Muligheter og
utfordringer for
samfunnsplanlegging i
store og små nordiske
og arktiske byer
Nettverkssamling for regional planlegging i Bodø
13 juni 2017
Lukas Smas, PhD
Senior Research Fellow, Nordregio
Adjunct teacher, Stockholm University
Population of Urban and Rural Areas at Mid-Year (thousands) and Percentage Urban, 2014
Major area, region, country or area
WORLD
EUROPE
Northern Europe
Channel Islands
Denmark
Estonia
Faroe Islands
Finland
Iceland
Ireland
Isle of Man
Latvia
Lithuania
Norway
Sweden
United Kingdom
Urban
Rural
3 880 128
545 382
81 747
51
4 935
868
21
4 577
313
2 944
45
1 376
2 001
4 084
8 251
52 280
3 363 656
197 431
19 191
112
705
416
29
866
20
1 733
41
665
1 007
1 008
1 381
11 209
Total
7 243 784
742 813
100 938
163
5 640
1 284
49
5 443
333
4 677
86
2 041
3 008
5 092
9 631
63 489
Percentage urban
53,6
73,4
81,0
31,4
87,5
67,6
41,7
84,1
94,0
63,0
52,1
67,4
66,5
80,2
85,7
82,3
2
Urban?
Urbanization is “the tremendous
concentration (of people, activities,
wealth, goods, objects, instruments, means
and thought) of urban reality and the
immense explosion, the projection of
numerous, disjunct fragments (peripheries,
suburbs, vacation homes, satellite towns)
into space.”
Lefebvre, Henri. 2003 (1970). The urban revolution.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.(p. 14)
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Overview
― Challenges for Nordic urban areas
― Challenges for governing city-regions
― Small and medium sized (SMS) cities?
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Sustainable Development Goals
―
By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems
for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special
attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with
disabilities and older persons.
―
By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory,
integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries.
―
By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public
spaces, in particular for women and children, older persons and persons with disabilities.
―
Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban
and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning.
5
2
0
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0
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Nordic collaboration
― Nordic Solutions to Global Challenges
• a joint initiative by the Prime Ministers of the Nordic countries
― Nordic Working Groups 2013-2016
• Green Growth: Sustainable Urban Regions
‒ City-regions and larger urban areas
― Nordic Thematic Groups 2017-2020
• Sustainable cities and urban development
‒ Small and medium sized cities
6
2500000
Stockholm
Copenhagen
Helsinki
Oslo
Goteborg
Malmo
2000000
Aarhus
Tampere
Bergen
Odense
Turku
Aalborg
1500000
Stavanger
Trondheim
Oulu
Uppsala
Reykjavík
Linköping
1000000
Örebro
Västerås
Helsingborg
Jyväskylä
Lahti
Norrköping
500000
Jönköping
Umeå
Kristiansand
Kuopio
Borås
Tromsö
0
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
7
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0
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0
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CONTINUOUS URBANIZATION
During the last 20 years, 97% of the population growth in the Nordic
region has occurred in 30 functional urban areas. Accommodating this
growing population with housing, infrastructure, services and so forth, in
a sustainable way, is the overarching challenge.
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DENSIFICATION AND MIX OF
FUNCTIONS
Compact city development is a paramount urban policy in the Nordic
region, but implementing this in practice is challenging. For example, the
best way to locate and mix different urban functions and to maintain a
good quality of life in urban areas, which are becoming denser, is not
immediately evident.
9
2
0
/
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES
Even though Nordic cities and regions are internationally known for social
cohesion and relative social equality, a fundamental challenge is the
socio-economic polarization and fragmentation within urban areas.
10
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DIVERSE EVERYDAY LIVES
Diversified lifestyles and mobility patterns across municipal and regional
(and national) boundaries, in and around Nordic cities and regions, create
new challenges for spatial planning in the 21st century.
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GOVERNING ACROSS ADMINISTRATIVE
BORDERS
The importance of city-regions challenges traditional borders but also
provides opportunities for new political and administrative collaboration
based on functional networks across scales and sectors.
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CO-ORDINATION OF PLANS AND
POLICIES
There are numerous spatial plans and policies at different scales in the
Nordic region. Because these are interconnected and dependent on
external actors and institutions outside the domain of statutory planning,
there are key challenges in co-ordination, implementation and
governance.
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PRACTISING COMMUNICATIVE
PLANNING
Communication is key challenge both within city-regions, between public
authorities directly or indirectly involved in spatial planning, and with
various external stakeholders – from private individuals and NGOs to
firms and businesses.
14
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0
/
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4
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PLANNING REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
A common plan for the development of a city-region is a way to address
many contemporary problems. However, collaboration within and
between city-regions is challenging, not least in the political context
where regional planning is contested.
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2
0
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CHALLENGES AND POSSIBILITIES
Continuous urbanization
Densification and mix of functions
Socio-economic differences
Diverse everyday life
Governing across administrative borders
Co-ordination of plans and policies
Practising communicative planning
Planning regional development
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SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZED CITIES IN
THE NORTH
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2
0
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0
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QUANTITATIVE DEFINTIONS
30000000
25000000
20000000
Popoulation in FUA
S
between 50 000 and 100 000
15000000
Population outside FUA
M
between 100 000 and 250 000
10000000
Total population
L
between 250 000 and 500 000
XL
between 500 000 and 1 000 000
XXL
between 1 000 000 and 5 000 000
Global city
of more than 5 000 000
5000000
0
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
Finland
Denmark
Sweden
Iceland
Norway
EU
S
4
1
9
4
410
Global
M L XL XXL city Total
2
1
7
2
1
4
2 1
1
13
1
1
1
1
6
261 71 38 24
2
806
18
19
20
21
22
2
0
/
0
4
/
URBAN-RURAL CONTINUUM
City core
Suburb
Suburban fringe
Local center in rural area
Rural area near city cores
Rural areas
Sparsely populated rural areas
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QUALITATIVE CHANGES
The urban is not simply a quantitative expansion of city populations or an
outwards extension of inherited metropolitan jurisdictional boundaries,
but has entailed a qualitative reconstitution of the urban itself in which
a host of inherited spatial oppositions—for instance, city/suburb;
urban/rural; core/periphery; North/South; society/nature—are being
fundamentally rearticulated, if not superseded entirely.
Brenner, Neil, David J. Madden, and David Wachsmuth. 2010. Assemblage urbanism and the challenges of critical
urban theory. City 15, no. 2: 225 – 40.
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THINK BIG ABOUT THINKING SMALL
Small cities are both unique and typical examples of urbanity. Small cities
are typical in a quantitative sense, and theorists have been too dazzled by
the spectacular urbanism of big cities to notice them. They are unique in
that the way they ‘do’ cityness is distinctive, while still recognizably
urban.
Bell, David, and Mark Jayne. 2009. Small Cities? Towards a Research Agenda’, International Journal of Urban and
Regional Research 33, no 3: 683–99.
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QUESTIONS?
― What is a small and medium sized city in a
Nordic and Arctic context?
― What is a the function of small and medium
sized cities within a region?
― What specific challenges are small and sized
cities in the North facing?
― What opportunities and advantages does
small and medium sized cities in the North
have?
― …
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Thanks
www.nordregio.se
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