Summer Work 2017
IB Biology Syllabus-Anatomy Section I
Name________________________________
Instructions: Use your textbook, IB Bioninja or other internet resource to complete this study guide for the Anatomy
core sections of the IB syllabus. Another great resource is the IB Biology Study Guide: 2014 edition: Oxford IB
Diploma Program available on Amazon for around $25. This guide will help you IMMENSELY in the class.
Upon returning to school, you will receive a grade for this assignment and we will REVIEW the sections. You will have
an Anatomy Test on Wednesday, August 23.
It is in your best interest to LEARN this content COMPLETELY over the summer and treat the review days in class as
just that—REVIEW. Mrs. Alexander and Mrs. Starr WILL NOT be going over all of the details of each section. Use good
study skills and remember that this information WILL be on the IB exam in May 2018.
Please record below ANY RESOURCE that you used to complete this assignment:
List any questions that you have or things that you do not understand completely below:
Digestion—IB Syllabus
Assessment
Statement:
Explain why
digestion of large
food molecules is
essential.
Study Material:
Explain the need
for enzymes in
digestion.
What is an enzyme and how do they work?
Explain why digestion of large food molecules is essential.
Explain the purpose of the following enzymes:
Lipase:
Endopeptidase:
Amylase:
What organ secretes enzymes into the lumen of the small intestine?
State the source,
substrate, products
and optimum pH
conditions for one
amylase, one
protease and one
lipase.
Enzyme
Source
Substrate
Product
pH
Draw and label a
diagram of the
digestive system.
Draw and label a diagram of the digestive system.
Explain, in detail, the process of digestion, including enzymes at the appropriate points in the
process.
Outline the
function of the
stomach, small
intestine, and large
intestine.
Stomach:
Small intestine:
Large intestine:
Distinguish
between
absorption and
assimilation.
Describe and provide an example of absorption and assimilation in the digestive process.
Explain how the
structure of the
villus is related to
its role in
absorption and
transport of the
products of
digestion.
What is villi?
How do villi increase absorption and transport in digestion?
Draw and label a diagram of a villus; include epithelium, lacteal, goblet cells, blood capillary,
layer of microvilli on the surface of epithelium.
Identify tissue
layers in
transverse
sections of the
small intestine
viewed with a
microscope or in a
micrograph
Label and describe the following:
Serosa:
Muscle Layer:
Submucosa:
Mucosa:
Explain the
processes
occurring in the
small intestine
that results in the
digestion of starch
and transport of
the products of
digestion to the
liver
Explain the process and include enzymes necessary for the processes to occur in the breakdown
of starch. Also include storage molecule in the liver in your answer.
Use of dialysis
tubing to model
absorption of
digested food in
the intestine
What is dialysis tubing?
Describe an experiment that you could do to model absorption of digested food in the intestine.
Use a labeled sketch in your answer.
IB Syllabus—Circulatory System
Assessment Statement:
Draw and label a diagram
of the heart showing the
four chambers associated
with blood vessels, valves
and the route of blood
through the heart.
Study Material:
Draw your diagram below. Be sure to label the four chambers of the heart, blood vessels
and the route of blood flow. Use color to help you.
Explain the action of the
heart in terms of
collecting blood, pumping
blood, and opening and
closing of valves.
Explain how the heart pumps blood through the cardiac cycle.
Explain the relationship
between the structure
and function of the
arteries, capillaries, and
veins.
For the following blood vessels, describe their structure and function and the amount of
pressure each undergoes. Include a cross-sectional, labeled sketch for each.
Arteries:
Capillaries:
Veins:
State that the coronary
arteries supply heart
muscle with oxygen and
nutrients.
What is the function of the coronary arteries?
Outline the control of the
heartbeat in terms of
myogenic muscle
contraction, the role of
the pacemaker, nerves,
the medulla of the brain
and epinephrine
(adrenaline).
Describe the Cardiac Cycle.
What is the function of the pulmonary arteries?
