Plant Kingdom
Chapters 21-23
*Multicellular
*Eukaryotes
*Surrounded by cell walls
containing cellulose
(a polysaccharide)
*Large central vacuole
*Autotrophs/Producers
(Photosynthesis)
*Same general
classification
*Use the term Division
instead of Phylum
*Botanists – scientists
who study plants
Link to animation
Plant Taxonomy
*Plants are divided into two
groups:
Vascular & Non-Vascular
*Based on the presence or
absence of an internal
transport system for water
and dissolved materials
*Called the Vascular
System
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Vascular
Bundles
*Nonvascular
- plants
that do NOT have
specialized tissues that
can move water and
nutrients
*Must be small and low
to ground
*Example: mosses
*Vascular
- plants that DO
have specialized tissues to
move water and nutrients
a) xylem- moves water
b) phloem- moves food
Nonvascular Plants
*Do not have vascular tissue
for support or conduction of
materials
*Called Bryophytes
*Require
a constantly moist
environment.
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Nonvascular Plants
*Plants can’t grow as tall (usually
small)
*Cells must be in direct contact with moisture
*Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell
*Includes mosses, liverworts & hornworts
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Vascular System
*Xylem
tissue carries water and minerals upward
from the roots
*Phloem
tissue carries sugars (food) made by
photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will
be stored or used
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Main Parts of Vascular Plants
*
Shoots
- Found above ground
- Have leaves attached
- Photosynthetic part of
plant
*
Roots
-Found below ground
-Absorb water & minerals
-Anchor the plant
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Vascular Plants
*
Divided into two groups:
*
Seedless vascular
plants
*
Seed-bearing (seeded)
vascular plants
Club Moss
11
*Seedless - reproduce by spores
- ex. Club mosses, whisk ferns
*Seed - reproduce by seeds
- ex. Angiosperm and Gymnosperm
*Produce seeds (a plant structure that contains an
embryo, contains nutrients for the embryo, and is
covered with a protective coat)
*Can be further divided into 2 groups:
*Angiosperms
*Gymnosperms
*Cone bearing plants (ex. Pine tree)
*Flowering plants
*Make seeds in flowers
*Pollen produced in stamen
(male)
*Ovules are made in ovary
of the pistil (female)
*Pollen must travel from
stamen’s anthers to the
stigma
Diagram of Flower
* Monocot - 1 seed leaf,
parallel lines in leaves, and
flower parts in multiples of 3
* Dicot - 2 seed leaves, branched
or netted lines in leaves,
flowering parts in multiples of 4
or 5
Plant Parts
*Roots - underground, absorb water and nutrients
*Leaves - photosynthetic part, traps light, and gas
exchange
*Cuticle - prevents water loss and protects against
invading microorganisms
*Stems - support
structure
*Fruit
- ovary
surrounding the seed,
protects seed
*Flower/
Petal reproductive
structure that
produces pollen and
seeds, promotes seed
dispersion
*Annual - completes its life span in one year (grows
and dies all in one year)
*Biennial – life span of two years
*Ex: carrots, beets, turnips
*Perennials - live for more than two years (trees
and shrubs)
Seed Dispersal
*Animals - eat fleshy fruits and deposit seeds
*Air - must be light and designed to fly
*Water - coconuts drift and settle
*Phototropism
- grow towards light
*Gravitropism - roots grown down with pull of gravity
Plant Adaptations
*Need minerals - roots absorb H2O &
minerals
*Gravity – cellulose in cell wall for support
*Increase in Height for Light – vascular
transport system
*Adaptations for Drier environment – waxy
cuticle
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Why We Need Plants
*Produce
oxygen for the atmosphere
*Produce lumber for building, pulp for paper
products
*Provide homes (habitat) and food for many
organisms
*Prevent
erosion
*Source of many medicines
*Ornamental and shade for yards
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