The Dimensions of the Prize:
Leverage Technology to Achieve
Sustainable Emissions
Cal Cooper
ConocoPhillips
Carbon Capture & Storage
Emission reduction by sectors
IEA MAP Scenario
32 Gt CO2 reduction in 2050
Power
34%
Efficiency
45%
CCS
6%
7%
5%
3%
CCS in transportation
CCS in Industry
Industry
Biofuel
CO2 Capture & Storage (CCS) contributes 20% of total
IEA Energy Technology Perspectives
CCS Size Translation
• A Gigaton of CO2 = ?
– ~ 20 TCF natural gas (so 1 MMt ~ 20 BCF)
• USA Gas Production
• World Gas Prod.
22.3 TCF /yr
100 TCF / yr
– 1Gt CO2 / yr = 20 – 25 Million Barrels of
Supercritical CO2 / day (PVT dependent)
• 1000 MW Coal Plant requires ~ 1.65 Billion
Barrels storage space in 30 yr.
Carbon Abatement Costs $$$
• Valuing carbon will provide economic
framework.
• Carbon Tax @ $45 /t = *
*WSJ Sept 12,2007
– 42 cents / gallon gasoline
– 5 cents / kilowatt hour of electricity
– $ 19. 44 / barrel of crude oil
• High Carbon prices are required to
generate material actions.
• Under $20 / t - Buy credits and plant trees
Massive Creativity
A Sense of Urgency
Sea Level +1 meter
Environmental Studies Laboratory,
Department of Geosciences, The
University of Arizona
Challenges
• Timeline
• Choices
• Costs
Q1
A
B
C
D
E
Q2
Q3
Gas Injection
• Cumulative 30-yr
natural gas recycling at
Prudhoe Bay, Alaska
– ~ 49 TCF
– ~ 275 BCF/yr CO2.
– ~ 140 MM t/y CO2
• Permian Basin EOR
–>40MM t/yr CO2.
This photo is copyrighted by ConocoPhillips Alaska, Inc. and cannot be released or
published without the express written consent of ConocoPhillips Alaska, Inc.
* All Prudhoe info calculated from Alaska Oil &
Gas Conservation Commission Public filings.
Capture Technologies
• Solvents
• Membranes
• Combustion Alternatives
Gasification - IGCC
Early Mover Projects
Adapt and improve existing technology
• Amines
• Gasification
• Possibly oxy-fire
Basin Storage Systems
San Juan Basin Schematic Cross Section
WEST
25 miles
EAST
• Depleted Reservoirs
• Saline Formations
• ECBM – Injectivity?
• Containment systems
Storage Sites?
Where can we start?
Where it makes sense.
• Leverage refinery and industrial complexes
with power, steam and gases near large
basin storage sites.
• Gas Separation Projects with EOR or
Storage
• Consider
– Value incentives, regulatory framework
– Carbon-price bridge for early movers.
Immingham, UK: CCS Concept
•Existing World Class Co-gen
•Expand with gasification
•Store 8 MMty CO2 in North Sea
Gas Fields.
Like a space program?
Thank You
CCS Costs -Today’s Technology
• Ballpark $70 /t
– Calculations all over the map. Methodologies
suspect.
– Investment economics vs consumer metrics.
• Value is maximized with large co-gen synergies
with industrial gas use (H2, CO, O2, N2), "plus"
commodities like ammonia, methanol, and SNG.
• Best available technologies
– $40 - $70 /tonne with lots of synergies
– Some projects >$180 / tonne CO2
– Not able to “replicate” $25 / tonne.