Tell Tweini: A Multi-Period Harbour Town at the Syrian Coast
Joachim B retschneider, Anne-Sophie Van Vyve and G reta Jans 1
INTRODUCTION 2
D uring the p ast eleven years, excavations at Tell Tweini, Syria have focused
o n d ifferent p erio d s visible in the archaeological record. Both the B ronze a n d
th e Iro n A ge p e rio d s are w ell a tte ste d a n d h av e b een ex am in ed exten siv ely
(Bretschneider - Van Lerberghe 2009; Al-M aqdissi et al. 2008). Recently, however,
traces of an Early Iron A ge settlem ent, often lacking at neighbouring sites, have
been uncovered at Tell Tweini.
In the Eastern M editerranean, the period spanning the time betw een the end of
the 13th and the 12th centuries B.C.E. is know n as a period of crisis during w hich the
significant Aegean, Cypriot, A natolian and Levantine centres deteriorated. Im m edi­
ately after 1200 B.C.E., the entire M editerranean region w as faced w ith catastrophic
obliterations (Lehm ann 2001). C onsiderable destruction and ash layers have been
observed at num erous sites in the Levant. Once im portant sites a t the Syrian coast,
like Ugarit, w ere abandoned and destroyed along w ith m any other M editerranean
cities, never to be rebuilt. Lor this entire period, know n as the D ark Ages, the archae­
ological and in particular the historical sources are especially scarce.
Based o n recently excavated d ata from Tell Tweini, significant know ledge
about the developm ent of urbanisation, architecture, pottery, b urial custom s and
art in the N orthern Levant d u rin g the post-Ugaritic period can be acquired. M ulti­
disciplinary studies, com bined w ith an analysis of the architectural structures and
archaeological inventory, have allow ed obtaining initial inform ation on a com plex
an d obscure period in the history of the A ncient N ear East.
TELL TWEINI
The site of Tell Tweini is located on the southern bank of the River R um eilah
in the Syrian coastal plain, approxim ately 1,5 km east of m odern-day Jebleh and
40 km south of Ras Sham ra-U garit, the capital of the ancient K ingdom of U garit
1 Catholic U niversity Leuven. This article presents research results of the In teruniversity Poles
of A ttraction pro g ram an d the project is sponsored by the Fund for Scientific R esearch-Flanders
an d th e R esearch F u n d (O.T.) K.U. Leuven.
2 We w o u ld like to th an k Dr. Jana M ynárová an d Petra M aríková Vlcková, for invitin g us to p a r­
ticipate in th e w o rkshop "E gypt an d the N ear East - The C rossroads". It w as fruitful and very
exciting.
73
Tell Tweini: A M ulti-Period H a r b o u r T o w n at th e Syrian C oast
Fig. 1
Coastal Syria in the Late
Bronze Age
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Uii Iha
M l N aim ,
if:
Was sri-Bffssrt
Magdala
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timt f?)
U G A R IT
.*» _ y
Mahadu
Minrt
*
Kiwi
aT-
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•
Ras Shianta
Ras Ibn I hui
■l
Ushkanu
* R m à tll'
/ al-A riiir
Lattakia
Vaan u
V'artd
Atallig •
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Tell Snk,is
MEDITERRANEAN
SEA
Tariut
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KINGDOM
OF
AMURRU
Tell Ka/.cl •
21km ,
74
Tell Tweini: A M ulti-Period H a r b o u r T o w n at th e Syrian C oast
Fig. 2
Tell Tweini: R esults of the
geophysical survey
TELL TWEINI - SYRIA
(Fig. 1). Since 1999, the site of ca. 12 hectares has been u n d e r excavation by the
Syro-Belgian team headed by Dr. Al-Maqdissi, Dr. Badawi (D epartm ent of A ntiqui­
ties, Dam ascus) an d Prof. Dr. Bretschneider (Catholic U niversity of Leuven). W ork
h as con cen trated o n three areas a t the su m m it of the tell (Fields A, B a n d C).
Especially Fields A (central p art of the tell) an d B (w estern plateau) have produced
a full, u n in te rru p te d archaeological sequence sp an n in g m ainly from th e Early
Bronze Age IV (ca. 2400 B.C.E.) u p to the Iron III period (ca. 500 B.C.E.), m aking
Tell Tweini a key site for the N o rth ern Levant concerning ceram ic sequences and
architectural stratification from the Bronze and Iron Ages (Al-Maqdissi et al. in press).
The m ost intensive occupation occurred during the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age
periods, w hen a fortified city occupied the site (Figs. 2-3).
O ver the last years the Tell Tweini project has been focusing on five key issues:
1) The origins of the settlem ent a n d its d ev elo p m en t into an im p o rtan t re­
gional centre d u rin g the third m illennium B.C.E. (Early Bronze Age).
