WP 2 Energy
Rainer Friedrich, Sandra Torras Ortiz, Ganlin Huang
Institute for Energy Economics and the rational Use of Energy – University Stuttgart, Germany
Jouni T. Tuomisto, Marjo Niittynen
National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
City Partners
Outline
● Work Package Energy
i. Energy balance
ii. Energy scenarios for future years
● Results
i. Traffic interventions
ii. Biomass (Pellets) use in domestic heating
● Lessons learned
Main goal:
To analyse specific urban GHG policies regarding their expected influence
on health by emission reduction, changes in energy demand and supply
Supply
Consumption
Loses
(Transformation,
Transport,
Exports, etc.)
International energy
market
Energy balance
Energy carrier
supply
Coal
Biomass production
Power Plants and
electricity distribution
Combined Heat and
Power Plants (CHP) &
District heating plants
Electricit
y
Heat
Gas
Gas distribution
from outside city
biomass
Final Energy
Demand
Demand (light, vkm Passsenger cars,
heating of Dwellings …)
Biomass conversion
Technologies (passenger car,(diesel), Small
combustion (biomass)
Fuel oil
Refineries
Inside city
Gas, oil, coal, renewables (secondary &
primary energy carriers
Energy balance
Energy
services
Energy balance
at a City level
Stuttgart
Energy balance
at a City level
Basel
Energy scenarios for future years
Regional Coverage Pan-European TIMES Model
The model illustrates the whole energy system of the different member
states of the EU-27 plus Iceland, Norway and Switzerland
Energy scenarios for the years 2020-2025
40%
Germany
30%
20%
10%
0%
Switzerland
% Final energy
consumption
% Final energy
consumption
50%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
8
Stuttgart –Traffic interventions
What are the expected human health impacts related to traffic
interventions compared to the business as usual (BAU) scenario for the
year 2025?
Traffic interventions analysed:
●
Introduction of a congestion charge in the City of Stuttgart: The
amount of 0.10 € is raised per kilometer driven by passenger car
●
Extension of parking management: expansion of parking
management in the districts surrounding the city center of Stuttgart.
●
Improved public transport: light rail frequency in the off-peak times is
increased
●
Improved cycling network
●
Combined scenario
Stuttgart –Traffic interventions
% Reduction
compared to 2010
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
PM
NO2
NOX
CO2
Diesel Gasoline
Reduction on Traffic Emissions and fuel use in BAU 2025
compared to Baseline 2010
Stuttgart –Traffic interventions
BAU_2025 + CC
BAU_2025 + PM
BAU_2025 + PT
% Reduction
compared to BAU 2025
BAU_2025 + Cycling
BAU_2025 + All
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
PM
NO2
NOX
CO2
Diesel Gasoline
Reduction on Traffic Emissions and fuel use for each intervention
compared to BAU 2025
Stuttgart - Pellet boilers scenarios I
What are the expected human health impacts related to
the increasing use of wood pellets in Stuttgart?
●
Business as Usual (BAU) Scenario: pellet boilers are installed throughout the entire
city of Stuttgart with growth rates similar to historical growth rates (2001-2008).
●
Ban on Burning Scenario (BB): pellet boilers are not installed within the Stuttgart city
center, but only in the outer districts.
●
Substantial Growth Scenario (SG): pellet boilers are installed throughout the entire city
of Stuttgart with growth rates as expected by the DEPV (German Wood and Pellets
Fuel Association) which estimates 1 million units by 2020 in Germany.
Stuttgart - Pellet boilers scenarios II
Ban on burning
Substantial growth
Number of pellet boilers in Stuttgart (2025)
Stuttgart - Pellet boilers scenarios III
0.2
0.15
0
-1000
Substantial
growth
Burning Ban
-2000
DALYS
CO2 Emissions
(Kg)
1000
0.1
0.05
-3000
0
-4000
-5000
-0.05
Substantial
growth
Burning Ban
CO2 emissions change due to replacement of traditional energy (Stuttgart mix) with
biomass. Total CO2 associated to the household sector ca. 450 Thousand tons.
Average filter technology was assumed, newer filter technology could decrease particulate
matter substantially (around 40-70% lower emissions)
DALYS: Disability Adjusted Life Years
Greenhouse Gas Balances
12
Rest
CO2 eq/MJ
10
Drying Heat
8
Diesel Engine
Operation
Electrical Energy
6
4
Storage
2
Tractor
Operation
0
Industrial Wood Residues
Forest Wood Residues
Greenhouse gas emissions produced in the preparation of raw
material for pellets made of industrial wood residues and forest
wood residues (Source: BioEnergieDat, 2012)
Lessons learned
Energy substitution in domestic heating
●
Pellet boilers contribute to reduce CO2 emissions by replacing fossil
energy sources at a global scale. However, at a local scale, higher
particulate matter emissions could be associated to additional local
human health impacts.
●
Significant differences in wood pellets concerning their up- and down
stream CO2 emissions.
Traffic
●
Interventions in the traffic sector account for small reductions at a
local scale. In the specific case of Stuttgart, the emission reductions
may not justify the large effort needed to implement the interventions.
Human health assessment to be completed within the next months