ; www.energyadvocate.com ; PO Box 7609 ; Pueblo West, CO 81007
The 0th Stupidity
( Trumping even the Physics )
We exist to battle this suicidal silliness only because
all the oxygen we animals require was locked in CO2
until Photosynthesis emerged . ( Any free O2 , would have
“burned up” , oxidized , forming complex organic compounds )
Since then Green Plant and Shell Forming Life has driven
CO2 down to the few molecules per 10,000 of air
necessary for their survival . ( actually less than argon )
It is self evident that the epochs when the conversion
of the atmosphere from CO2 to O2 depositing the
massive coal and petroleum resources which have
powered the transformation of human welfare in the last
couple of centuries were very lush ages .
6 CO2
C2H12O6
+
=
+
6 H20
6O2
Sherwood Idso , http://www.co2science.org
Matt Ridley :
http://reason.com/reasontv/2013/03/13/matt-ridley
1982 – 2011 , ( 20.5% - 3% = 17% ) of world's
vegetated area greener as seen from space . Ranga Myneni , Boston U
Both lab and field : CO2 200 ppm [ 33% ] increase
produces 30% improvement in plant growth
Deserts 'greening' from rising CO2
In findings based on satellite observations, CSIRO, in collaboration with the Australian National
University (ANU), found that this CO2 fertilisation correlated with an 11 per cent increase in
foliage cover from 1982-2010 across parts of the arid areas studied in Australia, North
America, the Middle East and Africa, according to CSIRO research scientist, Dr Randall
Donohue.
Data Overview
While CO2 has increased
from about 3 molecules
per 10k of air since before
the steam engine to about
4 today ( 33% ) our best
estimates of temperature
have gone up from about
288 kelvin to 288.8 ( 0.3%) .
Simple linear extrapolation
says adding again all the
CO2 since the industrial
revolution if that's the total
cause of the increase would
only increase our
temperature another
0.8 degrees .
----– Approximate CO2 level necessary for life ------
More Detail
http://www.c3headlines.com/2012/01/
global-warming-us-severe-weather-latest-data-reveals-there-to-be-no-link.html
“Year-to-year variability in the weather dwarfs any impact from
a long-term shift in the climate.”
Why farmers don’t believe in anthropogenic global warming
http://judithcurry.com/2013/07/17/why-farmers-dont-believe-in-anthropogenic-global-warming/
The thickness of
the horizontal
line in the graph
represents the
entire warming
this hysteria is
about .
http://wattsupwiththat.com/2013/07/03/hot-weather-and-climate-change-a-mountain-from-a-molehill/
http://wattsupwiththat.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/clip_image0041.jpg
The Essential Physics
A white and a black stone sit in the desert sun .
Which gets hotter ?
Question which has stuck with me from a boy's science book read as
a grade school nerd during the Eisenhower administration
Planetary temperature is essentially an issue of
applied physics .
The method of physics is to quantitatively
understand geometrical arrangements so simple
that they can be experimentally verified .
We will consider the constraints imposed on a
planet's temperature by the constraints on a ball
enclosing the planet and its atmosphere .
That is , we consider how to calculate the
equilibrium temperature of a radiantly heated
opaque colored ball .
Planetary temperature is essentially an issue of
applied physics .
The method of physics is to quantitatively
understand geometrical arrangements so simple
that they can be experimentally verified .
We will consider the constraints imposed on a
planet's temperature by the constraints on a ball
enclosing the planet and its atmosphere .
That is , we consider how to calculate the
equilibrium temperature of a radiantly heated
opaque colored ball .
Planetary temperature is essentially an issue of
applied physics .
The method of physics is to quantitatively
understand geometrical arrangements so simple
that they can be experimentally verified .
We will consider the constraints imposed on a
planet's temperature by the constraints on a ball
enclosing the planet and its atmosphere .
That is , we consider how to calculate the
equilibrium temperature of a radiantly heated
opaque colored ball .
Planetary temperature is essentially an issue of
applied physics .
The method of physics is to quantitatively
understand geometrical arrangements so simple
that they can be experimentally verified .
We will consider the constraints imposed on a
planet's temperature by the constraints on a ball
enclosing the planet and its atmosphere .
That is , we consider how to calculate the
equilibrium temperature of a radiantly heated
opaque colored ball .
Real Science
“ ... ever since Kepler proved that the orbits of the
planets are ellipses, relations expressible in
quantitative form have carried greater weight than
those which could be stated only qualitatively."
"Numerous important discoveries have been made
'by investigating the next decimal place'. … “
F.K. Richtmyer , preface to 1st ed , 1928 , Introduction to Modern Physics , 1942 .
As shown above , the entire change in temperature we are
seeking to explain is on the order of the third decimal place ,
10ths of a percent . We will see that 97% ,all but 10 degrees ,
of our observed ~288k temperature is explained simply by
calculating the energy we receive from the Sun . So how do
we reduce the remaining unexplained 3% ?
Contrast with Michael Mann of “Hockey Stick” and ClimateGate fame :
Proof is for mathematical theorems and alcoholic beverages.
It’s not for science.
Experiment
Vocabulary
Absolute Temperature , Degrees Kelvin
Same as Centigrade ( Celsius ) + freezing temperature of water , 273.15 degrees
With a true 0 , you can talk about ratios , not just differences .
Vocabulary
Absolute Temperature , Degrees Kelvin
Same as Centigrade ( Celsius ) + freezing temperature of water , 273.15 degrees
With a true 0 , you can talk about ratios , not just differences .