2) The reduced occupation of the site in the early second m illennium B.C.E.
an d its im plications for the political, historic an d economic situation at th at
tim e (M iddle Bronze I).
3) The revival of urb an life betw een 1800 an d 1600 B.C.E. (M iddle Bronze II).
4) The integration of G ibala's com m unity into the K ingdom of U garit in the
m id- an d late second m illennium B.C.E. (Late Bronze Age).
5) The reorganisation a n d process of state-form ation in the beginning of the
Iron Age II period.
75
Tell Tweini: A M ulti-Period H a r b o u r T o w n at th e Syrian C oast
Fig. 3
Field C: C ity w all at the
eastern edge of the tell
Second half of the third m illen n iu m B.C.E.: The first city
D uring the later Early Bronze Age, coastal Syria w as characterised by the tran­
sition from agriculturally based to com plex urb an societies. The first urbanisation
of Tell Tweini occurred d u rin g the Early Bronze Age IV period an d is represented
by a sequence of tw o m ain architectural levels including m udbrick constructions
(Bretschneider - Van Lerberghe 2009: 17-19). Since the Early Bronze Age, occu­
p ation is only kn ow n from rather sm all soundings, w hile the urb an structures of
the earliest settlem ents rem ain largely unknow n.
F irst half o f the second m illen n iu m B.C.E.: The city of the dead
Some tom bs, d ated to the M iddle Bronze Age II, w ere found in direct relation
to the excavated houses (H am eeuw - Jans 2009: 75-82). D uring this period it w as
a custom to b u ry the d ead u n d ern eath the floors of the dw ellings. A n extraordi­
n ary find from this period w as a com m unal tom b d ated to ca. 1700 B.C.E. The
grave contained the skeletons of 42 ad u lts an d 16 infants. U sed as grave goods
w ere 160 w ell-preserved ceram ic vessels including a large quantity of C ypriote
im ports, plates an d dishes, several bronze pins an d a figurine. A nother in h u m a­
tion consisted of the grave of a w om an an d her child accom panied by a sheep's
head. In Field B, the rem ains of three m en w ere recovered from a silo. A m ong
others, th e g rav e g o ods in clu d ed a fen estrated axe, quite typical of this period.
Sim ilar axes have also been discovered at Sukas, U garit an d Byblos an d date to
aro u n d 1800 B.C.E.
76
Tell Tweini: A M ulti-Period H a r b o u r T o w n at th e Syrian C oast
Fig. 4
Late H elladic IIIC Early
ceram ic from the Late
Bronze A ge II destruction
level 7A
Second half of the second m illen n iu m B.C.E.: H arbour toion of the Ugaritic
K ingdom and new foreign settlers from the Aegean?
D uring the Late Bronze Age II period (14th an d 13th century B.C.E.), Tell Tweini
w as p a rt of the K ingdom of U garit an d is m entioned as Gibala in the treaty be­
tw een the H ittite king M ursili II a n d N iqm epa, king of U garit. G ibala w as the
southernm ost harbour tow n of the Ugaritic K ingdom , close to the border w ith the
K ingdom of Siyannu. The m aterial culture of the Late Bronze Age parallels th at
of U garit and illustrates a m assive occupation w ith im ports from all over the East­
ern M editerranean. It includes a H ittite-L uw ian hieroglyphic inscriptio n an d
a w ide range of C ypriote and Late Helladic ceramics. A set of 14C dates (Kaniewski
et al. 2010) a n d sporadic finds of locally p roduced Late H elladic IIIC Early ceram ­
ics (Fig. 4) date the fall of the Late Bronze Age city of G ibala (Jung in press), prob77
Tell Tweini: A M ulti-Period H a r b o u r T o w n at th e Syrian C oast
Fig. 5
Ceram ic of the Late
Bronze Age II destruction
level 7A (locus 185).
Above right: han d m ad e
an d burnished cooking
po t found together
w ith LH III B kylix
(above left).
ably caused by the "Sea Peoples", to around the first q uarter of the 12th century
B.C.E., sim ultaneously w ith the fall of the capital Ugarit. C ontrary to U garit, Tell
Tweini w as directly resettled by "new com ers" after a fire-destruction visible in
the archaeological record as an ash layer, labelled level 7A . W ithin this destruction
level, an im p o rtan t new ceram ological trait appears, nam ely h an d m ad e an d b u r­
nished cooking pots (Fig. 5). This w are also ap p ears in the Early Iron A ge levels
6GH an d 6EF (Vansteenhuyse - B retschneider in press).
The pro d u ction of local Late Helladic IIIC has been w ell docum ented for the
Philistine area in the Southern Levant b u t evidence is m ounting th at this m ight
also have been the case at e.g. A m urru (Tell Kazel; Badre 2006), the Ugaritic region
(Du Pied 2008) an d the cA m uq Valley (Janeway 2008; H arrison 2009).
