SATMALIYA DEER PARK: THE ECOLOGICAL PROUD OF D.N. & H.
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 History of Deer park
 Lush
green forests and rolling hills make up the natural beauty of union terriory of
Dadra & nagar havali, situated in the foothills of the sahyadri .
DN&H is former portugues colony , which merged into india in 1960 after suffering
colonial rule since 1771.The forest suffered great damage during this foreign rule
and the wild animals formerly found in large number , were drastically reduced.
However after liberation the forest deparment has taken up several projects to
restore the nature beauty of the forest .
The 92 sq km dadra & nagar havali wildlife sanctuary was notified in 2000 to ensure
greater protection and intensive manage ment intervention to restore and maintain the
wildlife habitat areas.
Two zones in the wildlife sanctuary, satmalia and Luhari are been developed since
1986-87 to encourage Nature Education through Eco-tourism.
Satmalia, opened to the public on 24/11/2004, is basically a natural forest and offers
several learning and fun opportunities to the visitor.
Fig.1.1.Grassland

Satmalia is being managed as a mix of forest woodland and grassland.
Habitat management interventions include plantations of local tree species, grass
species for restocking of the natural floral composition of the area.
Soil and water conservation measures are taken up to augment natural water supply
of the natural streams and perennial water sources through the area.
The area was also restocked with the fauna which was earliest found in the UT
forests,but lost during portuguese period.
1.2 The Flora
The forests are classified as 3B-C2 southern tropical moist (mixed)Deciduous as per the
Champion & seth classification.
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Fig.1.2 Forest &Animals
Major tree species are Teak, Khair, Mahua, Sadad, Biyo,Shisham and Haldu.
The area supports more than 200 species of trees, innumerable species of shrubs,
creepers, herbs and grasses; several of these having medicinal value.
A walk along the Nature trails is a rewarding experience in terms of viewing the
plants, flowers and photography.
An internal fair weather motorable 3.5 km long route is also maintained.
1.3 The Fauna
 The
forest is a home to large herbivores like sambar,chital, nilgai and the chausinga,
Fig.1.3chausinga
which is the UT state animal, in their natural habitat.
The carnivores like the leopard, jungle cat, Jackal and Hyenas can be sighted at rare
intervals.
Several smaller animals like the wild boar, Mongoose, wild Hare etc.
Can also be spotted.
Reptilians like the tortoise, Saw-scaled viper, Russrll’s viper, Common Cobra, Python,
Green vine snake and Rat snake can be seen.
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Fig.1.4 Kingfisher
Over 110 bird species add color to the forest and these include the endangered
Vultures and peacocks, Water birds, Raptores like kites and Eagles in addition to the
common forest birds like Drongos, Parakeets, owls, Egrets, Bulbuls, Mynahs, Kingfishers
and woodpeckers.
Insects, Dragonflies, Damselflies and Over 50 species of Butterflies including plain
Tiger, Common Mormon, common Emigrant, Tawny coaster, Rustic etc.Can also be seen
here.
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2.SPECIES OF DEER
2.1 DEER FAMILY OF INDIA
 Deer are the most ancient of all the ruminants (
cud chewing animals) and are mostly
found in the forests or in the open grasslands. Even though they are part of Boride still
there are many distinctions which separate them from this class. Nearly all the deer
species have large fissure below each eye and the gall bladder is absent in nearly all the
deer’s. Unlike other ruminants (cud chewing animals) deer have solid horns and that is
its most distinguishing factor. Deer antlers are mass of solid bone and are shed on regular
intervals and regrow again. Whereas in all other boride’s the horns are permanent and
are not shed.
India has a distinction of having the largest number of deer species in the world. The
species found in India varies in size as per the areas they live in.
The horn or the antler is the most important and fascinating part of a deer. The process
starts gradually and with each shedding it grows more and finally takes its shape. During
the growing of the antlers a soft shining skin covers the antlers and is known as “velvet”.
This skin is highly sensitive as it is fed by many blood vessels and can be injured easily.
When the antlers grow to take their final shape a ring of bone forms on the base and cuts
off the supply of blood to the velvet thus leading to its shedding. During this period many
deer can be seen rubbing their antlers on the tree trunk to get rid of the velvet. Shedding
of velvet is usually followed by the period of rutting and many stags are seen sparing
with each other to get hold of hinds.