Energy Density ; Watts % Square Meter % LightSecond
Equivalent to
Energy Flux ( Power ) ; Watts % Square Meter
Note that Energy , ie , Power % M^2 can be summed over areas .
Temperature has to be converted to equivalent energy to sum .
( Watt : Joule ( energy) % sec | 1 horsepower ~= 746 watts )
Vocabulary
Absolute Temperature , Degrees Kelvin
Same as Centigrade ( Celsius ) + freezing temperature of water , 273.15 degrees
With a true 0 , you can talk about ratios , not just differences .

Energy Density ; Watts % Square Meter % LightSecond
Equivalent to
Energy Flux ( Power ) ; Watts % Square Meter
Note that Energy , ie , Power % M^2 can be summed over areas .
Temperature has to be converted to equivalent energy to sum .
( Watt : Joule ( energy) % sec | 1 horsepower ~= 746 watts )

Color : Full ElectroMagnetic Spectrum
Can be specified in terms of frequency , wavelength or wavenumber
We will use wavelength ; ( micro ) Meters % cycle
Three modes of heat transfer

Radiation ( all we will be concerned with )

Conduction ( fairly simple , Fourier , pimples flatten )

Convection ( extremely complex , mass transport )
Our Earth is a varicolored ball in a vacuum radiantly heated
by a ball about 5800k so far away that it covers only about
5.41millionths of the celestial sphere around us .
We will only go thru the calculation of the mean temperature
of a radiantly heated opaque uniformly colored ball .
Reality Rules
We need just 3 laws + geometry
The geometry is just that needed to compute the portion of the total sky the Sun covers
which ranges from about 5.234958e-6 at aphelion to 5.596861e-6 ( 1.07 x ) at perihelion
See http://climatewiki.org/wiki/Category:Essential_Physics for the computations
Reality Rules
We need just 3 laws + geometry
The geometry is just that needed to compute the portion of the total sky the Sun covers
which ranges from about 5.234958e-6 at aphelion to 5.596861e-6 ( 1.07 x ) at perihelion

Stefan , Boltzmann : Radiant Energy Flux is
proportional
to the 4th power of temperature |
Psb : {[ T ] sb * T ^ 4 }
Stefan-Boltzmann T ^ 4 law combines with
the inverse square law d ^ % 2 , so that
temperature decreases by the square root
of the distance from the source .
Planetary temperature is linear with the temperature of the Sun .
A gray ball in Earth's orbit will be about 1 % 21 that of the Sun .
Reality Rules
We need just 3 laws + geometry
The geometry is just that needed to compute the portion of the total sky the Sun covers
which ranges from about 5.234958e-6 at aphelion to 5.596861e-6 ( 1.07 x ) at perihelion

Stefan , Boltzmann : Radiant Energy Flux is proportional to the
4th power of temperature | Psb : {[ T ] sb * T ^ 4 }

