Adaptive Hypermedia:
What is it and why are we doing it?
Dr. Alexandra Cristea
[email protected]
http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~acristea/
1. Adaptive Hypermedia of the
Past, Present and Future
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Definitions
Why AH?
Application areas
What to adapt?
Adapt to what?
How to adapt - past?
Obstacles AH
New solutions
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
+ presentation m.
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
What is Adaptive Hypermedia?
• Hypermedia
is more than the Web!!
– different media types used in a single application (text,
images, sound, video, …)
– non-linear structure with navigation through hyper-links
• Adaptive
– application forms a model of the context in which it is used
(user, place, time, device, etc.)
– application adapts to that context (can show different
information, different media, different links, etc.)
– adaptation and user/ presentation modeling interact with
each other (or else we say the application is adaptable, not
adaptive)
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Index
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Definitions
Why AH?
Application areas
What to adapt?
Adapt to what?
How to adapt - past?
Obstacles AH
New solutions
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
The need for personalization
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Why AH?
• Problems with hypermedia applications:
– information overload: no time or interest to
process all
– excessive navigational freedom: “lost in
hyperspace” which links are relevant (for this
user) ?
– comprehension: order (a.o.) may be relevant:
what has the user seen before when reaching a
certain node?
– presentation: what fits the user’s screen? how
much network bandwidth and processing power
is available?
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Index
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•
Definitions
Why AH?
Application areas
What to adapt?
Adapt to what?
How to adapt - past?
Obstacles AH
New solutions
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Application areas AH
• Areas
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Education
Commerce
Government
others
• Adaptation types
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Adaptive Help
Adaptive Search
Expert systems – AI
others
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Index
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Definitions
Why AH?
Application areas
What to adapt?
Adapt to what?
How to adapt - past?
Obstacles AH
New solutions
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
What can be adapted? – classical
views
• Adaptive presentation:
– change which information is shown
– change how that information is shown
• Adaptive navigation support:
– change which links are shown
– change how these links are shown
– change the link destinations
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Adaptive Presentation
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Adaptive Navigation Support
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Example from 2L690
• Before reading about Xanadu the URL page shows:
– …
In Xanadu (a fully distributed hypertext system, developed
by Ted Nelson at Brown University, from 1965 on) there was
only one protocol, so that part could be missing.
…
• After reading about Xanadu this becomes:
– …
In Xanadu there was only one protocol, so that part could be
missing.
…
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ISIS Tutor with Link
Annotation
The wrong example:
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Example from Interbook
4
3
2
√
1
1. Concept role
2. Current concept state
3. Current section state
4. Linked sections state
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TV Scout: What’s on
Tonight?
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TV Scout: Forms and
Graphical Interface
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Index
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Definitions
Why AH?
Application areas
What to adapt?
Adapt to what?
How to adapt - past?
Obstacles AH
New solutions
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Adapt to what?
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User  user model (UM)
Goals  goal model (GM)
Domain  domain model (DM)
Environment  presentation model (PM)
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
User modelling is always about guessing …
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Classical User Model:
Overlay UM
• user’s knowledge = subset of expert’s
knowledge
• goal of tutoring: to enlarge this subset.
• This model is particularly appropriate when
the (teaching) material can be represented
as a prerequisite hierarchy.
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Adapt to what (else)?
• Knowledge about the subject domain
(and possibly also knowledge about the
system)
• Preferences
• Interests
• Learning or cognitive styles
• Background: profession, language,
prospect, capabilities, experience, age
• Navigation history
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Adapt to what?
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User  user model (UM)
Goals  goal model (GM)
Domain  domain model (DM)
Environment  presentation model (PM)
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Adapt to what?
• Goal
• (initial) purpose of the hypermedia
• answer to question
– “Why should the user use the hypermedia system and
what could the user actually achieve?”
• Goals can be local or global.
– Local goals may changed quite often. For example, the
problem-solving goal is a local one, which changes from
one educational problem to another several times within a
session.
– Global goal can be the pedagogical / commercial goal.
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Adapt to what?
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User  user model (UM)
Goals  goal model (GM)
Domain  domain model (DM)
Environment  presentation model (PM)
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Adapt to what?
Domain model properties
Adapt to
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Adapt to what?
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•
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•
User  user model (UM)
Goals  goal model (GM)
Domain  domain model (DM)
Environment  presentation model (PM)
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Adapt to what?
• Context / environment
– aspects of the user’s environment, like
browsing device, window size, network
bandwidth, processing power, quality of
service, etc.
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Index
•
•
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•
•
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•
•
Definitions
Why AH?
Application areas
What to adapt?
Adapt to what?
How to adapt?
Obstacles AH
New solutions
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Classic loop (Brusilovsky,
‘01) ++
φιπθθθ
/ Presentation Model
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Adaptive vs. adaptable
personalized
adaptable
User-tuned
adaptive
System-tuned
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Gerhard Fischer 1 HFA Lecture, OZCHI’2000
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
A Comparison between Adaptive and Adaptable Systems
Gerhard Fischer 1 HFA Lecture, OZCHI’2000
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Index
•
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•
•
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•
•
Definitions
Why AH?
Application areas
What to adapt?
Adapt to what?
How to adapt - past?
Obstacles AH
New solutions
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
New, dynamic view of AH
text
Bit contains
text, MM or link
Bits & pieces
link
Generation:
-only text
-only link
text
link
text
-text & link
link
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Solutions in short
• Standardization
• Authoring
New theoretical frameworks
needed!
New implementations!
• Openness
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Demo
http://www.win.tue.nl/~acristea/Prolearn/
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Concluding
Adaptive Hypermedia of Past, Present & Future
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Definitions
Why AH?
Application areas
What to adapt?
Adapt to what?
How to adapt - past?
(some) New solutions
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
New IAS projects on this
• ALS Minerva project
• Prolearn
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
ALS project in shortissimo
• Adaptive Learning Spaces
• Main aim: how to bring adaptivity at group
level?
– What changes?
– Group of learners
– Group of authors
• 8 institutes
• representing 7 countries
• 2 years; started on the 1st of October 2006
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Prolearn project in shortissimo
• NoE: they bring birds of a feather
together
• Warwick as new core partner from 1st
January 2007
• http://www.prolearn-project.org/
• 21 core partners now
• Hundreds of associate partners (Warwick
included)
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006
Any questions?
IAS Seminar 7 November 2006