These fights are mostly jostling with each other antlers interlocked and are rarely fatal.
The shedding of antlers is mainly after the finish of the rutting season. One factor playing
important role in the shedding of horns is the availability of good grass. For males good
intake of food means good source of calcium which helps in the formation of bone
(antlers) whereas for female this period acts as a good source of nutrients to nurse the
youngones.
 The surroundings play very important role in the body development of deer species. Deer
species of central India are known for their large size and big antlers. Whereas the
species found in Eastern and Southern India have antlers smaller in size. The difference
in habitat of swamp deer has led to the development of two sub species, hard ground and
soft ground barasingha.
The swamp deer and the sambar have large funnel shaped ears to catch maximum sound
as both inhabit denser parts of the forests. Whereas the chital has short ears as it inhabits
the fringes of the forest and open grasslands where catching sound is much easier.
Deer have profound effect on their surroundings and every type of deer plays a very
important role for Nature. They keep a control on the growth of grass and other tree types
which are favoured by them.
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Different species of Deer
 There are 45 species of deer.
These species are:
 Chinese Water Deer,
 Bornean Yellow Muntjac,
 Black Muntjac,
 Fea's Muntjac,
 Gong Shan Muntjac,
 Indian Muntjac,
 Leaf Muntjac,
 Reeves' Muntjac,
 Truong Son Muntjac,
 Giant Muntjac,
 Tufted Deer,
 White-lipped or Thorold's Deer,
 Philippine or Visayan Spotted Deer,
 Barasingha,
 Red Deer,
 Thamin,
 Philippine Sambar or Philippine Brown Deer,
 Sika Deer,
 Sunda Sambar or Rusa Deer,
 Indian Sambar,
 Chital,
 Calamian Deer,
 Bawean Deer,
 Hog Deer,
 Pere David's Deer,
 Fallow Deer,
 Persian Fallow Deer,
 Roe Deer,
 Moose (Elk),
 Mule Deer,
 White-tailed Deer,
 Pampas Deer,
 Red Brocket,
 Merioa Brocket,
 Dwarf Brocket,
 Grey Brocket,
 Pygmy Brocket,
 Yucatan Brown Brocket,
 Little Red Brocket,
 Northern Pudu,
 Southern Pudu,
 Marsh Deer,
 Peruvian Guemal or North Andean Deer,
 Chilean Guemal or South Andean Deer & Caribou/Reindeer
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2.2 Deer in satmaliya
Fig.2.1 spotted deer
SPOTTED DEER
(Axis axis)
Local Name:Chittal, Chitra pashu.
Physical measurements:
Height:65 to 90 cms.
Horns:85 cms.
Weight:69 to 90 kgs.
Gestation:6 months,Litter size-one
Life span:15 to 20 years.
Breeding:Any time of the year.
Description:chital is the most beautiful animal in the deer family. It looks extraordinary
beautiful due to white dots on its golden coat. Male gets large antlers, which are
branched, New antlers are velvety.
Food:Grass, Leaves fruits. Tender shoots bark etc.
Distribution:In forests of Gir, Dangs and vansda.
Habitat: Deciduous forests.
Behavior:Crepuscular this animal likes to graze at morning and at evening. Takes rest
due daytime. It passes the night in a group in open ground area keeping vigil in all
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directions. Gives alarm call like a shrill “Poohoo”. During rutting period male gives
rutting call which is “Onhoo-Onhoo”
Signs of presence: Hoof marks, alarm calls,rutting call, Sheded antlers.
 As the name suggest Chital has bright spots on its body. Out of the deer species Chital is the
most beautiful of them. Its coat has shining rufous-fawn color with bright white spots all
over the body and hardly changes color even in summers.
In India Chital is very widely distributed from the base of Himalayas to the steaming forests
of the south except in the north east. It inhabits the fringes of the forests and prefers to graze
in the grasslands. Any place with good grazing ground and plentiful water will have the
presence of Chital.
Chital are always seen in herds numbering 20-30 and will have many stags. In many areas
very big herds sometimes numbering hundreds have been seen together. They are known to
raid the cultivation fields especially in areas which are adjacent to the forests and cause
heavy damage to the crops. The best species of Chital can be found in the terai region in the
foothills of Himalayas and in Madhya Pradesh.