Kirchhoff , Stewart : The tendency to absorb a given
wavelength is identical to the tendency to emit .
( absorptivity
= emissivity for any wavelength
)
Absorption : The conversion of radiant to thermal energy
|| is identically equal to ||
Emission : The conversion of thermal to radiant energy
1833 Ritchie Apparatus
By 1860 both Kirchhoff and Stewart
independently had formalized the
fact that :
a good absorber is a good emitter
( at any particular wavelength )
Why should good conductors be, in
general, bad radiators, and bad
conductors good radiators ? Tyndall 1861
With this more than 150 year old observation ,
we can answer the question which has stuck
with me since childhood .
We define gray as constant absorption=emission
across the whole spectrum not just the visible .
A gray ball however light or dark
comes to the
same equilibrium temperature .
The black and white stones in the desert sun
come to the same temperature !
Reality Rules
We need just 3 laws + geometry
The geometry is just that needed to compute the portion of the total sky the Sun covers
which ranges from about 5.234958e-6 at aphelion to 5.596861e-6 ( 1.07 x ) at perihelion

Stefan , Boltzmann : Radiant Energy Flux is proportional to the
4th power of temperature | P : {[ T ] sb * T ^ 4 }

Kirchhoff , Stewart : The tendency to absorb a given wavelength
is identical to the tendency to emit .
( absorptivity = emissivity for any wavelength )