Where is the pacemaker located?
What is the function of the pacemaker?
State that blood is
composed of plasma,
erythrocytes, leucocytes
(phagocytes and
lymphocytes) and
platelets.
What is the hormone that increases heartrate?
Give a description of the following:
Plasma:
Erythrocytes:
Leukocytes:
Platelets:
Describe the functions of the phagocytes and lymphocytes.
State that the following
Explain how blood flow helps the body maintain homeostasis.
are transported by the
blood: nutrients, oxygen,
carbon dioxide,
hormones, antibodies,
urea and heat.
Explain how William
Outline the experiments of William Harvey.
Harvey overturned
theories developed by
the ancient Greek
philosopher Galen on
movement of blood in
the body.
Outline causes and
What is coronary artery disease? List three causes.
consequences of occlusion
of the coronary arteries
What is the consequence of this disease?
IB Biology Syllabus-Defense Against Infectious Disease
Assessment
Statement:
Define pathogen.
Study Material:
Explain why
antibiotics are
effective against
bacteria but not
against viruses.
What is the difference between a virus and a bacterium?
What is a pathogen? Give an example in your answer.
Why can you use antibiotics on bacteria but not viruses?
Outline the role of
skin and mucous
membranes in
defense against
pathogens.
What type of barrier does the skin provide the body?
How do mucous membranes protect the body?
Explain the role of a lysozyme in mucous membranes.
Outline how the
phagocytic leucocytes
ingest pathogens in
the blood and in body
tissue.
Outline, with sketches, how phagocytes ingest foreign invaders.
What is non-specific immunity?
What is pus?
Distinguish between
antigens and
antibodies.
Antigens:
Antibodies:
Outline Florey and
Chain’s experiments
to test penicillin on
bacterial infections in
mice
Florey and Chain’s experiments to test penicillin on bacterial infections in mice. Explain the
ethical implications of this experiment. Would this experiment be allowed today?
Explain antibody
production.
Explain antibody production. Include the type of cell where antibodies are made and the role
of the antigen in the production.
Outline the effects of
HIV on the immune
system.
HIV attacks ____________________ which produce antibodies.
Explain how this affects the immune system.
Discuss the cause,
transmission and
social implications of
AIDS.
What is the cause of AIDS?
How is AIDS transmitted?
List TWO social implications of AIDS.
Describe the process
of blood clotting.
Describe the process of blood clotting.
What are the CAUSES and CONSEQUENCES of blood clotting in the coronary arteries?
Outline the principle
of challenge and
response, clonal
selection and memory
cells as the basis of
immunity.
Challenge and Response Mechanism:
Clonal selection:
Memory Cells:
Define active and
passive immunity.
Active Immunity:
Passive Immunity:
Explain antibody
production.
How are antibodies produced?
Explain how antigens on the surface of red blood cells can stimulate antibody production in a
person with a different blood type.
Describe the
production of
monoclonal
antibodies and their
use in diagnosis and in
treatment.
What are monoclonal antibodies?
How are they produced?
Explain one common way that monoclonal antibodies are used in diagnosing medical issues.
Define HCG.
Explain how monoclonal antibodies to HCG are used in pregnancy test.
Explain the principle
of vaccination.
What is a vaccine? How are vaccines produced?
Explain how vaccines work. Include terms primary response and secondary response in your
answer.
Name the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccinations.
Watch Ted Talk: “How We Conquered the Deadly Smallpox Virus?” Summarize video.
Discuss the benefits
and dangers of
vaccination.
Benefits:
Dangers:
Analysis of
epidemiological data
related to vaccination
programmes.
Define epidemiology.
What two resources can be used to generate tables and charts for national vaccination
programs?
What caveats do you need to remember to analyze trends in vaccination programs?
IB Biology Syllabus—Gas Exchange
Assessment
Statement:
Distinguish between
ventilation, gas
exchange, and cell
respiration.