Fig.2.2Chital in group
Out of all deer Chital are most sociable animal. They can be easily seen in the company of
other deer species inhabiting the same forest. A very special relation ship worth mentioning
is between langur monkeys and the Chital. Where ever langurs feed on the trees, chital can
be seen feeding on the leaves and tender shoots which the monkeys drop on the ground. This
relationship also acts as an advance warning system against the arrival of predators. On
seeing a predator langurs give alarm call which makes the deer on the ground alert against
the danger.
The rutting season differs in Chital according to the areas they inhabit. In the northern areas
of India they tend to breed in winters and in warmer areas of Madhya Pradesh they mate in
summer months. The rutting call of an adult stag is a loud bellow and quite often fierce fight
between two stags can be seen for possession of hinds. There are no territorial fights in
Chital, the fights when happens are mainly for protecting the doe from other stags.
As Chital are preyed by virtually all the predators they have a very prolific breeding cycle
and give birth to young one every six month. In the wild a hind can be seen with two or
sometimes three young fawns all of different ages.
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Fig.2.3 sambar
SAMBAR
(CERVUS UNICOLOUR)
Local name: Sambar, sabar.
Physical Measurements:
Length: 150 to 200 cms.
Height:135 cms.
Weight:180 to 300 kgs.
Antlers: 105 cms.
Maturity:N.A.
Gestation: 6 Months, Litter size one
Life Span:N.A.
Breeding:November, December.
Description:Largest deer of the country. Male sambar can be identified by its dark
brown body and long branched antlers. It has a long round ears. Female does not
have antlers. Males have mane around neck and throat.
Food: Grass- Leaves, Wild fruits.
Distribution:In Gujrat , Shoolpaneswar sanctuary. Gir and Dangs Forests.
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Habitat: Rocky and hilly area of dense and open deciduous forests.
Behavior: Crepuscular to nocturnal, it takes rest during day time in Forest. It grazes
from evening to early morning. Prefers wallowing in poop, makes loud “bhoonk”
call when frightened, usually found in small groups in our area.
Signs of presence:Shedded antlers, hairs in wallowing area, droppings.
 Sambhar is the largest of all deer species found in the Indian Sub-continent. It also has
the finest pair of antlers sometimes reaching a length of around 40 inches. A full grown
adult stag can reach a weight of 300 kg.
It is mainly a forest dweller and prefers hills and denser parts of the forest. In India
Sambhar is found from the lower ranges of Himalayas to the forests of south India, from
the forests of Rajasthan to the forests of north east India.
The color of the coat is mainly brown with greyish tinge. The coat is mainly shaggy and
coarse and in summers the hair fall down. The older stags are very dark in color almost
looking black.
Sambhar prefers to live in the denser parts of the forest and likes to feed on leaves, wild
fruits and grass. They are extremely shy of humans and usually feed during the later part
of the evenings and in night.
The sense of hearing is very acute in Sambhar and they are helped in this by their large
funnel shaped ears. On seeing a predator a Sambhar gives a honking bark which is
repeated as long the predator is seen. In spite of its size Sambhar are very nimble in
moving through thick undergrowth without making much noise.
They are also very good swimmers and can be seen in the waters especially in the lakes
of Ranthambore.
The shedding of antlers takes place mainly in March end till mid April.Sambhar s prefer
to come to same tree again and again for rubbing off the velvet from the antlers. The
antler size varies in between the Sambhar found in Madhya Pradesh and the ones found
in the forests of North east India.
Sambhar's have the largest and very well developed facial glands to attract the females
by secreting scent and leaving the marks on the tree trunks.
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Fig.2.4 sambar
 The
fight between two stags is mainly for protecting the territory and rarely for the
females. The mating takes place mainly in November and December and the young ones
are born on the onset of rains when the forest is dense and the grass is high.
Males prefer to live alone and separate from hinds as soon as the mating is over.
Sambhar's always move around in small herds with hinds and young stags normally seen
together.
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Fig.2.5 blue bull
BLUE BULL
(Boselaphus tragocamelus)
Local Name:Nilgai,Rose.
Physical measurements:Length:215 cms
Height: 130-140 cms.
Weight:7 to 12 kgs.
Maturity:Female 25 months, male 30-35 months.
Gestation:9 months,
Litter size:two.
Life span:20 yrs.