Planck : The power spectrum of a black body
( absorptivity
= emissivity = 1
for all wavelengths by definition )
as a function of temperature .
Planck Thermal Radiation Function
{[ WL ; T ] ( k0 % WL ^ 5 ) % ( _exp k1 % WL * T ) - 1 }
k0 : 2 * h * c ^ 2
;
k1 :
h * c % boltz
Spectra of Sun and Black Ball in our orbit
+/' ( Sun ; Earth ) />/ 341.9 339.4
Adding across each of the power spectra show our
constructed curves have an error of a percent or so .
The areas under these 2 curves are equal . They are in radiative balance .
The total areas are given by the Stefan-Boltzmann Law .
The red curve is created by searching for the temperature which makes
the area under the 2 curves equal . Works out to about 279 kelvin .
Sun power spectrum
0.0003104846
2.477788
20.70641
39.20657
44.83952
41.70015
35.36329
28.76762
23.00255
18.30352
14.58724
11.68279
9.418593
7.649293
6.259724
5.161352
4.286976
3.585799
3.019384
2.558546
…
…
...
+/
10m deep Water
absorption spectrum
*
Power absorbed
( not reflected )
by 10m water
0.000310405
7
2.477159
20.69899
32.52415
27.74922
38.00418
35.35325
28.76032
22.99671
18.29887
14.58353
11.67982
9.416202
7.647351
6.258135
5.160041
4.285888
3.584888
3.018618
2.557896
...
...
...
=
341.9
Water strongly absorbs/emits all wavelengths except the reflected blue .
Thus about 315 % 342 />/ 0.92 of the sun's energy is absorbed ( 8%
reflected ) while essentially being close to black in the long wave lengths .
Applying Stefan&Boltzmann 4th power relationship , 0.92 ^ % 4 />/ 0.98 ,
a water sphere in our orbit will come to a temperature of about
0.98 * 279 />/ 273.4 , interestingly close to its melting temperature .
( 0 Celsius = 273.15 kelvin )
314.5
Alarmist , Flat , and Observed Hypothetical absorbemit Spectra
The observed average reflectivity of the Earth as seen from outside is ~ 0.3 , therefore its absorptivity/emissivity ( ae
) is about 0.7 wrt the Sun . They are multiplied by 10 for display . The values of ae over the earth's temperature
range and the computed temperature for three hypotheses are given below .
aeSun
4th root
aeEarth
ratio
temperature
flat
0.7
0.7
1
1
278.7
Alarmist
0.7
1
0.7
0.915
254.9
Observed
0.7
0.61
1.15
1.04
288.4
DATA
wikipedia_Atmospheric_Transmission.jpg
Absorption
Spectra
multiply like
stacking filters .
If half gets thru
the first and half
of that gets thru
the second ,
one quarter gets
thru both .
Beer-Lambert Law :
Logarithmic effect of increasing concentration
( Think of adding ink to a glass of water )
http://wattsupwiththat.com/2010/03/08/the-logarithmic-effect-of-carbon-dioxide/
While there is only one CO2 molecule in each 2500 molecules of air
That's enough for the most absorptive frequencies to be virtually opaque
In a couple of hundred meters or so .
Venus
James Hansen classic claim that Venus is an example of
Of a Runaway Greenhouse Effect
CoSy.com/Science/JamesHansenRunawayVenusGreenhouseEffect.avi
Planetary temperature is linear with the temperature of the Sun .
A gray ball in Earth's orbit will be about 1 % 21 that of the Sun .
Divergence Theorem
Intuitively, states that the sum of all sources
minus the sum of all sinks
gives the net flow out of a region.
Thus unless there are internal sources of heat , energy
flows summed over any interior sphere must equal that
given by the radiative balance with the outside .
What do we get when we apply these classic computations to Venus ?
Venus is by far the most reflective of inner planets . It's albedo ,
ie reflectivity with respect to the Sun's spectrum, is about 0.9 compared
to the Earth's 0.3 . Therefore , its absorptivity is only about 0.1 .
It's surface temperature is measured to be about 737k . A gray ball in
its orbit , calculated as above , will have an equilibrium temperature of
about 328k . Thus its surface is about 2.25 times the temperature of a
gray ball in its orbit .
Thus the energy density at its surface is about
the energy density in its orbit .
2.25 ^ 4 />/ 25.6
times
For this to be due totally to the energy it absorbs from the sun it
must be 1 % 25 as absorptive/emissive in the IR than its 0.1 in the
visible . That is , about 0.1 % 25.6 />/ 0.004 . This is 10 times as
reflective as the .96 of aluminum foil in the IR . Ergo :
Venus must have internal sources of heat .
It cannot be explained as a runaway greenhouse .
What do we get when we apply these classic computations to Venus ?
Venus is by far the most reflective of inner planets . It's albedo ,
ie reflectivity with respect to the Sun's spectrum, is about 0.9 compared
to the Earth's 0.3 . Therefore , its absorptivity is only about 0.1 .
It's surface temperature is measured to be about 737k . A gray ball in
its orbit , calculated as above , will have an equilibrium temperature of
about 328k . Thus its surface is about 2.25 times the temperature of a
gray ball in its orbit .
Thus the energy density at its surface is about
the energy density in its orbit .
2.25 ^ 4 />/ 25.6
times
For this to be due totally to the energy it absorbs from the sun it
must be 1 % 25 as absorptive/emissive in the IR than its 0.1 in the
visible . That is , about 0.1 % 25.6 />/ 0.004 . This is 10 times as
reflective as the .96 of aluminum foil in the IR . Ergo :
Venus must have internal sources of heat .
It cannot be explained as a runaway greenhouse .
What do we get when we apply these classic computations to Venus ?
Venus is by far the most reflective of inner planets . It's albedo ,
ie reflectivity with respect to the Sun's spectrum, is about 0.9 compared
to the Earth's 0.3 . Therefore , its absorptivity is only about 0.1 .
It's surface temperature is measured to be about 737k . A gray ball in
its orbit , calculated as above , will have an equilibrium temperature of
about 328k . Thus its surface is about 2.25 times the temperature of a
gray ball in its orbit .
Thus the energy density at its surface is about
the energy density in its orbit .
2.25 ^ 4 />/ 25.6
times
For this to be due totally to the energy it absorbs from the sun it
must be 1 % 25 as absorptive/emissive in the IR than its 0.1 in the
visible . That is , about 0.1 % 25.6 />/ 0.004 . This is 10 times as
reflective as the .96 of aluminum foil in the IR . Ergo :
Venus must have internal sources of heat .
It cannot be explained as a runaway greenhouse .
What do we get when we apply these classic computations to Venus ?
Venus is by far the most reflective of inner planets . It's albedo ,
ie reflectivity with respect to the Sun's spectrum, is about 0.9 compared
to the Earth's 0.3 . Therefore , its absorptivity is only about 0.1 .
It's surface temperature is measured to be about 737k . A gray ball in
its orbit , calculated as above , will have an equilibrium temperature of
about 328k . Thus its surface is about 2.25 times the temperature of a
gray ball in its orbit .
Thus the energy density at its surface is about
the energy density in its orbit .
2.25 ^ 4 />/ 25.6
times
For this to be due totally to the energy it absorbs from the sun it
must be 1 % 25 as absorptive/emissive in the IR than its 0.1 in the
visible . That is , about 0.1 % 25.6 />/ 0.004 . This is 10 times as
reflective as the .96 of aluminum foil in the IR . Ergo :
Venus must have internal sources of heat .
It cannot be explained as a runaway greenhouse
Nothing New Here
We must be ready to employ trickery, deceit, law-breaking,
withholding and concealing truth. We can and must write
in a language which sows among the masses hate,
revulsion, scorn, and the like, towards those who disagree
with us.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
quoted in
Max Eastman : Reflections
on the Failure of Socialism ,
1955
Lagniappe
Main Greenhouse Effect is reducing temperature variance
6 CO2
C2H12O6
+
=
+
6 H20
6O2