Study Material:
Ventilation:
Gas Exchange:
Cell Respiration:
Explain the need for
a ventilation system.
Why do we have a ventilation system?
Describe the
features of the
alveoli that adapt
them to gas
exchange.
Name FOUR features of alveoli that allows for efficient gas exchange. Be sure to outline the
importance of Type 1 and Type 2 pneumocytes and the role of blood capillaries in gas
exchange.
Draw and label an
alveolus.
Draw and label an alveolus. Include Type 1 and 2 pneumocytes and capillaries in your
drawing.
Draw and label a
diagram of the
ventilation system,
including trachea,
lungs, bronchi,
bronchioles, and
alveoli.
Draw and label a diagram of the ventilation system, including trachea, lungs, bronchi,
bronchioles, and alveoli.
Explain the
mechanism of
ventilation of the
lungs in terms of
volume and pressure
changes caused by
the internal and
external intercostals
muscles, the
diaphragm, and
abdominal muscles.
Explain the mechanism of ventilation (inhaling and exhaling) of the lungs in terms of volume
and pressure changes caused by the internal and external intercostals muscles, the
diaphragm, the thorax, and abdominal muscles.
Monitoring of
ventilation in
humans at rest and
after mild and
vigorous exercise.
Describe the difference between ventilation of humans at rest and after mild vigorous
exercise.
Explain how
epidemiological
studies have
contributed to our
understanding of
the causes of the
lung cancer
Explain the causes
and consequences
of emphysema.
How have epidemiological studies aided our understanding of causes and consequences of
lung cancer?
What is emphysema?
How does emphysema physiologically effect the lungs?
What are the TWO main causes of emphysema?
IB Biology Syllabus- Nerves, Hormones, and Homeostasis
Assessment
Statement:
State that the
nervous
system
consists of the
central
nervous
system (CNS)
and
peripheral
nerves, and is
composed of
cells called
neurons that
can carry
rapid
electrical
impulses.
Draw and
label a
diagram of
the structure
of a motor
neuron.
Study Material:
What are the parts of the CNS?
Where are peripheral nerves located?
How do neurons differ from other types of cells?
Draw, label, and describe the motor neuron. Include the axon, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier,
nucleus, cell body, dendrites, and synapse.
What does myelination allow?
What is salutatory conduction?
State that
nerve
impulses are
conducted
from
receptors to
the CNS by
sensory
neurons,
within the
CNS by relay
neurons, and
from the CNS
to effectors by
motor
neurons.
When is a nerve impulse initiated?
Define and explain how impulses are conducted through the following neurons.
Sensory Neuron
Relay Neuron
Effector Neuron
How are presynaptic neurons depolarized?
Define resting
potential and
action
potential
(depolarizatio
n and
repolarization
).
Differentiate between resting potential and action potential, include depolarization and
repolarization). Describe the steps below using the the diagrams on the right side.
Generation of Action Potential
1.
2.
3.
4.
What do neurons pump across their membranes to generate a resting potential?
What are nerve impulses?
What causes the propagation of nerve impulses?
Explain how a
nerve impulse
passes along a
nonmyelinated
neuron.
Explain the
principles of
synaptic
transmission.
How does a nerve impulse pass along a non-myelinated neuron?
Synaptic transmission
Differentiate between chemical and electrical synapse.
Neurotransmitters
In the diagram below, describe in detail the steps of synaptic transmission.
State that the
endocrine
system
consists of
glands that
release
hormones and
are
transported in
the blood.
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Name and describe the two glands that are important to the endocrine system.
State that
homeostasis
involves
maintaining
the internal
environment
between
limits,
including
blood pH,
carbon
dioxide
concentration
, blood
glucose
concentration
, body
temperature
and water
balance.
What is homeostasis?
Explain that
homeostasis
involves
monitoring
levels of
variables and
correcting
changes in
levels by
negative
feedback
mechanisms.