Breeding:not definite
Discription:sexually dimorphic; horse like build; male has bluish black coat, two
white spots on each side of cheek; lips, chin, ankle and under surface of tail, white;
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black tuft of stiff hairs on throat; young and subadult males greyish –brownish;
small cone like horns, female dark, brown pale rufous in colour.
Habitat:grasslands, open countryside, open forests, scrub forests etc., Avoids dense
forests and steep with terrain.
Behavior: crepuscular, usually in small herd of 5-25. Makes a grunting sound when
danger is sensed, reports to same spot for dropping known as “adkadi”. Can jump
more than 2 meters.
Signs of presence:hoof marks, “Akdi.”
Fig.2.6 barking deer
BARKING DEER
(Munticacus muntjak)
Local name: Bhekhar, bhenkadu, kakar.
Physical measuremeants:
Height: 50 to 75cms.
Weight:23 kgs.
Antler size :10 to 13 cms.
Gestation: 6 Months.
Litter size: two
Life span :15 to 20 years.
Breeding : Round the year winter is peak breeding season.
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Description: Animal of deer fimaly , dark red or reddish brown in colour,males have
small antlers which are bifurcated.
Food: leaves ,grass,and fruits.
Distribution: shoolpaneswar sanct uary and in the forest of panch mahals, dangs
and vyara.
Habitat :dense forest.
Behavior:diurnal,the call resembles barking of dogs and hence the name; very shy,
usually seen signly or in paris.
Sings of presence: it make sound like sound of barking of dogs. It smells fear ,runs
away with continuos barking , sheded out antlers ect.
Fig.2.7chowsinga
FOUR HORNED ANTELOPE
(Tetraceros quadricornis)
Local Name: Chowsinga, ghuntadu, ghutar, ghutari.
Physical Measurements:
Length: 80-115 cms.
Height:60-65 cms.
Weight: 15 to 20 kgs.
Horns:Anterior 1-3 cms,posterior 8-12 cms.
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Gestation: 8 to 8.5 months, litter size 1-2.
Life span: 15 years
Breeding: january, may.
Meturity:20 months.
Description: only antelope with two pairs of horns. Reddish brown from above;
under parts, white; horns are not ringed; pair of glands in hindlegs. Female similar but
do not have horns and is slightly shorter.
Distribution:In gujarat , Gir and Girnar forest in saurashtra, sabarkantha, panchmahals,
vadodara and south Gujarat.
Habitat:Open to dense forests in hilly and undulating country.
Behavior:crepuscular, usually solitary or in pairs, prefers areas not far from the
waterhole, comes out in open areas for feeding but not too far from the edge of the
forests.Quite shy, defecates at one place.
Signs of presence:Small “Aakhali” a place for defecating.
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3 VETERINARY TREATMENT
3.1 Disease
Fig.3.1 disease contening deer
o Chronic wasting Disease in Deer.
Fig.3.2 johne’s disease
o This Deer has the wasted look that is a typical symptoms of Johne’s disease.
Fig.3.3 hemorrhagic disease
o Hemorrhagic disease in deer can be caused by either epizootic nemorr hagic.
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Fig.3.4 ears disease
o Deer ears before treatment.
3.2 medicines
The treatment of deer is depend upon their health. If the animal feel not well they give special
treatment of any disease.
Like anti shock drug, anti septic drug, anti biotic, e.g. tetracycline.
Hydrogen peroxide is use as disinfectant.
Iodine, sprit is use for dressing.
The Medicines are mostly use for treatment of Deer which is
Fenbendazole
Albendazole
Praziquantel
Fenbendazole :
Formula : C15H13N3O2S
methyl N-(6-phenylsulfanyl-1H-benzoimidazol2-yl)carbamate Fenbendazole
Fenbendazole is a broad spectrum benzimidazole anthelmintic used against gastrointestinal
parasites including roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, the taenia species of tapeworms,
pinworms, aelurostrongylus, paragonimiasis, strongyles and strongyloides and can be
administered to Deer sheep, cattle, horses, fish, dogs, cats, rabbits and seals. Drug interactions
may occur if using bromsalan flukicides such as dibromsalan and tribromsalan. Abortions in
cattle and death in sheep have been reported after using these medications together.
