Standard 1: Cell Biology
The fundamental life
processes of plants animals
depend on a variety of
chemical reactions that
occur in specialized areas
of the organism’s cells.
Standard 1a.
•Students know cells are
enclosed within semi
permeable membranes
that regulate their
interaction with their
surroundings.
Standard 1c
•Students know how
prokaryotic cells,eukaryotic
cells(including those from
plants and animals), and
viruses differ in complexity
and general structure.
Standard 1e
•Students know the role
of the endoplasmic
reticulum and Golgi
apparatus in the
secretion of the proteins.
Biology Notes
Cell Structure and
Function
Chapter 3
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Important people and their
contributions to the Cell
Hook – First to identify and name cells
in 1665
Schleiden – Discovered that plants are
made up of cells. (1838)
Schwann – Discovered that all living
things are made up of cells. (1839)
Virchow – Determined that cells come
from other cells (reproduce). (1858)
Cell Theory
1. All organisms are made up of cells.
2. New cells come only from old cells.
3. The cell is the basic unit of life.
Cellular Similarities
• All cells are made up of the same
material:
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Cytoplasm
Genetic Material (Nucleic Acids)
Prokaryotic Cell
• Cells that do not have a nucleus or
other membrane bound organelles
• Kingdom Monera (bacteria)are the
only group with this type of cell.
• Contain only a single strand of DNA
• One celled organisms
Eukaryotic Cell
• Have a nucleus
• Contain membrane
bound organelles within
a plasma membrane
• Some cells have a cell
wall that provide
support and protection
• Multi-cellular organisms
Eukaryotic Cells are
Found in:
•
•
•
•
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Animal Cell Organelles
• Nucleus & cell control
• Endoplasmic reticulum
(rough & smooth)
• Golgi Apparatus
• Vacuoles &
Lysosomes
• Mitochondria
The Plasma Membrane
• Boundary between the cell and its
environment
• Regulates functions of the cell
• Maintains Homeostasis
• Selectively Permeable
• Composed of a Phospholipid Bilayer
• Described by Fluid Mosaic model
Fluid Mosaic Model
• Fluid - membrane is flexible
• Mosaic - forms patterns on the
membrane surface
Nucleus
• The “leader” of the eukaryotic cell
• Surrounded by the Nuclear Membrane
• Controls all cellular activities
• Stores and protects DNA
• Directions for making proteins
in the DNA
• Every part of the cell depends on
proteins to do their job.
Nuclear Membrane
• Protects the contents of the nucleus
• Contains Nuclear Pores:
–Holes that allow ribosomes to pass
through and enter into the cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm – clear fluid that is in the
cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth E. R
Rough E.R
• Site for chemical
reactions
• Makes lipids
• Has several folds of
membranes
surrounded in the
cytoplasm
• Ribosomes in the
cytoplasm attach to
E.R.
• Carry out function
of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
• Links Amino Acids together to make
proteins
• Each protein has a particular job to
do
Mitochondria
• Powerhouse of the
cell
• Supplies energy to
the cell
• Converts consumed
food into usable
energy
• ATP is the energy
molecule produced
Golgi Apparatus
• Makes additional
changes to
proteins
• Packages proteins
for storage
• Proteins are sorted
and sent to the
appropriate
designation
Storage of Material
Vacuoles
Lysosomes
• Membrane bound
• Digestion of excess
spaces
organelles, food
particles and
• Stores materials
engulfed viruses &
such as: food,
enzymes, and waste bacteria
• Prevent digestive
• Many small ones in
enzymes inside from
animals cells; one
destroying the cell
large one in plant
cells
Cell Wall
• Protective layer located outside of
the plasma membrane
• Provides structure and support for
plant cells
• Not contained in animal cells
Chloroplast
• Carry out photosynthesis
• Capture light energy and produce
food to store for a later time
Organelle Review
Plasma Membrane Surrounds The
Cytoplasm
Which contains
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Nucleus