UNIT 8: HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, CH 17 Title ______________________________________________________________________ PG 1
BIG IDEA: _____________________________ underlies the ______________________________________ of life’s diversity.
Sec 17.1 Title ____________________________________________________________________________________________
MAIN IDEA: Biologist use a _____________________ of classification to ______________________________ ____________________________ about the
diversity of _______________________________ things.
Define Vocabulary: morphology, classification, taxonomy, binomial nomenclature, taxon, genus, family order, class, phylum,
division, kingdom, domain
A. Early Systems of ___________________________, the _________________________ of objects or ______________________________ base on a set of
criteria.
1. Aristotle’s System – more than _______________ years ago, _____________________ developed the first widely accepted system
of ______________________________ __________________________. He classified organisms as either _________________ or ______________.
Animals were classified according to the presence or absence of “____________ __________________.” Animals were further
grouped according to their ______________________ or ___________________________. Plants were classified by average ___________
and ________________________as trees, ___________________, or ___________________.
SEE TABLE 17.1 p 484 Aristotle’s Classification System – Think of some problems that may arise from this system.
2. Linnaeus’s System – in an attempt to organize the system, a Swedish _______________________ named __________________
________________________ came up with a system that ___________________ organisms into hierarchical categories. Linnaeus’s
system of ________________________________ was the first formal system of _______________________________, a system of biology
concerned with ____________________________, _________________________, and ___________________________ species based on natural
relationships. He used the organisms ______________________________ (form and function). His system consisted of seven l
levels of organization: K________________________, P______________________ (or division), C________________, O________________,
F____________________, G___________________, S____________________.
3. Binomial nomenclature – Linnaeus’s method of ___________________________ organisms. ___________________________________
_________________________________ gives each __________________ a scientific name with _____________ parts. The first part is the
_____________________ name, and the second part is the specific ___________________ or name that __________________ the species.
Rules for Scientific Names
1. The first letter of the ________________ name is always Capitalized, but the rest of the genus name and __________
letters of the _______________________ epithet are lowercase.
2. If a scientific name is written in a printed book or ____________________________, it should be ________________________
(e.g., Homo sapiens)
3. When a scientific name is written by hand, both parts of the name should be ____________________________________.
(e.g., Homo sapiens)
4. After the __________________________ name has been written completely, the _______________ name will often be
abbreviated to the ______________ letter in later appearances. (e.g., H. sapiens)
B. Taxonomic Categories
1. The taxonomic categories used by scientists are part of a ___________________________ system/
2. Each category is ____________________________ within another, and are arranged for _________________________ to the most
_____________________________, or _________________________ to _______________________________
3. Each named group is called a ______________________.
4. Higher taxa: An ___________ contains related families. A _____________ contains related orders. A ________________ or division
contains related classes. The taxon of related phyla or divisions is a _________________. The ________________ is the broadest
of all the taxa and contains one or more kingdom.
17.2 Title _____________________________________________________________________________________________
PG 2
MAIN IDEA: ___________________________ systems have changed over time as ___________________________ has ______________________________.
Define Vocabulary: phylogeny, character, molecular clock, cladistics, cladogram
A. SEE TABLE 17.2 What is a species? ________________________________ is the evolutionary history of a ________________________.
B. Characters – To____________________ a species, scientists construct patterns of __________________ by using _______________________,
inherited _______________________ that vary among species.
1. Morphological Characters - Shared morphological characters suggest that species are related closely and evolved
from a recent common ancestor. _______________________characters are those that have the same function but different
underlying construction. ____________________________ characters might perform different functions, but show an anatomical
similarity inherited from a common ancestor.
***Compare birds and dinosaurs: Theropods have leg, wrist, hip, and shoulder_______________________ similar to birds.
They have _____________________bones and sometheropods may have had feathers.
2. Biochemical Characters - Scientists use biochemical characters, such as ____________ _____________ and ___________________, to
help them determine _______________________ relationships among _________________. _________________ and ___________ analyses
are
powerful tools for reconstructing ___________________________. The similar appearance of __________________________ among
chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans suggests a ___________________ ________________________.