Early Iron A ge
The stratigraphical research of the area form ing p a rt of the A cropolis (Field
A) w as p a rt of a large-scale architectural investigation identifying a public b u ild ­
ing ensem ble (Fig. 6). This area w as recognised based on a geom agnetic an d to p ­
ographical survey conducted in 2004, w hile the peripheral, topographically low er
area in the w estern p a rt revealed m ore evidence from later period activity. The
location of a series of trenches in the southeastern p a rt of the sum m it of the tell
offered the possibility to assess the date an d n atu re of occupation in this area, at
the sam e tim e allow ing a better, diachronic u n d erstan d in g of the topographical
organisation of the Late Bronze a n d Iron A ge settlem ents of Tell Tweini. Excava­
tions confirm ed the existence of three m onum ental buildings in the public zone
(Figs. 7-8). B uildings A, B an d C w ere developed d u rin g different construction
78
Tell Tweini: A M ulti-Period H a r b o u r T o w n at th e Syrian C oast
Fig. 6
Field A: Late Bronze
Age II to Iron A ge II
occupation
Fig. 7
Street £GD:1
Field A: B uildings A,
B an d C. Situation
of level 6C-D (beginning
of Iron Age II)
Im p**»*
re u .tm jrii
rí
¡h c l p m
79
Tell Tweini: A M ulti-Period H a r b o u r T o w n at th e Syrian C oast
Fig. 8
Field A: B uildings A,
B an d C (Reconstruction:
B. Bortolin and
H. H am eeuw )
Iron Age II - Level 6D: ButWings A-C
p h ases ra n g in g from the beginning of the Early Iron A ge I to the Iron Age II
(ca. 1200-750 B.C.E.).
T h ro u g h o u t the p erio d of assu m ed collapse - the so-called D ark A ges - a r­
chitectural features an d ceram ic evidence illustrate a transition an d a continuity
at the site of Tell Tweini, allow ing the characterisation of bo th social a n d urban
changes. D uring the m ost recent excavation cam paigns, several clusters of Early
Iron Age (6GE1 an d 6EF) architecture have been identified across different areas
w ith in th e city w alls, especially u n d ern eath the Iron Age II B uilding A a n d its
close su rro u n d in gs (Fig. 9). The earliest Iron Age I urbanisation of the 12th century
B.C.E. (level 6GE1) a t Tell Tweini is m ark ed b y the creation of a new city, con­
structed on the destruction debris (Level 7A) of the Late Bronze Age tow n. In sev­
eral locations Late Bronze floors an d w alls have been partly reused.
The ceram ological m aterial displays a continuation of the local m aterial into
the Iron Age w ith o u t the com m on im ported Late Bronze Age w ares from C yprus
or the A egean w orld. The h an d m ad e an d burnished cooking w are rem ained in
use. Typical for Level 6G-H, the earliest Iron Age level, is a red fabric covered in
w hite slip an d red p ain t (Fig. 10). It relates to decorated pots from Iron I at Ras
Ibn Flani, Ras el-Bassit (C ourbin 1986: fig. 14; D u Pied 2008:169, fig. 6b-c) an d Tell
Kazel (Badre 2006, fig. 13:3). The w hite-slipped vessels, all am phoroid craters, at
Ras Ibn H ani are restricted to "Fer 1 phase 1". Im portant is th at at Ras Ibn H ani
some vessels carry bichrom e decoration, w hich is no t the case in Tell Tweini w here
red p ain t is u sed exclusively. The decoration includes triple b an d s in zigzag,
checkerboards an d grooved handles w ith red paint. It rem ains lim ited to craters
from Tell Tweini. The term Syrian W hite Slip is being proposed for these vessels
(Vansteenhuyse in press).
The precise date of the end of occupation level 6GH rem ains unresolved so
far. D u rin g the second half of Iron Age I (level 6EF), a great num ber of room s and
80
Tell Tweini: A M ulti-Period H a r b o u r T o w n at th e Syrian C oast
Fig. 9
Field A: Early Iron Age I
structures of level 6GH
b eneath B uilding A
Fig. 10
Syrian W hite Slip crater
from Early Iron Age
Level 6G-E1
if-Trl 1y.
Alini ¡a
81
Tell Tweini: A M ulti-Period H a r b o u r T o w n at th e Syrian C oast
Fig. 11
A rchitectural rem ains of
Early Iron Age Level 6
E-F in field A
stru ctu res w ere reu sed from the u n d erly in g 6GE1 phase. The fo u n d atio n s of a
larger rectangular building w ith several room annexes to the south w ere uncov­
ered in Field A (Figs. 11-12), an d is interpreted as the initial construction phase of
the later m onum ental Building A. The final occupation phase is m arked by a fire
destruction leaving the inventories of the room s in situ . M any Iron I vessels w ere
found broken on the floors (Fig. 13). The storage function of the southern w ing of
the edifice is attested through a row of pithoi, leaning against the southern wall of
the room. A n um ber of 14C sam ples of seeds w ere taken from inside the vessels,
giving us a destruction date betw een 1050 to ca. 1000 B.C.E. for level 6EF (Kaniewski
et al. 2010).