Explain the
control of
body
temperature,
including the
transfer of
heat in blood,
and the roles
of the
hypothalamus
, sweat
glands, skin
arterioles, and
shivering.
How do negative mechanisms play a role in maintaining homeostasis and provide one example in
your answer?
Explain how homeostasis maintains the internal environment between limits, include blood pH,
carbon dioxide concentration, blood glucose concentration, body temperature and water balance.
Explain the role of thyroxin in maintaining homeostasis.
Which gland secretes thyroxin?
How does the circulation of blood help to maintain homeostasis?
Describe the role of the hypothalamus in controlling body temperature.
What do sweat glands, skin arterioles, and shivering have to do with maintaining body
temperatures?
What does leptin control? Explain how leptin affects the hypothalamus.
Explain, based on clinical studies in obesity, how leptin failed to control the disease.
Which gland secrets melatonin and what does it do? How can it alleviate jet lag, include the causes
of jet lag?
Explain the
control of
blood glucose
concentration
, including the
roles of
glucagon,
insulin, and α
and β cells in
the pancreatic
islets.
Distinguish
between type
I and type II
diabetes.
What is the normal range of blood glucose concentration?
Draw and
label diagrams
of the adult
female and
male
reproductive
systems.
Draw a diagram of the adult female reproductive system. Label and describe the function of the
following: ovary, uterus, bladder, urethra, vulva, large intestine, vagina, cervix, oviduct.
Define:
Glucagon
Insulin
Explain the functions of both the Alpha and Beta Cells in maintaining blood glucose concentration
levels?
Scientific Name of diabetes:
Differentiate between Type I and Type II Diabetes, must include causes and treatment of each type.
Draw a diagram of the adult male reproductive system. Label and describe the following: Sperm
duct, bladder, seminal vesicle, prostate gland, epididymis, scrotum, testis, foreskin, urethra, penis,
erectile tissue.
Outline the
role of
hormones in
the menstrual
cycle,
including FSH
(follicle
stimulating
hormone), LH
(luteinizing
hormone),
estrogen, and
progesterone.
What do hormones control in the menstrual cycle?
Give the purpose of the following hormones. Include where it is secreted in your answer.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone:
Luteinizing Hormone:
Estrogen:
Progesterone:
Explain the negative feedback and positive feedback of a menstrual cycle.
Negative Feedback:
Positive Feedback:
Explain the
effects of
estrogen and
progesterone
on pre-natal
female
reproductive
organs and
secondary
sexual
characteristics
during
puberty.
Explain the effects of estrogen and progesterone in females.
Outline the
process of in
vitro
fertilization
(IVF).
List and describe the steps of IVF, include the use of drugs to suspend secretion of hormones, the use
of artificial doses of hormones, and how they establish a pregnancy.
Discuss the
ethical issues
associated
with IVF.
Discuss the ethical issues associated with IVF.
Describe the
gene on the Y
chromosome
that causes
embryonic
development
of the gonads
into testes
and secrete
testosterone.
Explain the function and location of the SRY gene.
Describe 2 examples of each primary and secondary characteristics.
How can someone have the SRY gene and be a female?
Annotate a
graph
showing
hormone
levels in the
menstrual
cycle,
illustrating the
relationship
between
changes in
hormone
levels and
ovulation,
menstruation
and
thickening of
the
endometrium.
List three
roles of
testosterone
in males.
Testosterone is responsible for the following three things in males:
1. ______________________ development of male genitalia
2. Promotes development of _____________________characteristics:
Describe 2 examples of each primary and secondary characteristics.
3. maintenance of __________ drive
Development
s in scientific
research
follow
improvement
s in
apparatusWilliam
Harvey was
hampered in
his
observational
research into
reproduction
by lack of
equipment.
The
microscope
was invented
17 years after
his death
Harvey used deer to test Aristotle's theory of reproduction. Explain his findings, include why he used
to deer, his expected results, his results, why was his experiment considered both successful and
unsuccessful?
Explain how the microscope could have improved his research.