5/27/2013
Institute for Building Materials
FROM PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION TO BIO‐INSPIRED MATERIALS Ingo Burgert
ETH Zurich, Institute for Building Materials & Empa, Wood Lab, Switzerland COST Action FP1105 – Edinburgh, 13.5.-14.5.
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
Institute for Building Materials
Objective:
High value wood-based materials
Understanding of the
biological system
Materials
development
(bio-inspired)
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
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5/27/2013
Institute for Building Materials
Biomaterials Research
Biological Material
Engineering Material
Few Elements dominate:
C, N, O, H, Ca, P, S….
Large Variety of Elements:
Fe, Cr, Ni, Al, Si, C, N, O, …
Hierarchical structure
at all size levels
Form (of the part) and
Micro-structure (of the material)
Growth by biologically
controlled self-assembly
Fabrication from melts,
powders, solutions,
Adaptation to function
and changing environment
Design & Selection of
material according to function
Healing
Capability of self-repair
Secure Design of the part
and secure materials selection
after Fratzl & Weinkamer (2007) Progress in Materials Science
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
Institute for Building Materials
Lessons from Nature
Fratzl et al. (2004)
J. Mater. Chem.
Nature optimizes stiffness and toughness by a clever coupling
of two phases in fibre composite structures
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
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5/27/2013
Institute for Building Materials
Lessons from Nature
Hierarchical structure of the
glass-sponge Euplectella sp
Stiff &
tough glass
Aizenberg, Weaver, Thanawala, Sundar,
Morse, Fratzl (2005) Science
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
Institute for Building Materials
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
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5/27/2013
Institute for Building Materials
Mechanical function of cellulose orientation
16
m [%]
12
Fibrils in the
cell wall of
wood
Strain
Strain to
to
fracture
fracture
 = 0°
8

4
0
E-Modulus
E-Modulus
E [GPa]
15
 =50°
10
5
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
 [°]
Reiterer et al. Phil. Mag. (1999);
J. Mater. Sci. (2001)
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
Institute for Building Materials
In-situ methods
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
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5/27/2013
Institute for Building Materials
In-situ fibre tests in a
Raman microscope
Molecular deformation
of the cell wall composite
1
1.0
0
Gierlinger et al. (2006)
Biomacromolecules
-1
0.6
-2
-1
-3
0.4
shift [cm ]
stress [GPa]
0.8
Lignin,
C=C
Cellulose,
C-O-C
-4
0.2
-5
0.0
-6
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
strain [-]
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
Institute for Building Materials
In-situ tests combined with X-ray diffraction
a
Change of cellulose orientation
50
Compression wood tissue of spruce
tested in the wet condition
(MPa)
40
30
20
Velcro effect
10
12
0
c
b
MFA (deg)
45
A
slope G
42
12
39
≈ 2MFA
36
0.00
0.05
0.10

C
0.15
B
-c
0.20
Keckes et al. (2003) Nature Materials
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
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5/27/2013
Institute for Building Materials
Levy & Shoseyov (2004) Current Protein
and Peptide Science
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
Institute for Building Materials
Laaksonen et al. (2011) Angewandte Chemie
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
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5/27/2013
Institute for Building Materials
Cell wall modification
Polymer chemistry
Biomimetics
Heartwood formation as concept generator
Reduction of water
uptake
Reduction of swelling
and shrinking
Inrease of durability
Robinia pseudoacacia
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
Institute for Building Materials
Cell wall modification - spruce
Insertion of flavonoids in the cell wall
Ermeydan et al. (2012)
Applied Materials & Interfaces
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
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5/27/2013
Institute for Building Materials
Functions of plant surfaces
Koch et al. (2009) Progress in Materials Science
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
Institute for Building Materials
Self-cleaning
Self-cleaning surfaces of plants
Barthlott & Neinhuis (1997) Planta
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
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5/27/2013
Institute for Building Materials
Modified cellulose-based materials
Jin et al. (2011) Langmuir
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
Institute for Building Materials
Actuation due to changes of moisture content
Swelling and shrinking of
matrix polymers
Dawson et al. (1997) Nature
Elbaum et al. (2007) Science
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
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5/27/2013
Institute for Building Materials
Bio-inspired Microactuators
Hybrid materials made from slica needles and hydrogels
Sidorenko et al. (2007) Science
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
Institute for Building Materials
Seed Capsule Unfolding of Ice Plants
dry seed capsule
hydrated seed capsule
hygroscopic
keel
seeds
protective
valve
Harrington et al. (2011) Nature Commun.
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
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5/27/2013
Institute for Building Materials
Hygroscopic keel
Harrington et al. (2011)
Nature Commun.
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
Institute for Building Materials
Swellable Cells of the Keel
Changes in cellular dimensions drive keel deformation
Harrington et al. (2011) Nature Commun.
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
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5/27/2013
Institute for Building Materials
Lignin: 1540-1760 cm-1
Water: 3050-3640 cm-1
Cellulose: 1026-1196 cm-1
Cellulose: 1026-1196 cm-1
Harrington et al. (2011) Nature Commun.
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
Institute for Building Materials
Colleagues at IfB
Colleagues at Empa
Thanks
MPI-KG
Peter Fratzl
Michaela Eder
John Dunlop
Matt Harrington
Funding organizations
Bundesamt für Umwelt BAFU
- Aktionsplan Holz
Lignum
SNF NFP66, R`Equip
DFG SPP1420
Marie Curie COFUND
Wood Materials
Science Group
Markus Rüggeberg
Etienne Cabane
Xiaoqing Wang
Munish Chanana
Burgi Gierlinger
Tobias Keplinger
Nikita Aigner
Andrea Merletti
Khashayar Razghandi
Vivian Merk
Mahmut Ermeydan
Ingo Burgert, ETH Institute for Building Materials & Empa Wood Lab
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