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Toxicity
Despite being widely used as a dewormer in many species, toxicity has been reported. Birds
(storks, pink pelicans, vultures, pigeons and doves) and reptiles (vipers, turtles and tortoises)
have shown toxicity associated with bone marrow suppression, intestinal crypt cell necrosis and
distal villi sloughing.] Abortions in domestic ruminants have been associated with concurrent use
of anti-trematode therapeutic agents.
Fenbendazole is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in most species. The LD50 in
laboratory animals exceeds 10 g/kg when administered orally.
Albendazol
Methyl [6-(propylthio)-1H-ben Albendazole, marketed as Albania, Eskazole, Zentel and
Andazol, is a member of the benzimidazole compounds used as a drug indicated for the
treatment of a variety of worm infestations. Although this use is widespread in the United States,
the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved albendazole for this indication.
It is marketed by Amedra Pharmaceuticals. Albendazole was first discovered at the SmithKline
Animal Health Laboratories in 1972. It is a broad spectrum anthelmintic, effective against:
roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes of domestic animals and humans.
Content
Main uses
It is effective first line of treatment against:


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








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Flatworms
Flukes/trematodes
Fasciolosis
Tapeworm/cestodes
Cysticercosis
Echinococcosis[2]
Nematodes
Enterobiasis (pinworm infection)
Trichuriasis (whipworm infection)
Ascariasis
Hookworm
Cutaneous larva migrans (caused by Ancylostoma)
Filariasis
Mode of action
 As a vermicidal, albendazole causes degenerative alterations in the tegument and
intestinal cells of the worm by binding to the colchicine-sensitive site of tubulin, thus
inhibiting its polymerization or assembly into microtubules. The loss of the cytoplasmic
microtubules leads to impaired uptake of glucose by the larval and adult stages of the
susceptible parasites, and depletes their glycogen stores. Degenerative changes in the
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endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondria of the germinal layer, and the subsequent
release of lysosomes result in decreased production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP),
which is the energy required for the survival of the helminth. Due to diminished energy
production, the parasite is immobilized and eventually dies.
Albendazole also has been shown to inhibit the enzyme fumarate reductase, which is
helminth-specific. This action may be considered secondary to the effect on the
microtubules due to the decreased absorption of glucose. This action occurs in the
presence of reduced amounts of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide in reduced form
(NADH), which is a coenzyme involved in many cellular oxidation-reduction reactions.
Albendazole has larvicidal effects in necatoriasis and ovicidal effects in ascariasis,
ancylostomiasis, and trichinosis.
Dosage
Albendazole is only given orally (PO).
Hydatid disease (Echinococcosis)
Patients 60 kg or greater: 400 mg twice daily, with meals.
Patients less than 60 kg: 15 mg/kg/day given in divided doses twice daily with meals
(maximum total daily dose 800 mg).
Treatment interval: 28-day cycle followed by a 14-day albendazole-free interval, for a total of
3 cycles.
Praziquantel
(RS)-2-(Cyclohexanecarbonyl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-pyrazino[2,1-a]isoquinolin-4(11bH)one
Praziquantel (Biltricide) is an anthelmintic effective against flatworms. Praziquantel is not
licensed for use in humans in the UK; it is, however, available as a veterinary anthelmintic, and
is available for use in humans on a named-patient basis.
Contents
Uses
Flukes/trematodes
Praziquantel is used against Schistosoma. As of 2005, praziquantel is the primary treatment for
human schistosomiasis, for which it is usually effective in a single dose.
Praziquantel is also used to treat liver flukes such as Clonorchis sine sis, and against fascioliasis.
Praziquantel is also used to treat paragonimiasis.Tapeworms/cestodes
Praziquantel is also used to treat cestode (tapeworm) infections, including:
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Echinococcosis
Cysticercosis, though it has been judged less effective than albendazole in treatment of
neurocysticercosis.
Intestinal tapeworms. In veterinary medicine it is widely used against tapeworms, either
alone or in combination with pyrantel pamoate
Mode of action
 Although the mode of action is not exactly known at present, there is experimental
evidence that praziquantel increases the permeability of the membranes of schist some
cells towards calcium ions. The drug thereby induces contraction of the parasites,
resulting in paralysis in the contracted state. The dying parasites are dislodged from their
site of action in the host organism and may enter systemic circulation or may be
destroyed by host immune reaction (phagocytosis). Additional mechanisms including
focal disintegrations and disturbances of oviposition (lying of eggs) are seen in other
types of sensitive parasites.
