Incremental Concept Formation made More Efficient by the

Incremental Concept Formation made More Efficient by
the Use of Associative Concepts
Sébastien Ferré
To cite this version:
Sébastien Ferré. Incremental Concept Formation made More Efficient by the Use of Associative
Concepts. [Research Report] RR-4569, INRIA. 2002. <inria-00072019>
HAL Id: inria-00072019
https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00072019
Submitted on 23 May 2006
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INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE
Incremental Concept Formation
made More Efficient
by the Use of Associative Concepts
Sébastien Ferré
N˚4569
October 2002
ISSN 0249-6399
ISRN INRIA/RR--4569--FR+ENG
THÈME 2
apport
de recherche
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Unité de recherche INRIA Lorraine, Technopôle de Nancy-Brabois, Campus scientifique,
615 rue du Jardin Botanique, BP 101, 54600 VILLERS LÈS NANCY
Unité de recherche INRIA Rennes, Irisa, Campus universitaire de Beaulieu, 35042 RENNES Cedex
Unité de recherche INRIA Rhône-Alpes, 655, avenue de l’Europe, 38330 MONTBONNOT ST MARTIN
Unité de recherche INRIA Rocquencourt, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt, BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex
Unité de recherche INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 route des Lucioles, BP 93, 06902 SOPHIA-ANTIPOLIS Cedex
Éditeur
INRIA, Domaine de Voluceau, Rocquencourt,
BP 105, 78153 LE CHESNAY Cedex (France)
ISSN 0249-6399