*** Molecular Clocks – a model that is used to __________________________ DNA ________________________ from _______ different
_____________ to estimate how long they have been ______________________ since they diverged from a _____________ _____________.
Scientists use __________________ ________________ to compare the __________ sequences or ____________ ___________ sequences of
genes that are shared by different species. The differences between the genes indicate the presence of ____________________.
The more mutations that have accumulated, the more ________________ that has passed since ___________________(separation).
C. Phylogenetic Reconstruction - Cladistics reconstructs phylogenies based on shared characters. A ________________________
can be used to show the amount of ____________________ characteristics. The greater the number of _________________
_________________________ shared by groups, the more recently the groups share a common ancestor.
17.3 Title _______________________________________________________________________________
MAIN IDEA: The _____________ ________________ ____________biological _______________________________ system has ______ _________________
within _________ ___________________________.
Define Vocabulary: archaea, protist, fungus,conjugation, binary fission, pili, vegetative propagation, symmetry
A. Grouping Species - The _________________ category in the classification system used by most biologists is the ________________.
The most widely used biological classification system has _____ __________________ and _______ ____________________________. The
three domains are _____________________, ________________________, ___________________________.T he six kingdoms are _________________,
_____________________, ________________________, _______________________, __________________________, and _________________________.
B. Domain and Kingdom Bacteria – are _____________________________ whose cell walls contain ________________________________.
Bacteria are a diverse group that can survive in many environments, are autotrophs and heterotrophs, reproduce by
__________________ (exchange of genetic material) and _______________ ______________ (division into two genetically identical
cells) (Eu)Bacteria are important in the human body, industry, in making antibiotics, and food production.
C. Domain and Kingdom Archaea - thought to be more ______________________than ____________________and yet more closely
_______________ to our
____________________ ancestors. Archaea(bacteria) are prokaryotes, extremophiles, have cell wall
(no peptidoglycan), can be auto or heterotrophs, reproduce by conjugation and binary fission and have ribosomal RNA
which holds the genetic code.
PG 3
D. Domain Eukarya – contains all eukaryotes (cells with a _________________-_______________ _______________ and other organelles.
Domain Eukarya contains Kingdom _______________ Kingdom ___________, Kingdom _______________, and Kingdom _______________.
1. Kingdom Protista – wide variety of species that can be ____________________, ______________________, or ________________________.
Protista are a very diverse group that can be uni/multicellular, can be auto or heterotrophs, can reproduce through
conjugation, binary fission, mitosis, or meiosis. Plant-like protists are called ______________________,(autotrophs like euglena
and diatoms) animal-like protists are called________________________ (heterotrophs like amoebas), fungus-like protists are
______________ _________________ and _________________.
2. Kingdom Fungi - a ________________ is a uni/multicellular __________________________that cannot makes its own food
(heterotrophs). They lack ____________________, the ability to move and have ______________ _______________ which contain
_______________________, a rigid polymer that provides support or cell wall. Some fungi can be eaten and some are fatal.
Examples of fungi are mushrooms, yeast and lichen. Fungi can reproduce through fission, gragmentaion, budding, spores
(asexual or sexual).
3. Kingdom Plantae – All plants are _________________________ and have cell walls composed of _____________________. Most
plants contain chloroplasts and make food by ____________________________. Plants reproduce through vegetative propagation,
sexual spores, and pollination. Examples are mosses, grasses, trees, flowers.
4. Kingdom Animalia – All animals are _________________________, ___________________________ eukaryotes. They do not have a
cell wall nor can they make their own food. Most animals reproduce sexually by external or internal fertilization but some
can reproduce asexually. Animals can be classified as vertebrates (__________________) or invertebrates (____ _________________).
ADDITIONAL NOTES – WILL COME FROM POWERPOINT
Symmetry
asymmetrical radial symmetry bilateral symmetry –
Types of Asexual Reproduction
Budding, vegetative reproduction, fragmentation, spore formation - Cells divide by Fission, budding , or regeneration
Types of Sexual Reproduction
fertilization or conjugation – cells divide by meiosis