Another hypothesis concerning the mechanism of action of praziquantel has been
recently reported. The drug seems to interfere with adenosine uptake in cultured worms.
This effect may have therapeutical relevance given that the schist some, as the Tania and
the echinococcus (other praziquantel sensitive parasites), is unable to synthesize purines
such as adenosine de novo.
Bayer's Animal Health Division website states, "Praziquantel is active against custodies’
(tapeworms). Praziquantel is absorbed, metabolized in the liver and excreted in the bile.
Upon entering the digestive tract from the bile, cestocidal activity is exhibited. Following
exposure to praziquantel, the tapeworm loses its ability to resist digestion by the
mammalian host. Because of this, whole tapeworms, including the scolices, are very
rarely passed after administration of praziquantel. In many instances only disintegrated
and partially digested pieces of tapeworms will be seen in the stool. The majority of
tapeworms are digested and are not found in the feces."
Side effects
 The majority of side effects develop due to the release of the contents of the parasites as
they are killed and the consequent host immune reaction. The heavier the parasite
burden, the heavier and more frequent the side effects normally are.
Central nervous system: Frequently occurring side effects are dizziness, headache, and
malaise. Drowsiness, somnolence, fatigue, and vertigo have also been seen. Almost all
patients with cerebral cysticercosis experience CNS side effects related to the cell-death
of the parasites (headache, worsening of pre-existing neurological problems, seizures,
arachnoiditis, and meningism). These side effects may be life-threatening and can be
reduced by coadministration of corticosteroids. It is strongly recommended that all
patients with cerebral cysticercosis are hospitalized during treatment.
GI Tract: Approximately 90% of all patients have abdominal pain or cramps with or
without nausea and vomiting. Diarrhea may develop and may be severe with colic.
Sweating, fever, and sometimes bloody stools may occur together with diarrhea.
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Liver: Asymptomatic and transient increases of liver enzymes (AST and ALT) are noted
frequently (up to 27%). No case of symptomatic liver damage has ever been seen so far.
Sensitivity reactions: Urticaria, rash, pruritus and eosinophilia in white blood cell counts
Other locations/body as a whole: Lower back pain, myalgia, arthralgia, fever, sweating,
various cardiac arrhythmias, and hypotension
Drug interactions
Antibiotics
A study found that the antibiotic rifampicin decreases plasma concentrations of praziquantel.
Antiepileptics
Carbamazepine and phenytoin are reported to reduce the bioavailability of praziquantel.
Antimalarials
Chloroquine reduces the bioavailability of praziquantel.
Antacids / histamine H2-antagonists
At least 2 studies indicate the drug cimetidine heightens praziquantel bioavailability.
Dosage
For schistosomiasis, the dose is 20 milligrams/kilogram by mouth every 4–6 hours for one day.
For tapeworms, the dose is 5–25 mg/kg by mouth once. For liver fluke, the dose is 25 mg/kg by
mouth every 4–6 hours for one day. These dosages are for patients over 4 years old, and are to
be taken with food or a few minutes before a meal.
Brand names
Biltricide (Bayer) 600 mg Tablets (for human use)
Cesol (Merck) Tablets
Cestoved (Vedco) both tablets and injectable for veterinary use
Cysticide (Merck) Tablets
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4. Organs use in medicine
4.1Deer Antlers and Chinese Medicine
Fig.4.1 Deer juice
Deer antlers are thought to "build up spiritual as well as physical powers." They are consumed in
tonics and teas at the beginning of the winter to ward off flu and colds. The deer antlers are
usually cut with blood imbedded in them. Sometimes the blood is squeezed out of the horn. One
woman who was buying deer antlers at a pharmacy told the New York Times, "I need energy. I
want to have a second baby, and I think this will help."
Deer antler are often sliced paper thin and boiled with ginseng and herbs. The slices closer to the
root are considered more valuable and better for health than those near the tip. Slices from short
antler are said tp be better than those form long antlers, A 29-day treatment costs around $1,100.
According to research by the New Zealand Game Industry—a source of deer antlers—antler
velvet stimulates the immune system and white blood cell production. Their research showed
that the upper sections of the antlers were more affective than those from the lower sections.