The destruction layer no t only contains w ell datable ceram ics, like a C ypriot
bow l of the type W hite P ainted I on a conic foot (N ys - M iddernacht in press), b u t
82
Tell Tweini: A M ulti-Period H a r b o u r T o w n at th e Syrian C oast
Fig. 12
Field A: Storage vessels
of Early Iron Age level
6E-F
Fig. 13
Field A: Storage vessels
of Early Iron Age level
6E-F (1050-1000 B.C.E.)
also large am ounts of cylindrical shaped loom w eights an d jar stoppers in clay.
Three bronze arrow heads com plete the archaeological record in this area.
The loom w eights (Fig. 14) m ay be regarded as cultural m arkers of foreign
settlers w ho can be linked to the "Sea Peoples (m igration)" as they are also present
in the C yprus an d Philistine settlem ents in the Southern Levant (Yasur-Landau
2010 ).
83
Tell Tweini: A M ulti-Period H a r b o u r T o w n at th e Syrian C oast
Fig. 14
Loom w eight of Early
Iron Age level 6E-F
(1050-1000 B.C.E.)
Two m onum ental Hieroglyphic Luw ian inscriptions m entioning the "Land of
Palistin", uncovered in the Temple of the Storm God at the Aleppo Citadel (Hawkins
2009; H arrison 2009), seem to confirm the form ation of foreign policies in the N orth­
ern Levant, possibly partly stim ulated by changing climatic conditions.
Recently published results of palynological, sedim entary and paleo-ecological
research at Tell Tweini linked to a pollen-based reconstruction of the ecosystem
have convincingly suggested an ab ru p t clim ate change in the period betw een 1200
an d 850 B.C.E., an d especially d u rin g the Early Iron Age levels at Tell Tweini
(Kaniewski et al. 2008). The increasing aridity of the region, d u e to rising tem pera­
tures, m u st have h ad great im pact on the h u m an an d anim al populations, influ­
encing agricultural practices. Econom y in particular an d society in general w ould
have been forced to adapt. Environm ental changes should therefore be taken into
account w hile exam ining the transitional perio d of the Early Iron A ge a t Tell
Tweini since they m ay have h ad repercussions for the stu d y of the claim ed col­
lapse an d societal developm ent.
F irst m illen n iu m B.C.E.: A ssyrians and Phoenicians
W ith the construction of Building A at the beginning of Iron Age II, a tradition
of public buildings developed in the southern p a rt of Field A. Excavations and
a geom agnetic survey revealed a w ell-preserved p lan of the city d u rin g the Iron
II/III period (ca. 900-500 B.C.E). By the en d of the 8th century B.C.E., a significant
architectural renew al occurred at the centre of Tell Tweini. P roduction of olive oil
an d w ine becam e the m ain economic activity of the tow n a n d oil presses an d re84
Tell Tweini: A M ulti-Period H a r b o u r T o w n at th e Syrian C oast
fining installations w ere found in m any houses. The public buildings in Field A
lost their original (sacred?) function an d w ere divided into sm all cham bers w here
specific econom ic an d com m ercial activities took place. These architectural and
functional developm ents could be the consequence of the international politics in
the 8thcentury B.C.E., w hen the Syrian coast cam e u n d er A ssyrian control.
CONCLUSION
The h arb o u r tow n of Tell Tweini w as occupied from the Early Bronze Age IV
until the Iron Age III. D uring the m ost recent cam paigns, the focal p oint has been
the transition betw een the Late Bronze an d the Early Iron Age.
A fter the destruction of neighbouring Late Bronze Age cities, an event visible
also in the d estru ctio n layer (7A) of Tell Tweini, several m assive architectural
structures d ated to the Iron Age I (levels 6GH an d 6EF) seem to em erge at the site
w ith o u t an actual hiatus. The tradition of ceram ic shapes an d pastes of the Late
Bronze Age seem s to have kn o w n a con tin u atio n d u rin g the Iron Age I (level
6GH), b u t the architecture show s a new kind of urbanisation w ith a different struc­
tu ra l orien tatio n . N ew 14C resu lts a n d the fact th a t level 7A h o ld s Late H el­
ladic IIIC Early ceram ics allow s d a tin g th e d estru c tio n to the first q u a rte r of
th e 12th c e n tu ry B.C.E. This d a te is co m p arab le to th e fall of U garit, Ras Ibn
H ani, Tell Kazel a n d m an y o th er sites pro b ab ly d estro y ed b y the Sea Peoples.
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