Some Korean farmer farmers raise deer for their antlers. The meat is sold to venison-loving
Germany. Imported deer antlers are purchased at a price $5 for 75 grams and sold for $9 on the
wholesale market and $20 on the retail market. Koreans also fancy elk antlers. Moose antlers are
considered low quality.
In South Korea, tonics made with deer antlers and the parts of endangered animals are often
consumed on special occasions, once or twice a year to boost energy. Deer sinew and tendons
are regarded as cures for rheumatism. They comes in large and small portions.
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4.2 Deer Penis
Fig.4.2 Deer Penis
Dried deer penis is popular in traditional Chinese medicine, and sold in Chinese pharmacies,
believing it has important therapeutic properties and effective for athletic injuries, and remedy
for impotency or male virility.
4.3 Deer Antlers
Fig.4.3 Deer Antlers
Deer antlers are believed to build up physical and spiritual powers, if antlers are mixed in tonic
or tea drinks and consumed and best remedy for colds and flu. As they cut the antlers, they
squeezed the blood in it and mixed on herbal preparations. The antlers are sliced thinly and
boiled with ginseng herbal plants and other herbs. They also believed if the slices are closer to
the antler’s roots it is more effective for health than the antler’s tip. But the New Zealand Game
and Industry research said the tip of antlers are more effective than of the lower part and
stimulates the immune system and production of white blood cells. Deer Musk when rubbed in
the “private parts”, can stimulate virility.
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4.4 Deer Sinew and Tendons
Fig.4.5 Deer Sinew(fresh)
fig.4.6 Deer back sinew (dried)
Fig.4.7 Deer tendons
4.5 Deer Antler Velvet
Deer Antler Velvet has been prized in Chinese medicine for its use as a sexual stimulant, as well
as a tonic. A 2000 year old silk scroll describes the use of deer antler as a remedy for over 50
illnesses. It is considered one of the strongest ‘yang’, or ‘male energy’ tonics. Yang energy is an
important aspect of sexuality and libido in both men and women, as well as a primary indicator
of overall health, strength and vitality. While deer antler velvet does not act as an immediate
sexual stimulant it has been shown to have adaptogenic effects, enhancing overall strength and
endurance, and decreasing muscle fatigue. 9 Deer Antlers are high in IGF-1 (insulin growth
factor). 10 Maintenance of sufficient IGF-1 is linked to “anti-aging” factors in humans,
including enhanced physical activity, muscle function, and testosterone and DHEA levels. 11
Deer Antler is high in amino acids, including arginine and the branched chain amino acids
valine, leucine and isoleucine, needed for growth of muscle fibers. Scientific studies show that
deer antler is useful for anemia, by increasing hemoglobin, as well as the number of red blood
cells, 12 which supports energy and vitality. Deer antlers regenerate yearly 13, and undergo
extremely active mitotic growth. One hypothesis of deer antler’s sexual enhancing effects, is that
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these quickly regenerating cells may act in a similar manner to stem cells, and provide ‘young
and rejuvenating’ cellular substance to the body. Measurement of the proliferating cell nuclear
antigen (PCNA) found that the entire antler is in a state of growth and renewal, especially the
keratinocytes that make up the basal cell layer of the epidermis that forms the deer antler velvet.
14 Deer antler velvet contains several components that support the growth of healthy joint tissue,
including several glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, hyaluronic
acid, and dermatan sulfate. 15 The dosage is 500mg-1000 mg/ day. The only known caution is
the possibility of mild stomach upset with larger than usual doses of this supplement.
4 PRECOUTION
 The deer is very sensitive from T.B. disease
 Dry atmosphere without stress and good food is it’s first requirements.
Does & Don’ts
 Precautions in the Park
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Do's
Engage in Photography.
Visit in small groups. Silence and discipline pays.
Carry drinking water, binoculars and first aid medicines.
Respect animal and their customs.
Walk along the Nature trails.
Don’ts
Do not expect to see animals as a matter of routine, be patient.
Do not enter the park without permission.
Do not walk alone in the humpies.
Do not take away anything away from the park.
Do not wear colorful clothes and perfumes.
Do not disturb or tease animals.
Do not carry radio, tape recorder and other valuables.
Do not throw litter around including food.
Do not carry plastic
Do not play Music /Car horns or shout.
DO not disturb the animals
Do not swim in unfair waters and don't carry cigarette and match boxes.
Do not pluck flowers, leaves. Do not damage trees.
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